Mission control center

<h2 id="government-operated-mission-control-centers">Government-operated Mission Control Centers</h2>
America
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Launch_Control_Center/7K5CweED">NASA Launch Control Center</a> controls NASA launch missions prior to liftoff from facilities located at <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <a href="/facts/Kennedy_Space_Center/zmwszuPr">Kennedy Space Center</a> on <a href="/facts/Merritt_Island%2c_Florida/xT3Takm3">Merritt Island, Florida</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Responsibility for the booster and spacecraft remains with the Launch Control Center until the booster has cleared the launch tower.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center/8DxahkB2">Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center</a> assumes responsibility for crewed missions after liftoff. The facility (abbreviated MCC-H, full name Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center) is located in Houston Texas at the <a href="/facts/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center/rN6Jvhqe">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a>. NASA's Mission Control Center in Houston also manages the U.S. portions of the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a> (ISS).</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mercury_Control_Center/MxdvUCec">Mercury Control Center</a> was located on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and was used during <a href="/facts/Project_Mercury/H8zqFzbC">Project Mercury</a>. One of its still standing buildings now serves as a makeshift bunker for the media if a rocket explodes near the ground.</li>
<li>Multi-Mission Operations Center at the <a href="/facts/Ames_Research_Center/DQUsdLam">Ames Research Center</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility/LBC2IoNq">Space Flight Operations Facility</a> is operated by the <a href="/facts/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory/zPXnxRBf">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) in Pasadena, California and manages all of NASA's uncrewed spacecraft outside Earth's orbit and several research probes within along with the <a href="/facts/Deep_Space_Network/IcapMQTR">Deep Space Network</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a></li>
<li>Space Telescope Operations Control Center (STOCC) is located at <a href="/facts/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center/WfoEKknM">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in Greenbelt, Maryland and provides mission control for the <a href="/facts/Hubble_Space_Telescope/NQeIf0vw">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Payload_Operations_and_Integration_Center/vUB1P2Hg">Payload Operations and Integration Center</a> at the <a href="/facts/Marshall_Spaceflight_Center/Q5XqseqT">Marshall Spaceflight Center</a> in Huntsville, Alabama where science activities aboard the International Space Station are monitored around the clock.</li>
<li>The Multimission Operations Center at the <a href="/facts/Applied_Physics_Laboratory/PN4H87V9">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> near Baltimore, Maryland controls spacecraft including the <a href="/facts/MESSENGER/EFJEPNxR">MESSENGER</a> and <a href="/facts/New_Horizons/G5XTU5DK">New Horizons</a> missions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration/IvcuqNJg">NOAA</a> operates its constellation of satellites from the Satellite Operations Control Center (SOCC) at <a href="/facts/Suitland%2c_Maryland/PyRx6tXX">Suitland, Maryland</a> and Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) facilities at <a href="/facts/Wallops%2c_Virginia/t5o5CkhD">Wallops, Virginia</a> and <a href="/facts/Fairbanks%2c_Alaska/AbtuJ82z">Fairbanks, Alaska</a>. Satellites controlled include <a href="/facts/Joint_Polar_Satellite_System/IrK4GbL6">JPSS</a> and <a href="/facts/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite/dJ7MlVRP">GOES</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Canadian_Space_Agency/zL2njRvS">Canadian Space Agency</a> Robotics Mission Control Centre in <a href="/facts/Longueuil%2c_Quebec/eGXbjVFu">Longueuil, Quebec</a> plans and conducts <a href="/facts/Canadarm/zzemGb81">Canadarm</a> and <a href="/facts/Dextre/9XwmQyzA">Dextre</a> operations at the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Space_Operations_Center_(Brazil)/U36uek2e">Centro de Operações Espaciais (COPE)</a> is operated by the Brazilian Armed Forces to support government satellites in orbit. Two Space Operations Centers (COPEs) are part of its structure: the main center (COPE-P) in <a href="/facts/Bras%25C3%25ADlia/Jxk9MCNu">Brasília</a> and the secondary center (COPE-S) in <a href="/facts/Rio_de_Janeiro/AVPTJJ2C">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a></li></ul>
Asia
