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Ghadir Khumm
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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>Ghadir Khumm refers both to the gathering of Muslims for Muhammad's sermon and its location, which was a pond (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: غَدِير, <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa">romanized</a>: <i>ghadir</i>) fed by a nearby spring in a <a href="/facts/Wadi/bESSfU3D">wadi</a> known as Khumm, situated between the cities of <a href="/facts/Mecca/udqyuk0k">Mecca</a> and <a href="/facts/Medina/nbDykVmK">Medina</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The pond was located near the settlement of <a href="/facts/Rabigh/KqnHDjPT">al-Juhfa</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> a strategic trijunction where routes from Medina, <a href="/facts/Egypt_(Roman_province)/P1wkcTmv">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/facts/Lower_Mesopotamia/0GR3l3qC">Iraq</a> intersected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>The word <i>khumm</i> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: خُم) has been translated as 'deceiver', and the valley was so named because the water of its pond was saline and unfit for consumption.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> At the time of the event, the original inhabitants of the region, namely, the <a href="/facts/Banu_Khuza%2527a/gNJy072X">Banu Khuza'a</a> and the <a href="/facts/Banu_Kinanah/XmxfhT8U">Banu Kinana</a> tribes, had already abandoned the area due to its poor pasturage and harsh climate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Before Muhammad's address there, the location was likely never used as a caravan stop.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Shia_Islam/JIQl7ooz">Shia</a> sources, the harsh environment of Ghadir Khumm is seen as emphasizing the urgency of Muhammad's divine task as he sought the largest audience for his address before the pilgrims parted ways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="background">Background</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Farewell_Pilgrimage/mNV1mGEG">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></p> <p>Ten years after <a href="/facts/Hegira/xQdbr0JY">Muhammad's migration</a> to <a href="/facts/Medina/nbDykVmK">Medina</a> and on the last days of <a href="/facts/Dhu_al-Qadah/v0SKzNpb">Dhu al-Qadah</a>, Muhammad performed the <a href="/facts/Hajj/eDC5AalN">Hajj</a> rituals in Mecca shortly before his death in 632 <a href="/facts/Common_Era/e5DpqUoe">CE</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> This Hajj ceremony has become known as the <a href="/facts/Farewell_Pilgrimage/mNV1mGEG">Farewell Pilgrimage</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> In a sermon in Mecca (at <a href="/facts/Mount_Arafat/bonClAAA">Arafat</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and possibly again at the Ghadir Khumm,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Muhammad alerted Muslims about his impending death. After the Hajj, he embarked on the return journey from Mecca to Medina, accompanied by an entourage of Muslims. The announcement at the Ghadir Khumm took place during the return journey among a congregation of these Muslims,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> possibly numbering in the tens of thousands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="the-sermon">The sermon</h2> <p>At Ghadir Khumm, Muhammad called the Muslim caravan to a halt ahead of the noon congregational prayer, before the pilgrims parted their ways,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> and then asked for a dais to be raised.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> After the prayer,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Muhammad delivered a sermon to a large number of Muslims in which he emphasized the importance of the <a href="/facts/Qur%2527an/39rkStko">Qur'an</a> and his <i><a href="/facts/Ahl_al-Bayt/GtYDcqpF">ahl al-bayt</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: أهل البیت, lit. 'people of the house', his family).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> His statement is widely reported by <a href="/facts/Sunni_Islam/WYo0zeq0">Sunni</a> and Shia authorities, and the version that appears in <i><a href="/facts/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal/nUYCbnVA">Musnad Ibn Hanbal</a></i>, a canonical Sunni collection of hadiths, reads: </p> <blockquote><p>I left among you two treasures which, if you cling to them, you shall not be led into error after me. One of them is greater than the other: The book of God, which is a rope stretched from Heaven to Earth, and my progeny, my <i>ahl al-bayt</i>. These two shall not be parted until they return to the pool [of paradise] (<i><a href="/facts/Al-Kawthar/SSNIwQhu">kawthar</a></i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>Known as the <a href="/facts/Hadith_al-Thaqalayn/MhKtbD0B">hadith of the <i>thaqalayn</i></a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: حديث الثقلين, <a href="/facts/Literal_translation/0cF1oFRh">lit.</a> 'saying of the two treasures'), Muhammad might have repeated this statement on multiple occasions,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> and indeed several similar variants of this hadith can be found in Sunni and Shia sources alike.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> For instance, the version that appears in <i><a href="/facts/As-Sunan_al-Kubra/YWdBX21a">al-Sunan al-kubra</a></i>, another canonical Sunni source, also includes the warning, "Be careful how you treat the two [treasures] after me."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Taking Ali by the hand, Muhammad then asked if he was not <i>awla</i> (lit. 'have more authority over' or 'closer to') the believers than themselves,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> evidently a reference to verse 33:6 of the Qur'an.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> When they affirmed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> he declared, </p> <blockquote><p>"He whose <i>mawla</i> I am, Ali is his <i>mawla</i>," (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: من كنت مولاه فعلي مولاه)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>which is known as the hadith of the <i><a href="/facts/Walayah/Ed60CyGf">walaya</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: وَلاية, lit. 'spiritual authority') in Shia theology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Muhammad might have repeated this sentence three or four more times, as reported in <i>Musnad Ibn Hanbal</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> He then continued, "O God, befriend the friend of Ali and be the enemy of his enemy," according to some versions,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> including the Sunni <i>Shawahid al-tanzil</i> and the Shia <i>Nahj al-haqq</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The Sunni scholars <a href="/facts/Ibn_Kathir/zoxXQG2S">Ibn Kathir</a> (d. 1373) and <a href="/facts/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal/sjyTu1Mq">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> (d. 855) relate that Muhammad's <a href="/facts/Companions_of_the_Prophet/ev5xGHLt">companion</a> <a href="/facts/Omar/cIfqERQW">'Umar</a> congratulated Ali after the sermon and told him, "You have now become <i>mawla</i> of every faithful man and woman."