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Michael Elowitz
open-in-new
<h2 id="career">Career</h2> <p>His laboratory studies the dynamics of genetic circuits in individual living cells using synthetic biology, time-lapse microscopy, and mathematical modeling, with a particular focus on the way in which cells make use of noise to implement behaviors that would be difficult or impossible without it. Recently, his lab has expanded their approaches beyond bacteria to include eukaryotic and mammalian cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="life">Life</h2> <p>Elowitz grew up in <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles/pyXpYEX9">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>, where he attended the humanities magnet at <a href="/facts/Alexander_Hamilton_High_School_(Los_Angeles)/uFh9BE6b">Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles)</a>. He studied Physics and graduated with a B.A. from the <a href="/facts/University_of_California,_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a> in 1992,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and from <a href="/facts/Princeton_University/n3EPGHBM">Princeton University</a> with a Ph.D. in 1999.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In 1997–1998, he spent one year at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory at Heidelberg. Afterwards, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Rockefeller University in New York City. </p><p>While working as a <a href="/facts/Graduate_student/VhXDbhBz">graduate student</a> at <a href="/facts/Princeton_University/n3EPGHBM">Princeton</a> he co-authored songs such as <i>Sunday at the Lab</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> with <a href="/facts/Uri_Alon/M5pccngY">Uri Alon</a>. </p> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li>2023 Clarivate citation laureate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>2022 Elected to the US National Academy of Sciences<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>2019 <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il/sackler_prize_in_biophysics_past_laureates">Raymond and Beverly Sackler International Prize in Biophysics</a></li> <li>2016 Elected to the <a href="https://people.embo.org/profile/michael-b-elowitz">European Molecular Biology Organization</a> (EMBO)</li> <li>2016 Fellow, American Academy for the Advancement of Science.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>2015 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</li> <li>2011 HFSP Nakasone Award<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>2008 Presidential Early Career Award in Science and Engineering<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>2008 Discover Magazine "Top 20 under 40"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/facts/MacArthur_Fellows_Program/2nF5hIJh">MacArthur Fellows Program</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>2006 Packard Fellow<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>2004 Technology Review TR100 List of Top Innovators<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>2004 Searle Scholar</li> <li>2003 Burroughs Welcome Fund Career Award at the Scientific Interface<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="peer-reviewed-publications">Peer-reviewed publications</h2> <ul><li>Li P, Markson JS, Wang S, Chen S, Vachharajan V, Elowitz MB, "Morphogen gradient reconstitution reveals Hedgehog pathway design principles," <i>Science</i> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>Bintu L, Yong J, Antebi YE, McCue K, Kazuki Y, Uno N, Oshimura M, Elowitz MB, "Dynamics of epigenetic regulation at the single-cell level," <i>Science</i> (2016).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>Lin Y, Sohn CH, Dalal CK, Cai L, Elowitz MB, Combinatorial gene regulation by modulation of relative pulse timing, <i>Nature,</i> 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>Suel, G. M.; Kulkarni, R. P.; Dworkin, J.; Garcia-Ojalvo, J.; Elowitz, M. B. (2007). <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/51738/7/Suel_SOM.pdf">"Tunability and Noise Dependence in Differentiation Dynamics"</a> (PDF). <i>Science</i>. 315 (5819): 1716–1719. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...315.1716S">2007Sci...315.1716S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1137455">10.1126/science.1137455</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17379809">17379809</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14578955">14578955</a>.</li> <li>Süel, G. R. M.; Garcia-Ojalvo, J.; Liberman, L. M.; Elowitz, M. B. (2006). <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200428-150756338">"An excitable gene regulatory circuit induces transient cellular differentiation"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. 440 (7083): 545–550. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..545S">2006Natur.440..545S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04588">10.1038/nature04588</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16554821">16554821</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4327745">4327745</a>.</li> <li>Sprinzak, D.; Elowitz, M. B. (2005). "Reconstruction of genetic circuits". <i>Nature</i>. 438 (7067): 443–448. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..443S">2005Natur.438..443S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04335">10.1038/nature04335</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16306982">16306982</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11916084">11916084</a>.</li> <li>Rosenfeld, N.; Young, J. W.; Alon, U.; Swain, P. S.; Elowitz, M. B. (2005). <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/51874/7/Rosenfeld.SOM.pdf">"Gene Regulation at the Single-Cell Level"</a> (PDF). <i>Science</i>. 307 (5717): 1962–1965. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307.1962R">2005Sci...307.1962R</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1106914">10.1126/science.1106914</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15790856">15790856</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5960560">5960560</a>.