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Thermococcus celer
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<h2 id="isolation">Isolation</h2> <p><i>T. celer</i> was discovered by Dr. Wolfram Zillig in 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The organism was isolated on the beaches of <a href="/facts/Vulcano/QYgRaTEv">Vulcano</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, from a <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a>-rich shallow volcanic crater.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Original samples were isolated from the depths of the marine holes and inoculated into 10-ml anaerobic tubes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The tubes contained 100 mg of elemental <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> and a solution of 95% N2 and 5% H2S.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a> was subsequently adjusted to a range of 5-6 through the addition of CaCO3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> To ensure that no <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a> had permeated the sample, researchers used the oxygen indicator <a href="/facts/Resazurin/5d4uP6nx">resazurin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Growth was achieved by enrichment with Brock's <i>Sulfolobus</i> <a href="/facts/Growth_medium/97IMkpFP">medium</a>, which contains elemental <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> and <a href="/facts/Yeast/eGD24nfI">yeast</a>, both of which are required by <i>T. celer</i> for optimal growth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Following enrichment, the samples were plated onto <a href="/facts/Polyacrylamide_gel/pwa5xtWA">polyacrylamide gel</a> and then incubated at 85 °C in an anaerobic environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Once colony growth had been observed, the cells were subjected to <a href="/facts/Centrifugation/q9WkB8T4">centrifugation</a> prior to purification in a TA <a href="/facts/Buffer_solution/zrLz9eaa">buffer solution</a> (0.05 mol/L Tris HCl, 0.022 mol/L NH4Cl, 0.01 mol/L β-mercaptoethanol).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy-and-phylogeny">Taxonomy and phylogeny</h2> <p>Following <a href="/facts/Sanger_sequencing/PzqMpaaM">Sanger sequencing</a> of the <a href="/facts/16s_rRNA/XCgSahoy">16s rRNA</a>, both <a href="/facts/Occam%27s_razor/KG1Bx0J9">parsimony</a> and <a href="/facts/Distance_matrix/2ptk07Y7">distance matrix</a> analyses were performed to determine the position of <i>T. celer</i> on the tree of life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <i>T. celer</i> was found to be more closely related to the <a href="/facts/Methanogenic/5sA0no5A">methanogenic</a> <a href="/facts/Archaebacteria/Adxh0aHw">archaebacteria</a> than the <a href="/facts/Thermophilic/HGuP161d">thermophilic</a> archaebacteria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> This discovery resulted in a rerooting of the archaebacterial tree and subsequently placed <i>T. celer</i> in a <a href="/facts/Clade/XefyYmWn">clade</a> with the methanogens based upon their close <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic/bw4rsovt">phylogenetic</a> relationship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> This placement was further supported following analysis of the organizational genome structure of the both species’ <a href="/facts/RRNA/zy5FxddY">rRNA</a> genes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Both <i>Thermococcus</i> and methanogenic archaebacteria have a <a href="/facts/TRNA/pR9T5XSl">tRNA</a> spacer gene located between the 16s rRNA gene and 23s[rRNA gene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> This spacer gene is not found in any other thermophilic archaebacteria species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p><i>T. celer</i> is related to <i><a href="/facts/Pyrococcus_woesei/XTdRINR4">Pyrococcus woesei</a></i>, both belonging to the order <a href="/facts/Thermococcales/vWxeTEnT">Thermococcales</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Both are strictly <a href="/facts/Anaerobic_organism/bhQnlqCq">anaerobic</a> and <a href="/facts/Sulphur/IK0amTfM">sulphur</a>-reducing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> <i>T. celer</i> also shares a close relationship with <i><a href="/facts/Thermococcus_litoralis/drxGRFLz">Thermococcus litoralis</a></i>, both belonging to the same <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a>, but <i>T. celer</i> has shown to be much more Sulphur-dependent than <i>T. littorals</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p><i> T. celer</i> is currently classified as a thermophilic <a href="/facts/Archaeon/Adxh0aHw">Archaeon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Since the discovery of <i>T. celer</i>, the term archaebacteria has been replaced with <a href="/facts/Archaea/Adxh0aHw">Archaea</a> as to reflect the most current