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="historicity">Historicity</h2> <p>The historicity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely disputed within the Muslim community,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> as its recorded tradition is "among the most extensively acknowledged and substantiated (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: تواتر, <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa">romanized</a>: <i>tawatur</i>)" in classical Islamic sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Nevertheless, several variations exist in the early sources,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> and there is a significant weight of different accounts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The narrative of the Ghadir Khumm is, for instance, preserved in <i><a href="/facts/Chronology_of_Ancient_Nations/AuwmGWY6">Chronology of Ancient Nations</a></i> by the Sunni polymath <a href="/facts/Al-Biruni/4XbTzrYl">al-Biruni</a> (d. c. 1050), which survives in an early fourteenth-century <a href="/facts/Ilkhanid/ukltWdQk">Ilkhanid</a> copy by Ibn al-Kutbi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> The Shia inclination of those responsible for this copy is evident from its illustrations of Ali, including one entitled <i>The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>Accounts of the Ghadir Khumm appear elsewhere in both Sunni and Shia sources, and these accounts have occasionally been used interchangeably without sectarian prejudice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> For instance, the Shia scholar <a href="/facts/Abdul_Hosein_Amini/kqgG5u5y">Abdul Hosein Amini</a> (d. 1970) relied on Sunni and Shia sources to list over a hundred companions and eighty-four <i><a href="/facts/Tabi%2527un/4mA1Awtz">tabi'un</a></i> who had recounted the event, most of whom are now counted among Sunnis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> Similar efforts were undertaken by the Shia authors <a href="/facts/Hamid_Hussain_Musavi/Mby2Vb9v">Hamid H. Musavi</a> (d. 1888) and <a href="/facts/Hussein_Ali_Mahfouz/gJloJKg1">Hussein A. Mahfouz</a> (d. 2006).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> Other early accounts of the event include those by the Shia-leaning historian <a href="/facts/Ya%2527qubi/6jtAb4YN">al-Ya'qubi</a> (d. 897–898),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> and by the Sunni scholars Ibn Hanbal, Ibn Kathir,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ibn_Asakir/PU1YXaDp">Ibn Asakir</a> (d. 1176)<i>,</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Al-Tirmidhi/TaEy1LL8">al-Tirmidhi</a> (d. 892), <a href="/facts/Al-Nasa%2527i/unPNbezY">al-Nasa'i</a> (d. 915), <a href="/facts/Ibn_Majah/B5wmWDHc">Ibn Maja</a> (d. 887), <a href="/facts/Abu_Dawud_al-Sijistani/tI3hrLCU">Abu Dawud</a> (d. 889), <a href="/facts/Ibn_al-Athir/FLWEdvtt">Ibn al-Athir</a> (d. 1232–1233), <a href="/facts/Ibn_%2527Abd_al-Barr/utIup7JB">Ibn Abd al-Barr</a> (d. 1071), <a href="/facts/Ibn_Abd_Rabbih/RemUDbbB">Ibn Abd Rabbih</a> (d. 940), and <a href="/facts/Al-Jahiz/nWx3G4vY">Jahiz</a> (d. 869).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p><p>Some Sunni historians, such as <a href="/facts/Al-Tabari/cmM0W6IK">al-Tabari</a> (d. 923), <a href="/facts/Ibn_Hisham/nUWzYtYD">Ibn Hisham</a> (d. 833), and <a href="/facts/Ibn_Sa%2527d/me8ry6b3">Ibn Sa'd</a> (d. 784–785), have nonetheless made little or no mention of the Ghadir Khumm,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> perhaps because the event supports the Shia legitimist claims,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> or perhaps they wanted to avoid angering their Sunni rulers by supporting the Shia cause.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> Consequently, Western authors, whose works were based on these authors, also make little reference to the Ghadir Khumm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Even though the Ghadir Khumm is absent from <i><a href="/facts/Tarikh_al-Tabari/6jFBW0tq">Tarikh al-Tabari</a></i>, its author narrates how Muhammad publicly dismissed some complaints about the conduct of Ali in <a href="/facts/Yemen/eDyoh4qV">Yemen</a> in the same "chronological slot" as the Ghadir Khumm. The Islamicist <a href="/facts/Maria_Massi_Dakake/v5bSMItp">Maria M. Dakake</a> thus suggests that al-Tabari deliberately replaced the Ghadir Khumm tradition with another one that praised Ali but lacked any spiritual and legitimist implications in favor of Shia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> Alternatively, in the ninth-century <a href="/facts/Baghdad/RbtLzzHe">Baghdad</a>, some among the Sunni group <a href="/facts/Ahl_al-Hadith/mb5WQ0U0">Ahl al-Hadith</a> apparently denied the event,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> which may have prompted al-Tabari to refute their claims in his nonextant book <i>al-Walaya</i><i>,</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> or in his unfinished <i>Kitab al-Fada'il</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> Similarly, as a senior employee of the Shia <a href="/facts/Buyid_dynasty/70QR31qF">Buyid</a> dynasty, the Shia theologian <a href="/facts/Al-Sharif_al-Radi/AVukKp2P">Sharif al-Radi</a> (d. 1016) does not mention the Ghadir Khumm in his <i><a href="/facts/Nahj_al-balagha/rso06b27">Nahj al-balagha</a></i><i>,</i> possibly to avoid the ire of the Sunni <a href="/facts/Abbasid_Caliphate/mPeLAbXt">Abbasids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <h3>Links to the Qur'an</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Verse_of_tabligh/LrqcrcN7">Verse of tabligh</a> and <a href="/facts/Verse_of_ikmal_al-din/3slbAkUB">Verse of ikmal al-din</a></p> <p>In Shia and some Sunni sources,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> two verses of the Qur'an are associated with the Ghadir Khumm: verse 5:3, which announces the perfection of Islam, and verse 5:67, which urges Muhammad to fulfill his divine instructions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> The latter, sometimes known as the <a href="/facts/Verse_of_tabligh/LrqcrcN7">verse of <i>tabligh</i></a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: تبليغ, lit. 