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ViewMAX
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<h2 id="versions">Versions</h2> <p>Originally named <i>Navigator</i> in beta versions,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> ViewMAX 1.00<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> was distributed with <a href="/facts/DR_DOS_5.0/GcCTKutW">DR DOS 5.0</a> in 1990 to provide an equivalent to <a href="/facts/DOSSHELL/4C9UfyG4">DOSSHELL</a> in <a href="/facts/MS-DOS_4.00_(IBM-developed)/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a>/<a href="/facts/IBM_DOS_4.0/ScsfqAwQ">PC DOS 4.0</a>. It had a very similar appearance to Digital Research's previous GEM desktops – two fixed-size windows. Each window would either contain icons representing drives, directories and files, or a representation of the directory hierarchy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> If supported by the underlying operating system (such as DR DOS), <a href="/facts/FAT_file_password/UIMFFkCm">file</a> and <a href="/facts/FAT_directory_password/UIMFFkCm">directory passwords</a> and <a href="/facts/FAT_access_rights/UIMFFkCm">access permissions</a> were supported. Network drives (including CD-ROM drives) were distinguished through their own icon, different from those of local drives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>In 1991, ViewMAX 2 was distributed with <a href="/facts/DR_DOS_6.0/GcCTKutW">DR DOS 6.0</a>. Various graphical improvements were made in this release, including controls with a 3D appearance and user-selectable colour schemes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The directory tree (if enabled) was now shown beside the list of icons, rather than instead of it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Various settings could be stored in a configuration files named <a href="/facts/%2525DRDOSCFG%2525/WxkrJQpP">%DRDOSCFG%</a>\VIEWMAX.INI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> For more flexible character set support ViewMAX 2 loaded display fonts from a standard DOS .CPI file<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> depending on the current <a href="/facts/Code_page/tgcBrILG">code page</a> rather than using a <a href="/facts/GEM_character_set/wP4UwFgM">GEM specific character set</a>, a feature also incorporated into <a href="/facts/FreeGEM/Rkw2S5Ep">FreeGEM</a> since 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/DOS%2fV/7cxCqLYe">DOS/V</a>-compatible Japanese version of ViewMAX, as distributed with <a href="/facts/DR_DOS_6.0%2fV/GcCTKutW">DR DOS 6.0/V</a> in 1992, supported <a href="/facts/DBCS/zRNCbR2p">DBCS</a> characters loaded by <a href="/facts/%24FONT.SYS/7cxCqLYe">$FONT.SYS</a> from SCREENHZ.FNT.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Support was added for the DR DOS task switcher <a href="/facts/TaskMAX/GcCTKutW">TaskMAX</a>; if this was present, applications would be launched as separate tasks, and ViewMAX could switch between them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> As TASKMGR in later operating systems such as <a href="/facts/Novell_DOS_7/GcCTKutW">Novell DOS 7</a>, <a href="/facts/OpenDOS_7.01/GcCTKutW">OpenDOS 7.01</a>, <a href="/facts/DR-DOS_7.02/GcCTKutW">DR-DOS 7.02</a> and higher continued to emulate most of the task switcher API as well,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> ViewMAX 2 could be used to switch and control multiple concurrently running full-screen DOS tasks under the DR-DOS preemptively multitasking kernel (<a href="/facts/EMM386/PrSsvGNl">EMM386</a> /MULTI + TASKMGR) as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>ViewMAX 3 was intended to be the graphical file manager for <a href="/facts/Novell/lABGMT7U">Novell</a>'s next version of DR DOS. ViewMAX 3 included support for colour <a href="/facts/Icon_(computing)/habCR8KJ">icons</a>, movable and resizable windows, program groups, and background images.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> If the underlying DR-DOS had the optional multi-user security module loaded, ViewMAX would also provide support for the extended world/group/owner access permission system. Although ViewMAX 3 was part of the <a href="/facts/DR_DOS_%2522Panther%2522/GcCTKutW">DR DOS "Panther"</a> Beta 1 distribution in October 1992,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> it was never completed and apparently abandoned in favour to <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple</a>'s and Novell's "<a href="/facts/Star_Trek_project/yHCEbQJf">Star Trek</a>" team project in 1992/1993, which remained unreleased as well. So, <a href="/facts/Novell_DOS_7/GcCTKutW">Novell DOS 7</a>, as "DR DOS 7.0" was called in 1994, came without any graphical file manager at all. When <a href="/facts/Caldera_(company)/kynkzN7d">Caldera</a> bought the remaining Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> initial plans were to revive GEM and ViewMAX technologies for a low-footprint user interface for <a href="/facts/OpenDOS/GcCTKutW">OpenDOS</a> in mobile