phylogenetic relationships discovered between the organisms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="characterization">Characterization</h2> <p><i>Thermococcus</i> is constructed from two <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> nouns: <i>therme</i> (<a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a>, meaning heat), and <i>kokkos</i> (Greek, meaning <a href="/facts/Grain/C00uWDPs">grain</a> or <a href="/facts/Seed/a4xGSLxJ">seed</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> <i>Celer</i> is derived from the Greek, meaning fast, in reference to the species' high growth rates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>Morphology</h3> <p><i>T. celer</i> is a <a href="/facts/Gram-negative/S1PbVtp4">Gram-negative</a>, spherical organism around 1 μm diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Observation using <a href="/facts/Electron_microscopy/XtaBktwF">electron microscopy</a> revealed that <i> T. celer </i> uses a monopolar polytrichous <a href="/facts/Flagellum/nvQRcbgJ">flagellum</a> for movement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> During replication, <i>T. celer</i> is condensed to a diploform shape as seen by <a href="/facts/Phase_contrast_microscopy/BmUkx69q">phase contrast microscopy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>The <i>T. celer</i> <a href="/facts/Plasma_membrane/vAXSD0DT">plasma membrane</a> possesses large amounts of <a href="/facts/Glycerol/sRQ6NBQQ">glycerol</a> <a href="/facts/Diether/kfPKIGEP">diether</a> <a href="/facts/Lipids/TdQR87HX">lipids</a> compared to relatively small amounts of diglycerol tetraether lipids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Within glycerol diether lipids, <a href="/facts/Phytanyl/m8en5FoV">phytanyl</a> (C20) is the <a href="/facts/Hydrocarbon/Dcg95Ju5">hydrocarbon</a> component, and within diglycerol tetraether lipids, biphytanyl (C40) is the hydrocarbon component.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Cell_wall/DYXJVrnw">cell wall</a>, or <a href="/facts/S-layer/xrYvDHbG">S-layer</a>, of <i>T. celer</i> functions as protection from <a href="/facts/Cell_lysis/th8pXeEn">cell lysis</a> as a result of changes in osmotic gradients.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The envelope S-layer consists of <a href="/facts/Glycoprotein/bKPzzW7m">glycoprotein</a> subunits arranged into a two-dimensional <a href="/facts/Paracrystalline/1qLPesFC">paracrystalline</a> hexagonal structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The <i>T. celer</i> <a href="/facts/Cell_envelope/EHmJsPz3">cell envelope</a> lacks <a href="/facts/Muramic_acid/yIbvjLSR">muramic acid</a>, indicating <a href="/facts/Antibiotic_resistance/jsbAywgx">resistance</a> to <a href="/facts/Penicillin/Abo8VQ3p">penicillin</a> and <a href="/facts/Vancomycin/enHvz4uP">vancomycin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h3>Metabolism</h3> <p><i>T. celer</i> is a strict <a href="/facts/Anaerobe/bhQnlqCq">anaerobe</a> that uses <a href="/facts/Organotrophic/TNXx7kCC">organotrophic</a> metabolism<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> in the form of <a href="/facts/Peptides/C4ltc7UG">peptides</a> (i.e. from <a href="/facts/Yeast/eGD24nfI">yeast</a> extract, <a href="/facts/Peptone/C4ltc7UG">peptone</a>, or <a href="/facts/Tryptone/20UkUAtd">tryptone</a>) and <a href="/facts/Proteins/Jxmagu3E">proteins</a> (i.e. <a href="/facts/Casein/Udl5k8sx">casein</a>) as a carbon source which are oxidized to <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a> via sulphur respiration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> <i>T. celer</i> is unable to use <a href="/facts/Carbohydrates/Geuuzxsf">carbohydrates</a> as a carbon source and is considered a sulphur-dependent organism, as it depends upon the reduction of <a href="/facts/Sulphur/IK0amTfM">sulphur</a> to <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_sulfide/UbCqjMMk">hydrogen sulfide</a> for optimal growth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Though it is less efficient, <i>T. celer</i> is also able to use <a href="/facts/Fermentation/rxaDr28b">fermentation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Unlike most <a href="/facts/Prokaryotes/oYyvaDDH">prokaryotes</a>, <i>T. celer</i> is able to perform <a href="/facts/Cellular_respiration/kb6gpsvL">respiration</a> via the Embden–Meyerhof pathway (<a href="/facts/Glycolysis/a5ApxLoG">glycolysis</a>), though it uses an alternative route.