'proclamation'), has been linked to the Ghadir Khumm by the Sunni exegetes <a href="/facts/Al-Suyuti/BxtFnKAy">al-Suyuti</a> (d. 1505) and <a href="/facts/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi/sfstIFsD">al-Razi</a> (d. 1210),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> and the Shi'a exegete <a href="/facts/Ali_Ibn_Ibrahim_Qomi/kIw87XQX">al-Qumi</a> (d. 939),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> The verse of <i>tabligh</i> warns Muhammad: </p> <blockquote><p>O Messenger! Convey that which has been sent down unto thee from thy Lord, and if thou dost not, thou wilt not have conveyed His message. And God will protect thee from mankind. Surely God guides not disbelieving people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>Revealed before the Ghadir Khumm, according to the Shi'a, this verse spurred Muhammad to deliver his announcement about 'Ali, which he had delayed fearing the reaction of some of his companions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> Sunnis offer different views, one of which connects this verse to Muhammad's criticism of <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jews</a> and <a href="/facts/Christians/15hE11VR">Christians</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> Nevertheless, the verse of <i>tabligh</i> is highly likely linked to the events that followed the Farewell Pilgrimage, including the Ghadir Khumm, because chapter (<a href="/facts/Surah/SlvRy3DG"><i>sura</i></a>) <a href="/facts/Al-Ma%2527idah/9pxfLXRp">five</a> of the Qur'an is often associated with Muhammad's final years in Medina.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> Verse 5:3 of the Qur'an, also known as the <a href="/facts/Verse_of_ikmal_al-din/3slbAkUB">verse of <i>ikmal al-din</i></a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: إِکْمَال الدِّيْن, lit. 'perfection of religion'), is similarly connected to the Ghadir Khumm in some Sunni reports by al-Tabari and the Sunni exegete <a href="/facts/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi/Y1KTgFzG">al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 1071),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> and by the Shia exegete <a href="/facts/Shaykh_Tusi/7d0Awml2">al-Tusi</a> (d. 1067),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> In contrast, most Sunni commentators associate this verse with the Farewell Pilgrimage,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> and this is also the opinion of al-Ya'qubi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> Among various Sunni views, the verse of <i>ikmal al-din</i> may refer to the establishment of the rites for Hajj during the Farewell Pilgrimage or the closure of Islamic legislation with the revelation of dietary instructions in the remainder of this verse, although some injunctions about <i><a href="/facts/Riba/JvBtd0Kp">riba</a></i> were possibly revealed after this verse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> The verse of <i>ikmal al-din</i> includes the passage: </p> <blockquote><p>This day those who disbelieve have despaired of your religion. So fear them not, but fear Me! This day I have perfected for you your religion, and completed My Blessing upon you, and have approved for you as religion, Submission (Islam).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></p></blockquote> <h3>Other literary references</h3> <p>The Ghadir Khumm has also been preserved in the Arabic literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> The earliest such instance is a disputed poem attributed to <a href="/facts/Hassan_ibn_Thabit/LI1auEf5">Hassan ibn Thabit</a> (d. 674),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> who accompanied Muhammad during the pilgrimage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> For instance, the poem is quoted by the prominent Shia theologian <a href="/facts/Al-Shaykh_al-Mufid/4eVWgD9k">al-Mufid</a> (d. 1022).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> The poem appears also in some other Shia and Sunni sources, according to the Islamicist <a href="/facts/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri/cG0FH66b">Husain M. Jafri</a> (d. 2019).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> Included in this poem is the verse, "Stand up, O Ali, for I find only you to be an imam and a guide after I [Muhammad] depart."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> In regards to its authenticity, <a href="/facts/Mohammad_Ali_Amir-Moezzi/ckMcSnSh">Mohammad A. Amir-Moezzi</a>, another expert, does not find this attribution problematic,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> while Jafri considers it highly improbable that these events would have passed unrecorded by Ibn Thabit, who was the "official poet-reporter of Muhammad."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> By contrast, the Islamicists <a href="/facts/Josef_Horovitz/fK1eFUrY">Josef Horovitz</a> (d. 1931) and <a href="/facts/Ign%25C3%25A1c_Goldziher/onI92Vfo">Ignác Goldziher</a> (d. 1921) reject the veracity of this poem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> The Shia <a href="/facts/Al-Kumayt_ibn_Zayd_al-Asadi/CYfjvF2G">al-Kumayt ibn Zayd</a> (d. 743) is another early poet who composed verses on the same theme.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> </p> <h3>Historical references</h3> <p>On one occasion during his caliphate, Ali is known to have asked Muslims to come forward with their testimonies about the Ghadir Khumm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> In doing so, he may have publicly laid claim to a spiritual and political authority greater than others, particularly his predecessors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> Muhammad's statement at the Ghadir Khumm, "O God, befriend the friend of Ali and be the enemy of his enemy," was likely the standard formula for pledging allegiance at that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> Indeed, Ali and his son <a href="/facts/Hasan_ibn_Ali/FnaD4tHS">Hasan</a> both demanded a similar pledge from their supporters during their caliphates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> The hadith of the <i>walaya</i> is also cited by <a href="/facts/Ammar_ibn_Yasir/PtcsaV0a">Ammar ibn Yasir</a>, a companion of Muhammad, to support the legitimacy of Ali's caliphate in the account of the Shia historian <a href="/facts/Ibn_A%2527tham_al-Kufi/F2jSbAUl">Ibn A'tham al-Kufi</a> (ninth century) of the negotiations before the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Siffin/yTeF4dx3">Battle of Siffin</a> (657). This might be the earliest such reference in historical sources.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="interpretation">Interpretation</h2> <h3><i><i>Mawla</i></i></h3> <p>While the authenticity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely contested, its interpretation is a source of controversy between Sunni and Shia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> <i><i>Mawla</i></i> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: مولى) is a <a href="/facts/Polysemous/en5BnYGW">polysemous</a> Arabic word, the meanings of which have varied in different periods and contexts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> The Arabic root <i>w-l-y</i> (و-ل-ي) of the word <i>mawla</i> describes affinity and proximity between two parties,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> and the word itself can therefore have opposite meanings, namely, 'master', 'leader', 'patron', 'beloved', 'supporter', 'freed slave', 'friend', 'client', and 'neighbor'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> Before the Islamic era, the term may have applied to any form of <a href="/facts/Tribes_of_Arabia/cvmhXfvY">tribal association</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> whereas, in the Qur'an and <a href="/facts/Hadith/8aKKCttq">hadith</a> literature, the word <i>mawla</i> and its cognate <i><a href="/facts/Wali/G033qphL">wali</a></i> can mean 'Lord', 'master', 'trustee', 'guardian', 'helper', 'protecting friend', 'freed slave', and (spiritual or material) 'heir'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> </p><p>In the context of the Ghadir Khumm, the interpretation of the word <i><i>mawla</i></i> tends to be split along sectarian lines. Shia sources interpret this word as meaning 'leader', 'master', and 'patron',<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> while Sunni accounts of this sermon tend to offer little explanation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> or interpret the hadith as a statement of love or support,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> or substitute the word <i><i>mawla</i></i> with its cognate <i><i>wali</i></i> (of God, lit. 