Lesser Poland dialect group

<h2 id="list-of-dialects">List of dialects</h2>
Descended from the language of the <a href="/facts/Vistulans/cwb316fC">Vistulans</a>, is the most numerous dialectal group in modern Poland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> the dialects are:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/%25C5%2581%25C4%2599czyca_dialect/xTIs47nY">Łęczyca dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sieradz_dialect/1jtlkhHT">Sieradz dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Masovian_Borderland_dialect/KPs4nYdc">Masovian Borderland dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kielce_dialect/WXUa4wmJ">Kielce dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Krak%25C3%25B3w_dialect/drajnAov">Kraków dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lasovia_dialect/3PTBBCEK">Lasovia dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Krak%25C3%25B3w_dialect/JJ2V8MPN">Eastern Kraków dialect</a></li>
<li>Carpathian-Podgórze <a href="/facts/S%25C4%2585cz_Lachs/oqtlRurC">Lach</a> dialects</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Podegrodzie_dialect/5Y7vnXam">Podegrodzie dialect</a></li>
<li>Limanowa dialect</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Western_Lublin_dialect/45wHggcR">Western Lublin dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Lublin_dialect/5hII8yqp">Eastern Lublin dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Przemy%25C5%259Bl_dialect/AEI552Tf">Przemyśl dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lw%25C3%25B3w_dialect/lJDVHw54">Lwów dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Biecz_dialect/eBKAM5wQ">Biecz dialect</a></li></ul>
The <a href="/facts/Goral_ethnolect/oHa0zLUu">Goral ethnolect</a> (the name for the many dialects spoken by <a href="/facts/Gorals/ovy5cKIH">Gorals</a> in <a href="/facts/Western_Carpathians/wkrchRK6">Western Carpathians</a> bordering Poland and Slovakia), which include:

<ul><li>Carpathian-Podgórze Goral dialects</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Babia_G%25C3%25B3ra_dialect/DdoGJcf4">Babia Góra dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kliszczak_dialect/Moah92fd">Kliszczak dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pieniny_dialect/nzgN8mX2">Pieniny dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/%25C5%2581%25C4%2585cko_dialect/9RJFCtTF">Łącko dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Piwniczna_dialect/gDskUaQv">Piwniczna</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/%25C5%25BBywiec_dialect/64KWhudm">Żywiec dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Orawa_dialect/sSdw5TJe">Orawa dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Podhale_dialect/ovy5cKIH">Podhale dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Spisz_dialect/kxISVUcM">Spisz dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Zag%25C3%25B3rze_dialect/kGDf7EeV">Zagórze dialect</a></li>
<li>Kysuce dialect</li>
<li>Ochotnica dialect</li>
<li>Liptov dialect (not to be confused with the Slovakian Liptov dialect)</li></ul>
<h2 id="features-of-the-region">Features of the region</h2>
Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