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Beijing_Aerospace_Command_and_Control_Center/KwwkNNXd">Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center</a> is a command center for the <a href="/facts/Chinese_space_program/LC8qPy6A">Chinese space program</a> which includes the <a href="/facts/Shenzhou_program/wYVuXopK">Shenzhou</a> missions. The building is inside a complex nicknamed Aerospace City. The city is located in a suburb northwest of Beijing.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Master_Control_Facility/waWLVC6j">Master Control Facility</a> of the <a href="/facts/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation/CdAoFQTL">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> is located at <a href="/facts/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre/GkXD3tL3">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a>, Sriharikota, India.</li>
<li>JEM Control Center and the HTV Control Center at the <a href="/facts/Tsukuba_Space_Center/DeUVrM5f">Tsukuba Space Center</a> (TKSC) in <a href="/facts/Tsukuba/0Juuaxe7">Tsukuba</a>, Japan manages operations aboard <a href="/facts/JAXA/ofUpflgf">JAXA</a>'s <a href="/facts/Japanese_Experiment_Module/mhbSDHWF">Kibo</a> ISS research laboratory and the resupply flights of the <a href="/facts/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle/TM52QWys">H-II Transfer Vehicle</a>. JAXAs satellite operations are also based here.</li></ul>
Europe
<ul><li><a href="/facts/European_Space_Operations_Centre/RQ0ASFvU">European Space Operations Centre</a> (ESOC) is responsible for <a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">ESA</a>'s satellites and space probes. It is located in <a href="/facts/Darmstadt/UzVdfNVQ">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/German_Space_Operations_Center/7INgPwXD">German Space Operations Center</a> (GSOC) is responsible for <a href="/facts/German_Aerospace_Center/nIeKtKqd">DLR</a>'s satellites and other customers' missions. It is located in <a href="/facts/Oberpfaffenhofen/MImqPVUT">Oberpfaffenhofen</a> near <a href="/facts/Munich/Pr6zw2ev">Munich</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Columbus_Control_Centre/bx5TH8JF">Columbus Control Centre</a> (Col-CC) at the <a href="/facts/German_Aerospace_Center/nIeKtKqd">German Aerospace Center</a> (DLR) in <a href="/facts/Oberpfaffenhofen/MImqPVUT">Oberpfaffenhofen</a>, Germany. It is the mission control center for the European <a href="/facts/Columbus_(ISS_module)/qYqbxpTR">Columbus</a> research laboratory at the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a></li>
<li>Europe's <a href="/facts/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)/sPyWl594">Galileo</a> global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is operated by two Galileo Control Centres (GCC) situated in <a href="/facts/Oberpfaffenhofen/MImqPVUT">Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany</a> and Fucino, Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a></li>
<li>The French <a href="/facts/National_Center_for_Space_Studies_(France)/4eJbr1fQ">National Centre for Space Studies</a> (CNES) <a href="/facts/ATV_Control_Centre/sHdKC0wv">ATV Control Centre</a> (ATV-CC) is located at the <a href="/facts/Toulouse_Space_Centre/aIKBuhVn">Toulouse Space Centre</a> (CST) in Toulouse, France. It is the mission control center for the European Automated Transfer Vehicles, that regularly resupply ISS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a></li>
<li>The Rover Operations Control Centre (ROCC) is located in <a href="/facts/Turin/PudIVEnr">Turin</a>, Italy. It will be the mission control center for the <a href="/facts/ExoMars/LjWF3wIT">ExoMars</a> rover <a href="/facts/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)/ISJKlWXk">Rosalind Franklin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a></li></ul>
Russia
<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/RKA_Mission_Control_Center/4NzcqzG3">Mission Control Center</a> of the <a href="/facts/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency/GzWfae7U">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: Центр управления полётами), also known by its acronym ЦУП ("TsUP") is located in <a href="/facts/Korolyov_(city)/s3bqs6qb">Korolyov</a>, near the <a href="/facts/RKK_Energia/fThW3H3L">RKK Energia</a> plant. It contains an active control room for the ISS. It also houses a memorial control room for the <a href="/facts/Mir/pILadPoB">Mir</a> where the last few orbits of Mir before it burned up in the atmosphere are shown on the display screens.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Titov_Main_Test_and_Space_Systems_Control_Centre/Anxf1oDI">Titov Main Test and Space Systems Control Centre</a>, mission control center in <a href="/facts/Krasnoznamensk/CM9zVmwR">Krasnoznamensk</a>, Russia.</li></ul>