applications<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> as <i>Caldera View</i>, but these plans were abandoned by <a href="/facts/Caldera_UK/GcCTKutW">Caldera UK</a> in favour of <a href="/facts/DR-WebSpyder/apyjEg8g">DR-WebSpyder</a> and <a href="/facts/Graphical_ROMable_Object_Windows/vsSNY0Gg">GROW</a>. After closing the DR-DOS development center Caldera UK in early 1999, the remaining source code of the ViewMAX 3 <a href="/facts/Beta_version/z4Q4RElA">beta version</a> was published in April 1999 by the US parent company <a href="/facts/Caldera_Thin_Clients/Vb7IEglG">Caldera Thin Clients</a> under the <a href="/facts/GPL/S75KhLSX">GPL</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> following continued community request to release the sources, shortly before the company changed its name to <a href="/facts/Lineo/Vb7IEglG">Lineo</a> and switched to <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a>-based technologies three months later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Various ViewMAX features not previously found in GEM have been incorporated into <a href="/facts/FreeGEM/Rkw2S5Ep">FreeGEM</a> since then.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Graphics_Environment_Manager/oE8BpWAq">GEM</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DOSSHELL/4C9UfyG4">DOSSHELL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_file_managers/phA0UKbH">Comparison of file managers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/COMMAND.COM/06Sz5wle">COMMAND.COM</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Digital_Research%2c_Inc./9bYQl2pI">Digital Research, Inc.</a> (May 1990). <i>ViewMAX User Guide</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/facts/Digital_Research%2c_Inc./9bYQl2pI">Digital Research, Inc.</a> Part Number: 1174-2004-002. (88 pages)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Digital_Research%2c_Inc./9bYQl2pI">Digital Research, Inc.</a> (August 1991). <i>ViewMAX User Guide</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/facts/Digital_Research%2c_Inc./9bYQl2pI">Digital Research, Inc.</a> Part Number. 1192-2054-002. (106 pages)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.deltasoft.com/downloads.htm">Ben A. L. Jemmett's GEM site Deltasoft</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/viewmax.html">John C. Elliott's GEM site Seasip</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/gemworld.html">GEMWorld: GEM - The Project</a> (1999 mirror)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Elliott, John C. (1999-06-10). "Versions of GEM". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/versions.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/versions.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Elliott, John C. (1999-05-09). "A comparison between GEM and ViewMAX". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/viewmax.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/viewmax.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Elliott, John C. (1999-05-09). "A comparison between GEM and ViewMAX". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/viewmax.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/viewmax.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-04-13) [1993]. DRDOS6UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0 (in German) (60 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) [1994]. NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7 (in German) (85 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-04-13) [1993]. DRDOS6UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0 (in German) (60 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) [1994]. NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7 (in German) (85 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Elliott, John C. (1999-05-09). "A comparison between GEM and ViewMAX". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/viewmax.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/viewmax.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-04-13) [1993]. DRDOS6UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0 (in German) (60 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) [1994]. NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7 (in German) (85 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-05-24) [1991]. DRDOSTIP.TXT — Tips und Tricks für DR DOS 3.41 - 5.0 (in German) (47 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Elliott, John C. (2002-01-08). "SID86". Newsgroup: comp.os.cpm. Archived from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 2018-04-08. […] GEMSID has some additional features for GEM support. In particular, it supports swapping between the GEM graphics screen and the text screen (type ?Y for details). [...] <a href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.cpm/KG4R7ZNvHK8/wF6ZW1TyYj4J" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.cpm/KG4R7ZNvHK8/wF6ZW1TyYj4J</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Microsoft. "DR DOS 5.0 Competitive Analysis" (PDF) (court document). 