'friend of God').<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> Shias therefore view the Ghadir Khumm as the investiture of Ali with Muhammad's religious and political authority (<i>walaya</i>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> while Sunnis regard the event as an indication of the rapport between the two men,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> or that Ali should execute Muhammad's will.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> At any rate, the correct interpretation of the polysemous word <i>mawla</i> depends on its context.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> In his sermon, Muhammad may have employed the word <i>mawla</i> synonymously to his earlier word <i>awla</i> ('in charge of the believers more than themselves', <i>awla bi-kum min anfusi-kum</i>). This then supports the Shia interpretation of the word <i>mawla</i> in the sense of authority (<i>awla bi al-tasarruf</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> Alternatively, the Sunni theologian <a href="/facts/Al-Baqillani/TgMLLjQl">al-Baqillani</a> (d. 1013) rejects any connection between the immediate uses of <i>awla</i> and <i><i>mawla</i></i> by Muhammad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> </p> <h3>Shia view</h3> <p>For Shia Muslims, the Ghadir Khumm signifies the investiture of Ali with the guardianship (<i>walaya</i>) of the Muslim community after Muhammad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> In particular, for them this was his most public announcement about the succession of Ali.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> Shia accounts describe how Umar and other companions visited Ali after the sermon to congratulate and pledge their allegiance to him, even addressing him as <i>amir al-mu'minin</i> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: أَمِيْر ٱلْمُؤْمِنِيْن, lit. 'commander of the believers').<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> </p><p>For Shias, the dramatic announcement at the Ghadir Khumm to thousands of Muslims in the heat of day hardly supports its Sunni interpretation of love (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: محبة, <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa">romanized</a>: <i>muhabba</i>) and support (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: نصرة, <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa">romanized</a>: <i>nusra</i>) for Ali.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> These two are also the obligations of every Muslim towards other Muslims, not just Ali.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> While the Sunni Ibn Kathir considers the Ghadir Khumm a response to complaints about Ali during his expedition to Yemen,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> the Shia jurist <a href="/facts/Ibn_Shahrashub/zRYVkfUj">Ibn Shahrashub</a> (d. 1192) argues that Muhammad had earlier dismissed those objections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> As for the various meanings of the word <i>mawla</i>, the standard practice in Shia theology is to eliminate all those meanings in the hadith one by one until only the meaning of authority remains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sunni view</h3> <p>Among Sunni Muslims, the Ghadir Khumm is not associated with the succession to Muhammad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a> Instead, the event is often connected to Ali's campaign in Yemen, from which he had just returned prior to the Farewell Pilgrimage. Ali is said to have strictly imposed the Islamic guidelines for the distribution of booty and that reportedly angered some soldiers. Ibn Kathir, for instance, sides with Ali in his account of the episode but also suggests that the Ghadir Khumm sermon was simply intended as a public declaration of Muhammad's love and esteem for Ali in light of the earlier events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a> </p><p>For Sunnis, it is also unimaginable that most companions would act wrongly and ignore a clear appointment of Ali at the Ghadir Khumm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a> Indeed, some suggest that the Muslim community did not act as if they had heard about such an appointment,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a> and thus consider this designation improbable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a> By contrast, Shias believe that the community deliberately ignored the designation of Ali,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> pointing to the designation of the second <a href="/facts/Caliphate/qQ6hCspe">caliph</a> <a href="/facts/Umar/cIfqERQW">Umar</a> by his predecessor <a href="/facts/Abu_Bakr/oIJ8E4fm">Abu Bakr</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a> other historical evidence,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a> and that majority does not imply legitimacy in the Qur'an.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a> Some have instead argued that Muhammad would have made such an important announcement earlier, during the Hajj, while others consider this tantamount to criticizing Muhammad's judgement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="eid-al-ghadir">Eid al-Ghadir</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Eid_al-Ghadir/XBy7VgaT">Eid al-Ghadir</a></p> <p>While 18 <a href="/facts/Dhu_al-Hijjah/fXfMFUeQ">Dhu al-Hijjah</a> is not a significant day on the Sunni calendar, Shia Muslims celebrate this day as the <a href="/facts/Eid_al-Ghadir/XBy7VgaT">Eid al-Ghadir</a>, the day on which Islam was completed as a religion by the appointment of Ali as Muhammad's successor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a> Shias honor the holiday by making pilgrimages to the city of <a href="/facts/Karbala/W9d65tKW">Karbala</a> in <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Succession_to_Muhammad/vpF82GCs">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Verse_of_walaya/T39Gg2sE">Verse of the walaya</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hadith_of_the_Twelve_Successors/A64BfuJA">Hadith of the twelve successors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mubahala_with_the_Najrani_Christians/jQ0FLef7">Mubahala with the Najrani Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hadith_of_the_warning/s2X8kuvb">Hadith of the warning</a></li></ul> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hassan_Abbas_(scholar)/sQbn1btC">Abbas, H.