<h2 id="privately-operated-mission-control-centers">Privately-operated Mission Control Centers</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Axiom_Space/q517gYl4">Axiom Space</a> Mission Control Center (MCC-A) in Houston, Texas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Boeing/tF5sMe9F">Boeing</a> Satellite Development Center (SDC) Mission Control Center<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> in El Segundo, California, US. In charge of several military satellites.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Kongsberg_Satellite_Services/ac6ILLoB">Kongsberg Satellite Services</a> (KSAT) space operations center in <a href="/facts/Troms%25C3%25B8%2c_Norway/PrEE5ChY">Tromsø, Norway</a> performs command and control for 13 satellites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lockheed_Martin/URp9BQpA">Lockheed Martin</a> <a href="/facts/A2100/9hWr9grn">A2100</a> Space Operations Center (ASOC)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> in Newtown, Pennsylvania, US. In charge of several military satellites.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Parsons_Corporation/DjGo057b">Parsons Corporation</a> operates the Parsons Space Operations Center (PSOC) in <a href="/facts/Colorado_Springs%2c_Colorado/QKXhbBIV">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> to support command and control for the <a href="/facts/Polar_Operational_Environmental_Satellites/pm9zF0Dy">NOAA POES</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> and <a href="/facts/Blackjack_(satellite)/rJgvETDh">DARPA Blackjack</a> satellite programs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a></li>
<li>Satellite operator <a href="/facts/SES_(company)/rmak3edy">SES</a> controls its fleet of more than 50 satellites from operations centers in both <a href="/facts/Princeton%2c_New_Jersey/fceTzdde">Princeton, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Space_Systems%2fLoral/HUcaqLl2">Space Systems/Loral</a> Mission Control Center in Palo Alto, California, US.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/SpaceX/2tKHsVdJ">SpaceX</a> Mission Control Center (MCC-X) in <a href="/facts/Hawthorne%2c_California/rcPBGUlQ">Hawthorne, California</a> is the primary launch control facility for the company's Falcon rockets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Control_room/CLfAR5zC">Control room</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ground_segment/BpUfqhx9">Ground segment</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Launch_status_check/l1d3c2AK">Launch status check</a></li></ul>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space exploration control rooms.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Launch Control Center". NASA. Retrieved 7 September 2011. <a href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-lcc.html" target="_blank">https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-lcc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Multi-Mission Operations Center - NASA's Mission Control in Silicon Valley". NASA. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mmoc/" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/mmoc/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Harry A. Butowsky (15 May 1984). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Space Flight Operations Facility" (pdf). National Park Service. and Accompanying photos, exterior and interior, from 1976, 1981, and 1983 (32 KB) <a href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/85002814_text" target="_blank">https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/85002814_text</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Hubble Space Telescope - Mission Operations" (PDF). NASA. April 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hst_mission_operations_fact_sheet.pdf" target="_blank">https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hst_mission_operations_fact_sheet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:6">"Pluto Flyby Success! NASA Probe Phones Home After Epic Encounter". Space.com. <a href="http://www.space.com/29946-pluto-flyby-success-nasa-new-horizons.html" target="_blank">http://www.space.com/29946-pluto-flyby-success-nasa-new-horizons.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Satellite Operations". NOAA. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/operations/operational-satellites/" target="_blank">https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/operations/operational-satellites/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Robotics Mission Control Centre". Canadian Space Agency. Retrieved 9 March 2025. <a href="https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/robotics/robotics-mission-control-centre.asp" target="_blank">https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/robotics/robotics-mission-control-centre.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Brett Anderson (14 January 2025). "Brazil hosts the Global Sentinel 25 Mid-Planning Conference". Retrieved 9 March 2025. <a href="https://www.spaceforces-space.mil/Newsroom/Article/4028512/brazil-hosts-the-global-sentinel-25-mid-planning-conference/" target="_blank">https://www.spaceforces-space.mil/Newsroom/Article/4028512/brazil-hosts-the-global-sentinel-25-mid-planning-conference/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"About ESOC". ESA. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESOC" target="_blank">https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESOC</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Columbus Control Centre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany". ESA. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Columbus/Columbus_Control_Centre_Oberpfaffenhofen_Germany" target="_blank">https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Columbus/Columbus_Control_Centre_Oberpfaffenhofen_Germany</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Galileo System". European GNSS Service Centre. Retrieved 9 March 2025. <a href="https://www.gsc-europa.eu/galileo/system" target="_blank">https://www.gsc-europa.eu/galileo/system</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Automated Transfer Vehicle Control Centre". ESA. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ATV/ATV_Control_Centre" target="_blank">https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ATV/ATV_Control_Centre</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"A European mission control for the martian rover". ESA. Retrieved 3 June 2019. <a href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/A_European_mission_control_for_the_martian_rover" target="_blank">http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/A_European_mission_control_for_the_martian_rover</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"NSSDCA Spacecraft Axiom 1". NASA. Retrieved 9 March 2025. <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2022-037A" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2022-037A</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Satellite Mission Control Center". Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081230202522/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/mcc/mcc_factsheet.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081230202522/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/mcc/mcc_factsheet.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Debra Werner (5 February 2025). "KSAT expands role in satellite operations". Space News. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://spacenews.com/ksat-expands-role-in-satellite-operations/" target="_blank">https://spacenews.com/ksat-expands-role-in-satellite-operations/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"World Class Satellites and Facilities". Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225110021/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/ssc/CommercialSpace/Facilities.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081225110021/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/ssc/CommercialSpace/Facilities.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Loren Blinde (15 February 2023). "Parsons launches space ops center". Intelligence Community News. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/parsons-launches-space-ops-center/" target="_blank">https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/parsons-launches-space-ops-center/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Arthur McMiler (30 November 2023). "Parsons Takes Over 3 NOAA Satellites' Operations Under GSaaS Contract". Potomac Officers Club. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://potomacofficersclub.com/parsons-corp-s-colorado-springs-facility-has-taken-over-full-operations-of-three-spacecraft-of-the-noaas-polar-satellite-fleet-under-a-ground-station-as-a-service-contract/" target="_blank">https://potomacofficersclub.com/parsons-corp-s-colorado-springs-facility-has-taken-over-full-operations-of-three-spacecraft-of-the-noaas-polar-satellite-fleet-under-a-ground-station-as-a-service-contract/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Sandra Erwin (11 December 2021). "Parsons to develop ground operations center for DARPA's Blackjack satellites". Space News. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://spacenews.com/parsons-to-develop-prototype-ground-operations-center-for-darpas-blackjack-satellites/" target="_blank">https://spacenews.com/parsons-to-develop-prototype-ground-operations-center-for-darpas-blackjack-satellites/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"SES Unveils New Satellite Operations Center". SES. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://www.ses.com/press-release/ses-unveils-new-satellite-operations-center" target="_blank">https://www.ses.com/press-release/ses-unveils-new-satellite-operations-center</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Space Systems/Loral Overview". Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313023125/http://www.ssloral.com/html/aboutssl/overview.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090313023125/http://www.ssloral.com/html/aboutssl/overview.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">David W. Brown (17 January 2023). "31 hours inside SpaceX Mission Control". New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2025. <a href="https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/business/31-hours-inside-spacex-mission-control/article_07587466-8ba0-11ed-8742-2b25cfec2892.html" target="_blank">https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/business/31-hours-inside-spacex-mission-control/article_07587466-8ba0-11ed-8742-2b25cfec2892.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Mission control center open-in-new

Mission control center