</li> <li>Elowitz, M. B.; Levine, A. J.; Siggia, E. D.; Swain, P. S. (2002). <a href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200428-125210088">"Stochastic Gene Expression in a Single Cell"</a>. <i>Science</i>. 297 (5584): 1183–1186. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...297.1183E">2002Sci...297.1183E</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1070919">10.1126/science.1070919</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12183631">12183631</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10845628">10845628</a>.</li> <li>Guet, C. A. ;L. C.; Elowitz, M. B.; Hsing, W.; Leibler, S. (2002). "Combinatorial Synthesis of Genetic Networks". <i>Science</i>. 296 (5572): 1466–1470. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...296.1466G">2002Sci...296.1466G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067407">10.1126/science.1067407</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12029133">12029133</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1574494">1574494</a>.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</li> <li>Elowitz, M. B.; Leibler, S. (2000). "A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators". <i>Nature</i>. 403 (6767): 335–338. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.403..335E">2000Natur.403..335E</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35002125">10.1038/35002125</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10659856">10659856</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41632754">41632754</a>.</li> <li>Rosenfeld, N.; Elowitz, M. B.; Alon, U. (2002). "Negative autoregulation speeds the response times of transcription networks". <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i>. 323 (5): 785–793. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-2836%2802%2900994-4">10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00994-4</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12417193">12417193</a>.</li> <li>Elowitz, M. B.; Surette, M. G.; Wolf, P. E.; Stock, J.; Leibler, S. (1997). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2806%2900342-3">"Photoactivation turns green fluorescent protein red"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. 7 (10): 809–812. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997CBio....7..809E">1997CBio....7..809E</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2806%2900342-3">10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00342-3</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9368766">9368766</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15170084">15170084</a>.</li> <li>Levine, J. H.; Fontes, M. E.; Dworkin, J.; Elowitz, M. B. (2012). Laub, Michael (ed.). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3269414">"Pulsed Feedback Defers Cellular Differentiation"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. 10 (1): e1001252. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001252">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001252</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3269414">3269414</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22303282">22303282</a>.</li> <li>Locke, J. C. W.; Young, J. W.; Fontes, M.; Jimenez, M. J. H.; Elowitz, M. B. (2011). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4100694">"Stochastic Pulse Regulation in Bacterial Stress Response"</a>. <i>Science</i>. 334 (6054): 366–369. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...334..366L">2011Sci...334..366L</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1208144">10.1126/science.1208144</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4100694">4100694</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21979936">21979936</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/hacking-dna">"Hacking DNA", <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>, Paul McFedries, October 2009</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.scientificcommons.org/michael_b_elowitz">"Michael B Elowitz", <i>Scientific Commons</i></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/person/michael-elowitz">"Michael Elowitz", <i>Science blog</i></a>[<i>permanent dead link</i>]</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"The Elowitz Lab [Caltech]". www.elowitz.caltech.edu. <a href="http://www.elowitz.caltech.edu/people.html" target="_blank">http://www.elowitz.caltech.edu/people.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Biology Division - Michael Elowitz". Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624171119/http://biology.caltech.edu/Members/Elowitz" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100624171119/http://biology.caltech.edu/Members/Elowitz</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Caltech Applied Physics - Not Found". www.aph.caltech.edu. <a href="http://www.aph.caltech.edu/people/elowitz_m.html" target="_blank">http://www.aph.caltech.edu/people/elowitz_m.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Michael B. Elowitz, PhD - HHMI.org". <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/news/elowitz_bio.html" target="_blank">http://www.hhmi.org/news/elowitz_bio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Ten years of synergy". Nature. 463 (7279): 269–270. January 1, 2010. Bibcode:2010Natur.463R.269.. doi:10.1038/463269b. PMID 20090703. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F463269b" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2F463269b</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Elowitz, Michael B.; Levine, Arnold J.; Siggia, Eric D.; Swain, Peter S. (August 16, 2002). "Database of Cell Signaling and Virtual Journal - Science Signaling". Science. 