</a> (2021). <i>The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780300252057.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Asma_Afsaruddin/laDmEJ0w">Afsaruddin, Asma</a> (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/218/mode/2up">"Ghadir Khumm"</a>. In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). <i>The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. p. 218. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780415326391.</li> <li>Afsaruddin, Asma; <a href="/facts/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr/zUGNtq7v">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2022). <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph">"'Alī"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mohammad_Ali_Amir-Moezzi/ckMcSnSh">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali</a> (2014). <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419">"Ghadīr Khumm"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Third ed.). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9789004269613.</li> <li>Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2020). <i>The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Beliefs and Practices</i>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780755610273.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub/nBYINyot">Ayoub, Mahmoud M.</a> (2014). <a href="https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou/mode/2up"><i>The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam</i></a>. Oneworld. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781851683963.</li> <li>Bulookbashi, Ali A.; et al. (2015). <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252">"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Farhad_Daftary/5yIxbpgd">Daftary, Farhad</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia Islamica</i>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_0252">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252</a>.</li> <li>Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed. (2009). <a href="https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up">"Ghadir Khumm"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 257–258. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780816054541.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Farhad_Daftary/5yIxbpgd">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2013). <a href="https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104/mode/2up"><i>A History of Shi'i Islam</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780857723338.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Maria_Massi_Dakake/v5bSMItp">Dakake, Maria Massi</a> (2007). <i>The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780791470336.</li> <li>Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). <a href="https://archive.org/details/shiitereligionhi0000dona/mode/2up"><i>The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ</i></a>. Luzac & Company.</li> <li>Eliash, Joseph (1966). <a href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296425"><i>'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib in Ithna - 'Ashari Shī'ī Belief</i></a> (Thesis). London: School of Oriental and African Studies.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ign%25C3%25A1c_Goldziher/onI92Vfo">Goldziher, Ignác</a> (1889). <a href="https://archive.org/details/muhammedanisches00gold"><i>Muhammedanische Studien</i></a>. Halle.</li> <li>Haider, Najam (2014). <i>Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781107031432.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lesley_Hazleton/wvdWn1dT">Hazleton, Lesley</a> (2009). <a href="https://archive.org/details/aftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com/mode/2up"><i>After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780385532099.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri/cG0FH66b">Jafri, S.H.M</a> (1979). <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up"><i>Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam</i></a>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). <i>Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir</i>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1850435928.</li> <li>Lalani, Arzina R. (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/586/mode/2up">"Shi'a"</a>. In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). <i>The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. pp. 586–593. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780415326391.</li> <li>Lalani, Arzina R. (2011). <a href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml">"Ghadir Khumm"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195390155-0105">10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0105</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bernard_Lewis/YMWUq53C">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1968). <a href="https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000lewi/mode/"><i>The Arabs in History</i></a>. Hutchinson & Co.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wilferd_Madelung/JegKSvsl">Madelung, W</a> (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up"><i>The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780521646963.</li> <li>Mavani, Hamid (2013). <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/"><i>Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780415624404.</li> <li>McHugo, John (2018). <i>A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is</i>. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781626165878.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Moojan_Momen/NG5Mpean">Momen, Moojan</a> (1985). <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780300035315.</li> <li>Najafabadi, S. Adel Hashemi (2010). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294625427">"The Invention of Islamic History"</a>. <i>The International Journal of the Humanities</i>. 8 (1): 259. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.18848%2F1447-9508%2FCGP%2Fv08i01%2F42810">10.18848/1447-9508/CGP/v08i01/42810</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr/zUGNtq7v">Nasr, S.H.</a>; Dagli, C.K.; <a href="/facts/Maria_Massi_Dakake/v5bSMItp">Dakake, M.M.</a>; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). <a href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up"><i>The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary</i></a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780061125867.</li> <li>Pierce, Matthew (2016). <i>Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism</i>. 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(ed.). <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/scholar-and-the-saint-studies-in-commemoration-of-abul-rayhan-al-biruni-and-jalal-al-din-al-rumi/oclc/434241035?referer=null&ht=edition"><i>The Scholar and the Saint: Studies in Commemoration of Abul-Rayhan al-Biruni and Jalal al-Din al-Rumi</i></a>. New York University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780814713600. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/434241035">434241035</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Allameh_Tabatabaei/bYGrm2h3">Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1975). <a href="https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up"><i>Shi'ite Islam</i></a>. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0873953908.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri/HYYqjAwo">Veccia Vaglieri, L.</a> (2012). <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439">"G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9789004161214.</li> <li>Wensinck, A.J.; <a href="/facts/Patricia_Crone/NzJ1LTg8">Crone, P.</a> (2012). <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714">"Mawlā"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0714">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9789004161214.</li> <li>Williams, John Alden (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jb0kAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Word of Islam</i></a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_Press/7mIDlRsh">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780292790759.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ghadir Khumm. <ul><li><a href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml">Academic summary and reading list for the Ghadir Khumm, by Oxford Bibliographies</a></li></ul> <p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ghadir_Khumm¶ms=22_49_30_N_39_04_30_E_region:SA-02_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki">22°49′30″N 39°04′30″E / 22.82500°N 39.07500°E / 22.82500; 39.07500</a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Lalani 2011. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0105. <a href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml" target="_blank">https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Eliash 1966, p. 144. - Eliash, Joseph (1966). 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib in Ithna - 'Ashari Shī'ī Belief (Thesis). London: School of Oriental and African Studies. <a href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296425" target="_blank">https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296425</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Williams 1994, p. 171. - Williams, John Alden (1994). The Word of Islam. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292790759. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jb0kAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=jb0kAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Donaldson 1933, p. 5. - Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ. Luzac & Company. <a href="https://archive.org/details/shiitereligionhi0000dona/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/shiitereligionhi0000dona/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Haider 2014, p. 60. - Haider, Najam (2014). Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107031432. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Stewart 2002. - Stewart, Devin J. (2002). "Farewell Pilgrimage". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 178–180. ISBN 9789004120358. <a href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol.2eI/page/n181/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol.2eI/page/n181/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Stewart 2002. - Stewart, Devin J. (2002). "Farewell Pilgrimage". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 178–180. ISBN 9789004120358. <a href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol.2eI/page/n181/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol.2eI/page/n181/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Abbas 2021, p. 79. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Campo 2009, p. 257. - Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed. (2009). "Ghadir Khumm". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 257–258. ISBN 9780816054541. <a href="https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Lalani 2011. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0105. <a href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml" target="_blank">https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Shah-Kazemi 2014. - Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2014). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib (599-661)". In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 20–24. ISBN 9781610691789. <a href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/20/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/20/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Lalani 2011. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0105. <a href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml" target="_blank">https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 79. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Momen 1985, p. 16. - Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 80. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Campo 2009, p. 257. - Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed. (2009). "Ghadir Khumm". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 257–258. ISBN 9780816054541. <a href="https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Momen 1985, p. 16. - Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Momen 1985, p. 16. - Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Abbas 2021, pp. 81, 209. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Momen 1985, p. 16. - Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Abbas 2021, p. 81. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Lalani 2000, pp. 70–71. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Bulookbashi 2015. - Bulookbashi, Ali A.; et al. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 34. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Lalani 2000, p. 71. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Lalani 2011. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0105. <a href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml" target="_blank">https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 18. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 79. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 80. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Abbas 2021, p. 81. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Lalani 2000, p. 71. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Mavani 2013, pp. 70, 98n11. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Momen 1985, p. 15. - Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Abbas 2021, p. 82. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Jafri 1979, pp. 18–20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 20. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 35. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Lalani 2011. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0105. <a href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml" target="_blank">https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Lalani 2011. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0105. <a href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml" target="_blank">https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Soucek 1975, p. 156. - Soucek, Priscilla P. (1975). "An Illustrated Manuscript of al-Biruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations". In Chelkowski, Peter J. (ed.). The Scholar and the Saint: Studies in Commemoration of Abul-Rayhan al-Biruni and Jalal al-Din al-Rumi. New York University Press. ISBN 9780814713600. OCLC 434241035. <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/scholar-and-the-saint-studies-in-commemoration-of-abul-rayhan-al-biruni-and-jalal-al-din-al-rumi/oclc/434241035?referer=null&ht=edition" target="_blank">https://www.worldcat.org/title/scholar-and-the-saint-studies-in-commemoration-of-abul-rayhan-al-biruni-and-jalal-al-din-al-rumi/oclc/434241035?referer=null&ht=edition</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Robinson 2000, p. 129–146. - Robinson, Basil (2000). "Images of Muhammad in al-Biruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations". In Hillenbrand, Robert (ed.). Persian Painting from the Mongols to the Qajars: Studies in Honour of Basil W. Robinson. Pembroke Persian Papers, 3. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781850436591. <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Najafabadi 2010. - Najafabadi, S. Adel Hashemi (2010). "The Invention of Islamic History". The International Journal of the Humanities. 8 (1): 259. doi:10.18848/1447-9508/CGP/v08i01/42810. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294625427" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294625427</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Jafri 1979, pp. 20, 231. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Jafri 1979, pp. 19–20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 36. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 38. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 39. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Bulookbashi 2015. - Bulookbashi, Ali A.; et al. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Bulookbashi 2015. - Bulookbashi, Ali A.; et al. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 39. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Bulookbashi 2015. - Bulookbashi, Ali A.; et al. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 70. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Abbas 2021, pp. 80, 209n27. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Nasr et al. 2015, p. 718. - Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061125867. <a href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 70. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Nasr et al. 2015, p. 717. - Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061125867. <a href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Nasr et al. 2015, p. 718. - Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061125867. <a href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Lalani 2000, pp. 61, 145n15. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928. <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Nasr et al. 2015, p. 719. - Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061125867. <a href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Abbas 2021, pp. 83, 210n38. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>Nasr et al. 2015, p. 650. - Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061125867. <a href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 70. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2020, pp. 237–239. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2020). The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Beliefs and Practices. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780755610273. <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>Nasr et al. 2015, p. 648. - Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061125867. <a href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 46. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 71. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>Nasr et al. 2015, p. 650. - Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061125867. <a href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>Nasr et al. 2015, p. 648. - Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061125867. <a href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 19. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Haider 2014, pp. 61–62. - Haider, Najam (2014). Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107031432. <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>Bulookbashi 2015. - Bulookbashi, Ali A.; et al. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>Abbas 2021, p. 82. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>Haider 2014, p. 61. - Haider, Najam (2014). Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107031432. <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>McHugo 2018, §2.IV. - McHugo, John (2018). A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9781626165878. <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>Lalani 2006, p. 590. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2006). "Shi'a". In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 586–593. ISBN 9780415326391. <a href="https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/586/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/586/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Madelung 1997, p. 253. - Madelung, W (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521646963. <a href="https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>McHugo 2018, §2.IV. - McHugo, John (2018). A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9781626165878. <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>Madelung 1997, p. 253. - Madelung, W (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521646963. <a href="https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>Shah-Kazemi 2019, p. 79. - Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2019). Imam 'Ali: From Concise History to Timeless Mystery. The Matheson Trust. ISBN 9781908092182. <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>Hazleton 2009, p. 77. - Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385532099. <a href="https://archive.org/details/aftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/aftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>Madelung 1997, p. 312. - Madelung, W (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521646963. <a href="https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>Ayoub 2014, p. 114. - Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld. ISBN 9781851683963. <a href="https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>Wensinck & Crone 2012. - Wensinck, A.J.; Crone, P. (2012). "Mawlā". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 46. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>Lalani 2000, pp. 71–72. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928. <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 2. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 19. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>Goldziher 1889, p. 105. - Goldziher, Ignác (1889). Muhammedanische Studien. Halle. <a href="https://archive.org/details/muhammedanisches00gold" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/muhammedanisches00gold</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>Dakake 2007, pp. 18, 21, 23. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>Lalani 2006, p. 682. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2006). "Shi'a". In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 586–593. ISBN 9780415326391. <a href="https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/586/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/586/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>Wensinck & Crone 2012. - Wensinck, A.J.; Crone, P. (2012). "Mawlā". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 20. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 45. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:142"><p>Afsaruddin 2006. - Afsaruddin, Asma (2006). "Ghadir Khumm". In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 9780415326391. <a href="https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/218/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/218/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:143"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 2. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:144"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 47. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:145"><p>Bulookbashi 2015. - Bulookbashi, Ali A.; et al. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>Afsaruddin & Nasr 2022. - Afsaruddin, Asma; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2022). "'Alī". Encyclopedia Britannica. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>Jafri 1979, p. 21. - Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. <a href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:149"><p>Afsaruddin & Nasr 2022. - Afsaruddin, Asma; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2022). "'Alī". Encyclopedia Britannica. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:150"><p>Lalani 2000, p. 72. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928. <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:151"><p>Mavani 2013, pp. 80–81. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:152"><p>Lalani 2000, p. 72. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928. <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:153"><p>Lalani 2000, p. 71. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928. <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:154"><p>Tabatabai 1975, p. 35. - Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0873953908. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:155"><p>Donaldson 1933, p. XXV. - Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ. Luzac & Company. <a href="https://archive.org/details/shiitereligionhi0000dona/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/shiitereligionhi0000dona/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:156"><p>Sanders 1994, p. 122. - Sanders, Paula (1994). Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9781438418629. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jH-57_-auocC&pg=PA122" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=jH-57_-auocC&pg=PA122</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:157"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:158"><p>Pierce 2016, p. 75. - Pierce, Matthew (2016). Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674737075. <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:159"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 45. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:160"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 45. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:161"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:162"><p>Bulookbashi 2015. - Bulookbashi, Ali A.; et al. (2015). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:163"><p>Dakake 2007, p. 46. - Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336. <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:164"><p>Campo 2009, pp. 257–8. - Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed. (2009). "Ghadir Khumm". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 257–258. ISBN 9780816054541. <a href="https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:165"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:166"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 2. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:167"><p>Shaban 1976, p. 16. - Shaban, M.A. (1976). Islamic History: A New Interpretation. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291316. <a href="https://archive.org/details/IslamicHistoryANewInterpretationVol.1/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/IslamicHistoryANewInterpretationVol.1/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:168"><p>Poonawala 1982. - Poonawala, I.K. (1982). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life". Encyclopaedia Iranica (Online ed.). <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb#pt1" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb#pt1</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:169"><p>Shaban 1976, p. 16. - Shaban, M.A. (1976). Islamic History: A New Interpretation. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291316. <a href="https://archive.org/details/IslamicHistoryANewInterpretationVol.1/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/IslamicHistoryANewInterpretationVol.1/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:170"><p>Lewis 1968, p. 50. - Lewis, Bernard (1968). The Arabs in History. Hutchinson & Co. <a href="https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000lewi/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000lewi/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:171"><p>Daftary 2013, p. 28. - Daftary, Farhad (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780857723338. <a href="https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:172"><p>Lalani 2000, p. 6. - Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928. <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:173"><p>Abbas 2021, p. 95. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:174"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:175"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 70. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:176"><p>Mavani 2013, pp. 2, 25. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:177"><p>Mavani 2013, p. 2. - Mavani, Hamid (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780415624404. <a href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:178"><p>Abbas 2021, p. 82. - Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057. <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:179"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:180"><p>Amir-Moezzi 2014. - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. ISBN 9789004269613. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:181"><p>Veccia Vaglieri 2012. - Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:182"><p>Campo 2009, pp. 257–8. - Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed. (2009). "Ghadir Khumm". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 257–258. ISBN 9780816054541. <a href="https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>