5114_A Comes v. Microsoft. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-18. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" target="_blank">/wiki/Microsoft</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Elliott, John C. (2013). "ViewMAX/1 screenshots". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax1.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Elliott, John C. (2013). "ViewMAX/1 screenshots". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax1.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Elliott, John C. (2013). "ViewMAX/1 screenshots". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax1.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Elliott, John C. (2013). "ViewMAX/2 screenshots". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Elliott, John C. (2013). "ViewMAX/2 screenshots". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>R., R. (1992-01-06). "Document 1209 - ViewMAX". Digital Research / Novell. FYI-M-1209. Archived from the original on 2018-04-03. Retrieved 2018-04-03. (NB. 1209.TXT is also part of DRTIPS.ZIP) <a href="http://www.pcorner.com/list/AOS/DRTIPS.ZIP/1209.TXT/" target="_blank">http://www.pcorner.com/list/AOS/DRTIPS.ZIP/1209.TXT/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-04-13) [1993]. DRDOS6UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0 (in German) (60 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) [1994]. NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7 (in German) (85 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Elliott, John C. (2013). "ViewMAX/2 screenshots". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-06-10) [1995]. "Format description of DOS, OS/2, and Windows NT .CPI, and Linux .CP files" (CPI.LST file) (1.30 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-08-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420065252/http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160420065252/http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Elliott, John C. (2006-10-14). "CPI file format". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2016-09-22. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/DOS/CPI/cpi.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/DOS/CPI/cpi.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Elliott, John C. (2006-09-03). "Codepage-related software". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2016-11-09. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/DOS/CPI/" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/DOS/CPI/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Brouwer, Andries Evert (2001-02-10). "CPI fonts". 0.2. Archived from the original on 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2016-09-22. <a href="/wiki/Andries_Evert_Brouwer" target="_blank">/wiki/Andries_Evert_Brouwer</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Haralambous, Yannis (September 2007). Fonts & Encodings. Translated by Horne, P. Scott (1 ed.). Sebastopol, California, USA: O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 601–602, 611. ISBN 978-0-596-10242-5. <a href="978-0-596-10242-5" target="_blank">978-0-596-10242-5</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>MS-DOS Programmer's Reference. Microsoft Press. 1991. ISBN 1-55615-329-5. <a href="1-55615-329-5" target="_blank">1-55615-329-5</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Elliott, John C. (March 2006). "FreeGEM (2005-)". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/freegem2.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/freegem2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Tam, Roy; Elliott, John C. (2014-01-12). "DR DOS 6.0/V". Archived from the original on 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2017-01-16. [...] outline of the support in the video driver (SDJVG9.VGA) [...] At startup, it calls INT 15h/AX=5000h to get the address of the DOS/V 'read font' function. If [...] present, it sets a [...] DBCS [...] flag on the system font. [...] it uses INT 21h/AX=6507h to get the DBCS lead byte table. When a string is passed to [...] text output functions, if a DBCS font is in use and the DBCS lead byte table is loaded, the code checks for DBCS lead/trail bytes in the string passed to it, and combines each pair into a 16-bit character ID. When drawing a character, it checks to see if the character ID is above 256. If so, it calls the DOS/V 'read font' function to get that character's bitmap, and instructs the drawing code to draw 16 pixels from offset 0 of that bitmap, rather than 8 pixels from the system font bitmap at a given offset. There are similar checks in the optimised monospaced text drawing code, allowing characters to be 8 or 16 pixels wide. (NB. Has screenshots of a DBCS-enabled version of ViewMAX running on DR DOS 6.0/V and a hex dump of the corresponding DRFONT database SCREENHZ.FNT for its $FONT.SYS. <a href="https://www.betaarchive.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=30331" target="_blank">https://www.betaarchive.