<ol><li>*telt > tlet</li>
<li>* tórt’ > trot</li>
<li>*ľ̥ > l̥ except *Pľ̥T́PK (after labials, before palatals/labials, and velars)</li>
<li>*Pľ̥T́PK > PilT́PK: wilk, milczeć or > łu after dentals: słup, długi, or oł after cz, ż, sz: mołwa, czółno, żółty, or eł after labials: chełm, chełpić się, wełna, pełny</li>
<li>*ŕ̥T > ‘ar: twardy, tarł, ziarno</li>
<li>voicing of coda stops and sibilants if the next word begins with a vowel or liquid</li>
<li>bilabial w > v, which can be f, f́ after voiceless consonant, tfůj, kf́at. This also affect f < chw</li>
<li>Mazuration</li>
<li>ḷ > ł > u̯</li>
<li>depalatalization of word final palatal labials</li>
<li>phonemization of ḱ, ǵ from retaining them when they occursed before *y, ъ̥, e as well as denasalization of ę (kę/gę > ke/ge)</li>
<li>-ch > -k, or in Spisz > -f (only word finally), or in clusters: kfała, kćáł</li>
<li>Tendency for assimilation and simplification:
<ol><li>velarization of n before k (phonemic?)</li>
<li>-ść, -śń > -ś: zleś, gryź, pleś, maś (maść)</li>
<li>weakening loss of -ł- at the end of an inlaut (śródgłos): gᵘ̭ova</li>
<li>strz, zdrz, trz, drz > szcz, żdż, cz, dż</li>
<li>rs, r-z > rz</li>
<li>kk > k</li></ol></li>
<li>Doubling of s, ś in bᵘ̯ossᵘ̯o, leśśe, viśśi, viessá, and sometimes ss śś > sc, ść bᵘ̯osco v leśće, viscá</li>
<li>Breaking of the groups ss, zz, źź, vv, v́v́, ff, f́f́ by placing a mobile e after the prepositions/prefixes z(-), v(-)</li>
<li>śrz, źrz > śr, źr or in the north > rś, rź</li>
<li>placement of stress on the penultimate syllable except in Podhale, which has initial stress</li>
<li>loss of intervocalic j and contraction</li>
<li>preference for jasne o: skolny (szkolny)</li>
<li>ir > er in serce, śmierć, piersi, otherwise > ér</li>
<li>In the north yl, ył, il, ił > el, eł, beł, beli, uN > oN, font, gront, lack of eN, oN > éN, óN</li>
<li>i > y after sz, ż, cz, dż, c, dz, rz (including Mazurized pronunciations of sibilants) except in Podhale, which still has i</li>
<li>Fronting, flattening, and narrowing of á before tautosyllabic j in the imperative: cekej (except in most subialects, which have -aj?, except dać?)</li>
<li>á > o tako trova</li>
<li>é > y after hard and soft consonants, except in the north where > y after hard, > i after soft, and in one region (34D in Dejna) > e at least after hard</li>
<li>Traces of e > o before tautosyllabic u̯ (ł), can be found in some Standard Polish words (kocioł, kozioł, osioł)</li>
<li>diphthongization/labialization of o > ᵘ̯o (not just initially)</li>
<li>sometimes fronting of ᵘ̯o > ᵘ̯oᵉ, u̯ë, ᵘ̯ë, which avoids raising of o, which could be confused with the reflex of pochylone ó</li>
<li>Loss of the alternation caused by ablaut of ‘o||’e, miotła||mietle by analogy of nonablauted forms, wiesna (via wieśnie), niesę (via nieśli), also influenced by the change above</li>
<li>Old Polish ą̆ (in a short syllable) > e ide, wode, along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and total loss before stops and sibilants: deby (dęby) gesi (gęsi). Regionally ą̆ is retained, or mergs with ǫ: zǫp zǫby</li>
<li>Old Polish ą̄ (in a long syllable) > ą̊ (and most commonly) > ǫ along with denasalization of the vowel: dåb, dop (dąb), or sometimes in final position -om</li>
<li>-iszcze > -isko</li>
<li>Spread of -asty, -isty</li>
<li>-‘ev- > -‘ov-, also after soft consonants</li>
<li>use of od(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to ot(-))</li>
<li>loss of r- in the prefix roz-: ᵘ̯ozlác</li>
<li>replacement of locative plural -’ech > -’och by analogy of -‘evi > -‘ovi etc., which was later replaced by -ach</li>
<li>Levelling of the nominative and accusative singular neuter endings -ē and -ĕ by spreading -e, pole</li>
<li>Replacement of the genitive singular masculine/neuter adjective endings -égo with -ego via tego, do niego</li>
<li>Tendency to replace some noun declension endings with adjective endings or vice-versa</li>
<li>Replacement of the neuter nominative/accusative numeral dwie with the masculine dwa</li>
<li>Prefixed iść type verbs with an inserted -ń-</li>
<li>Hardening of the first person singular and plural verb endings such as idemy, złapę by analogy of idę and archaic grzebę</li>
<li>Spread of hard labial in l-forms of melę/pelę via contamination of ḿel-, ṕel, and the l-forms mełł-, pełl-</li>
<li>spread of the first person plural verb ending -my (over -m) under influence of the pronoun my, or with -va, sometimes -ma via contamination of the two; in the souther -me via Slovak.</li>
<li>Creation and spread of the preterite ending -ek (or -k after a vowel) < -ech, contaminated with -(ś)ḿ as well as with the aorist form of the auxiliary verb bych in the south-wst: nosiłek, byłak; elsewhere -em (-m after a vowel), which can voice the stem: zaniuzem, zanius. This form could be a reduction of -chm(y)</li>
<li>Creation of the first person plural preteriate ending -chmy via contamination -(je)sm + (by)chom and under the influence of the pronoun my: nieślichmy. In some Lesser Poland subdialects, -sm > -śḿ under influence of -ś, -ście</li>
<li>Rise of masculine personal nouns, except in a large number of subdialects where the gender disappeared.</li></ol>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lesser Poland dialect.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Dialekt małopolski", a University of Warsaw webpage <a href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski" target="_blank">http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Charakterystyka dialektu małopolskiego" <a href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka" target="_blank">http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Charakterystyka dialektu małopolskiego" <a href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka" target="_blank">http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Charakterystyka dialektu małopolskiego" <a href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka" target="_blank">http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Charakterystyka dialektu małopolskiego" <a href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka" target="_blank">http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Charakterystyka dialektu małopolskiego" <a href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka" target="_blank">http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski&l3=dialekt-malopolski-charakterystyka</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Stanisław Urbańczyk, ed. (1992). "Dialekt małopolski". Encyklopedia języka polskiego (in Polish) (II ed.). Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków: Ossolineum. p. 60. <a href="http://artur.czesak.webpark.pl/Stronica/Dialmlp.html" target="_blank">http://artur.czesak.webpark.pl/Stronica/Dialmlp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Karaś, Halina (2010). "Dialekt małopolski". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 16 July 2024. <a href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski" target="_blank">http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-malopolski</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Karol Dejna (1973). Dialekty polskie. pp. 254–261. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Lesser Poland dialect group open-in-new

Lesser Poland dialect group