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Ecology</h3> <p>Characteristic of the <a href="/facts/Hyperthermophilic/UBmwC64t">hyperthermophilic</a> species, <i>T. celer</i> thrives in extremely hot temperatures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> More specifically, it is found only in sulphur-rich, shallow volcanic craters of Vulcano, Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Temperatures in this specific habitat reach up to 90 °C <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> The maximum temperature at which <i>T. celer</i> can grow at is 93 °C, optimum growth temperature being 88 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> It grows best at a pH of 5.8, implying that it is mildly <a href="/facts/Acidophilic/sec3A9DJ">acidophilic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Optimal growth is also dependent on the presence of a <a href="/facts/NaCl/MWcXl3Mb">NaCl</a> concentration of 40 g/L, further demonstrating the high level of adaptation <i>T. celer</i> has evolved for its thermal marine environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h3>Genomics</h3> <p>Construction of a physical map of <i>T. celer</i> Vu13 by way of <a href="/facts/Restriction_enzyme/Mg0VgkCX">restriction enzyme</a> fragments revealed a length of 1,890 + 27 kilobases (kb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The molecular ratio of <a href="/facts/Guanine/hoTSpz0x">guanine</a> to <a href="/facts/Cytosine/JW20j33u">cytosine</a> bases is roughly 56.6%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> This value was determined by averaging both the <a href="/facts/GC-content/nRoVl7gw">GC-content</a> acquired by <a href="/facts/High-performance_liquid_chromatography/UNT9jPp0">high-performance liquid chromatography</a> and <a href="/facts/Melting_point/MY0w0h0k">melting point</a> (TM) calculations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> <i>T. celer</i> is considered to be one of the slowest evolving archaeon species, indicating that the genome could be used as a <a href="/facts/Model_organism/vNv6q4yb">model organism</a> for those studying early genome characteristics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>In 1989, <i>T. celer</i> was the first archaeon discovered to house a circularized genome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Genome shape was determined through three separate experiments, all using <a href="/facts/Restriction_enzymes/Mg0VgkCX">restriction enzymes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The <i>T. celer</i> genome was digested with restriction enzymes <i>Nhe</i>, <i>Spe</i>, and <i>Xba</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Following digestion, hybridization analyses were used to determine genome shape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> Probes were synthesized from cloned genes of the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Both <i>Spe</i> and <i>Nhe</i> produced five fragments, all of similar shape and size.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Digestion with <i>Xba</i> produced eight fragments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> Using overlap patterns, the shape of the genome was determined to be circular.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="application">Application</h2> <p>The domain Archaea is currently split into three major groups consisting of the extreme <a href="/facts/Thermophiles/HGuP161d">thermophiles</a>, the extreme <a href="/facts/Halophiles/UKBTAPls">halophiles</a>, and the extreme <a href="/facts/Thermophiles/HGuP161d">thermophiles</a> that are able to reduce <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> (<a href="/facts/Methanogens/6tRT6LyH">methanogens</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> These three groups are not believed to have arisen independently, but instead evolved from one to another.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>The discovery of <i>T. celer</i> turned the position of the archaebacterial <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic_tree/f5vVEpeY">phylogenetic tree</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> It was discovered to share a closer phylogenetic relationship with methanogenic archaebacteria, as opposed its <a href="/facts/Phenotypic/vxWXKGLj">phenotypic</a> analogue, extremely thermophilic archaebacteria. This discovery was made through sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and resulted in a rerooting of the phylogenetic tree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p><p>This discovery suggests that extreme thermophiles could be the earliest archaeon ancestor when considering their slow <a href="/facts/Evolution/Hj0qAaBk">evolution</a> patterns, as well as the distribution of extreme thermophiles into both their own grouping, as well as that of the methanogens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Lee, Chi-Fung; Makhatadze, George I.; Wong, Kam-Bo (2005). "Effects of Charge-to-Alanine Substitutions on the Stability of Ribosomal Protein L30e from Thermococcus celer". <i>Biochemistry</i>. 44 (51): 16817–16825. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi0519654">10.1021/bi0519654</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16363795">16363795</a>.</li> <li>Kim, Kee Pum; Bae, Heejin; Kim, In Hye; Kwon, Suk-Tae (2011). "Cloning, expression, and PCR application of DNA polymerase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus celer". <i>Biotechnology Letters</i>. 