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=30331</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>R., R. (1992-01-06). "Document 1209 - ViewMAX". Digital Research / Novell. FYI-M-1209. Archived from the original on 2018-04-03. Retrieved 2018-04-03. (NB. 1209.TXT is also part of DRTIPS.ZIP) <a href="http://www.pcorner.com/list/AOS/DRTIPS.ZIP/1209.TXT/" target="_blank">http://www.pcorner.com/list/AOS/DRTIPS.ZIP/1209.TXT/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Caldera, Inc. (August 1997). OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — Multitasking API — Programmer's Guide. UK. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-004. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2013-03-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Caldera,_Inc." target="_blank">/wiki/Caldera,_Inc.</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Elliott, John C. (2013). "ViewMAX/2 screenshots". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) [1994]. NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7 (in German) (85 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-12-16). "No lumps of coal". fd-dev. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. <a href="http://lists.topica.com/lists/fd-dev/read/message.html?sort=d&mid=902766721" target="_blank">http://lists.topica.com/lists/fd-dev/read/message.html?sort=d&mid=902766721</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) [1994]. NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7 (in German) (85 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-12-16). "No lumps of coal". fd-dev. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. <a href="http://lists.topica.com/lists/fd-dev/read/message.html?sort=d&mid=902766721" target="_blank">http://lists.topica.com/lists/fd-dev/read/message.html?sort=d&mid=902766721</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Elliott, John C. (2013). "ViewMAX/3 screenshots". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax3.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). "Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft". InfoWorld. News. Vol. 18, no. 31. InfoWorld Publishing Co. p. 3. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2020-02-08. [1]; Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). "Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Microsoft's response: lawsuit is 'ironic and sad'". Computerworld New Zealand. IDG Communications. ISSN 0113-1494. CMPWNZ. Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2018-02-13. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Morris, Joseph P., ed. (1997-05-23) [1997-05-19]. "Caldera Announces OEM Availability of "Web-TV"-like Functionality Using OpenDOS - Caldera WebSpyder Adds Customizable Inter/Intranet Functionality to OEM Solutions". Provo, UT, USA: Caldera, Inc. Archived from the original on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2018-08-26 – via www.delorie.com/opendos. <a href="http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/1997/05/23/11:49:03" target="_blank">http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/1997/05/23/11:49:03</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Jemmett, Ben A. L. (April 1999). "Caldera releases GEM under the GPL". Deltasoft – GEM News. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. released the source code for GEM and ViewMAX under the GNU Public License in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from Novell along with the DR-DOS in 1996, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community. <a href="http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm" target="_blank">http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Jemmett, Ben A. L. (April 1999). "Caldera releases GEM under the GPL". Deltasoft – GEM News. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. released the source code for GEM and ViewMAX under the GNU Public License in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from Novell along with the DR-DOS in 1996, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community. <a href="http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm" target="_blank">http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Caldera, Inc. (1999-07-20). "Embedded Linux moved to top priority at Lineo, Inc. formerly known as Caldera Thin Clients, Inc." (Press release). Lindon, UT, USA. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-06-24. <a href="/wiki/Caldera,_Inc." target="_blank">/wiki/Caldera,_Inc.</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Elliott, John C. (March 2006). "FreeGEM (1999-2004)". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/freegem.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/freegem.html</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Elliott, John C. (March 2006). "FreeGEM (2005-)". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/freegem2.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/freegem2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>