297 (5584): 1183–1186. Bibcode:2002Sci...297.1183E. doi:10.1126/science.1070919. PMID 12183631. <a href="http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;297/5584/1183" target="_blank">http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;297/5584/1183</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>https://www.elowitz.caltech.edu/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) <a href="https://www.elowitz.caltech.edu/" target="_blank">https://www.elowitz.caltech.edu/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Gene Circuit Dynamics in Regulation and Differentiation", Howard Hughes Medical Institute <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/elowitz.html" target="_blank">http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/elowitz.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Applied Physics at Caltech, retrieved March 9, 2010 <a href="http://www.aph.caltech.edu/people/elowitz_m.html" target="_blank">http://www.aph.caltech.edu/people/elowitz_m.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Searle Scholars Program : 2007 News Archive". www.searlescholars.net. <a href="http://www.searlescholars.net/go.php?id=27" target="_blank">http://www.searlescholars.net/go.php?id=27</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Sunday at the Lab performed by Uri Alon <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhncg6GXYq8" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhncg6GXYq8</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Hall of Citation Laureates | Clarivate". clarivate.com. September 24, 2024. Retrieved November 25, 2024. <a href="https://clarivate.com/citation-laureates/hall-of-citation-laureates/" target="_blank">https://clarivate.com/citation-laureates/hall-of-citation-laureates/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"2022 NAS Election". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved August 28, 2022. <a href="http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2022-nas-election.html" target="_blank">http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2022-nas-election.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Three from Caltech Elected as AAAS Fellows". November 22, 2016. <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/three-caltech-elected-aaas-fellows-53054" target="_blank">https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/three-caltech-elected-aaas-fellows-53054</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"2011 HFSP Nakasone Award goes to Michael Elowitz - Human Frontier Science Program". www.hfsp.org. <a href="http://www.hfsp.org/awardees/hfsp-nakasone-award/2011-award" target="_blank">http://www.hfsp.org/awardees/hfsp-nakasone-award/2011-award</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Early_Career_Award_for_Scientists_and_Engineers" target="_blank">/wiki/Presidential_Early_Career_Award_for_Scientists_and_Engineers</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"20 Best Brains Under 40 - DiscoverMagazine.com". <a href="http://discovermagazine.com/2008/dec/20-best-brains-under-40#.UT7ErKUZ6Rg" target="_blank">http://discovermagazine.com/2008/dec/20-best-brains-under-40#.UT7ErKUZ6Rg</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Michael Elowitz - MacArthur Foundation". Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315021556/http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.2913825/apps/nl/content2.asp?content_id=%7BB319FBF7-A99D-48DB-9293-3CF3434EC3C2%7D¬oc=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120315021556/http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.2913825/apps/nl/content2.asp?content_id=%7BB319FBF7-A99D-48DB-9293-3CF3434EC3C2%7D¬oc=1</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Elowitz, Michael - The David and Lucile Packard Foundation". <a href="http://www.packard.org/what-we-fund/conservation-and-science/packard-fellowships-for-science-and-engineering/fellowship-directory/elowitz-michael/" target="_blank">http://www.packard.org/what-we-fund/conservation-and-science/packard-fellowships-for-science-and-engineering/fellowship-directory/elowitz-michael/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>TR35 winners <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Burroughs Wellcome Fund: Dr. Michael Elowitz". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725112221/https://forms.bwfund.org/news/awardee_profiles/michael_elowitz.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110725112221/https://forms.bwfund.org/news/awardee_profiles/michael_elowitz.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Li, Pulin; Markson, Joseph S.; Wang, Sheng; Chen, Siheng; Vachharajani, Vipul; Elowitz, Michael B. (April 5, 2018). "Morphogen gradient reconstitution reveals Hedgehog pathway design principles". Science. 360 (6388): 543–548. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..543L. doi:10.1126/science.aao0645. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6516753. PMID 29622726. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6516753" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6516753</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Bintu, Lacramioara; Yong, John; Antebi, Yaron E.; McCue, Kayla; Kazuki, Yasuhiro; Uno, Narumi; Oshimura, Mitsuo; Elowitz, Michael B. (February 12, 2016). "Dynamics of epigenetic regulation at the single-cell level". Science. 351 (6274): 720–724. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..720B. doi:10.1126/science.aab2956. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 5108652. PMID 26912859. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108652" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108652</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Lin, Yihan; Sohn, Chang Ho; Dalal, Chiraj K.; Cai, Long; Elowitz, Michael B. (2015). "Combinatorial gene regulation by modulation of relative pulse timing". Nature. 527 (7576): 54–58. Bibcode:2015Natur.527...54L. doi:10.1038/nature15710. PMC 4870307. PMID 26466562. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870307" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870307</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>