33 (2): 339–346. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10529-010-0434-2">10.1007/s10529-010-0434-2</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20953664">20953664</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20110756">20110756</a>.</li> <li>Reed, Christopher J.; Lewis, Hunter; Trejo, Eric; Winston, Vern; Evilia, Caryn (14 August 2013). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3787623">"Protein Adaptations in Archaeal Extremophiles"</a>. <i>Archaea</i>. 2013: 14. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F373275">10.1155/2013/373275</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3787623">3787623</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24151449">24151449</a>.</li> <li>Wong, Kam-Bo; Bycroft, Mark; Wong, Kam-Bo (March 18, 2003). "Crystal structure of ribosomal protein L30e from the extreme thermophile Thermococcus celer: Thermal stability and RNA binding". <i>Biochemistry</i>. 42 (10): 2857–65. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi027131s">10.1021/bi027131s</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12627951">12627951</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=16860&submit=Search">Type strain of <i>Thermococcus celer</i> at Bac<i>Dive</i> - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Achenbach-Richter, L.; Gupta, R.; Zillig, W.; Woese, C.R. (August 1988). "Rooting the Archaebacterial Tree: The Pivotal Role of Thermococcus celer in Archaebacterial Evolution". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 10 (3): 231–240. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(88)80007-9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Achenbach-Richter, L.; Gupta, R.; Zillig, W.; Woese, C.R. (August 1988). "Rooting the Archaebacterial Tree: The Pivotal Role of Thermococcus celer in Archaebacterial Evolution". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 10 (3): 231–240. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(88)80007-9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Noll, K M (1989). "Chromosome Map of the Thermophilic Archaebacterium Thermococcus celer". Journal of Bacteriology. 171 (12): 6720–6725. doi:10.1128/jb.171.12.6720-6725.1989. PMC 210568. PMID 2512284. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC210568" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC210568</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Noll, K M (1989). "Chromosome Map of the Thermophilic Archaebacterium Thermococcus celer". Journal of Bacteriology. 171 (12): 6720–6725. doi:10.1128/jb.171.12.6720-6725.1989. PMC 210568. PMID 2512284. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC210568" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC210568</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Zillig, W.; Holtz, I.; Janekovic, D.; Schafer, W.; Reiter, W. D. (1983). "The Archaebacterium Thermococcus celer Represents a Novel Genus within the Thermophilic Branch of the Archaebacteria". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 4 (1): 88–94. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(83)80036-8. PMID 23196302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Zillig, W.; Holtz, I.; Janekovic, D.; Schafer, W.; Reiter, W. D. (1983). "The Archaebacterium Thermococcus celer Represents a Novel Genus within the Thermophilic Branch of the Archaebacteria". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 4 (1): 88–94. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(83)80036-8. PMID 23196302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Zillig, W., K. O. Stetter, W. Schafer, D. Janekovic, S. Wunderl, I. Holz, and P. Palm. "Thermoproteales: Novel Order of Archaebacteria." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 2 (1981): 205-27. Print. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Zillig, W., K. O. Stetter, W. Schafer, D. Janekovic, S. Wunderl, I. Holz, and P. Palm. "Thermoproteales: Novel Order of Archaebacteria." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 2 (1981): 205-27. Print. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Zillig, W., K. O. Stetter, W. Schafer, D. Janekovic, S. Wunderl, I. Holz, and P. Palm. "Thermoproteales: Novel Order of Archaebacteria." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 2 (1981): 205-27. Print. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Zillig, W., K. O. Stetter, W. Schafer, D. Janekovic, S. Wunderl, I. Holz, and P. Palm. "Thermoproteales: Novel Order of Archaebacteria." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 2 (1981): 205-27. Print. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Zillig, W.; Holtz, I.; Janekovic, D.; Schafer, W.; Reiter, W. D. (1983). "The Archaebacterium Thermococcus celer Represents a Novel Genus within the Thermophilic Branch of the Archaebacteria". 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