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Gravel road
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<h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <h3>Construction</h3> <p>Compared to <a href="/facts/Sealed_road/TFw21z05">sealed roads</a>, which require large machinery to work and pour <a href="/facts/Concrete/K6whGVNx">concrete</a> or to lay and smooth a <a href="/facts/Bitumen/tW6EqphW">bitumen</a>-based surface, gravel roads are easy and cheap to build. However, compared to <a href="/facts/Dirt_road/AyM3FsLY">dirt roads</a>, all-weather gravel highways are quite expensive to build, as they require <a href="/facts/Loader_(equipment)/0EDM3gur">front loaders</a>, <a href="/facts/Dump_trucks/5c0yeHS1">dump trucks</a>, <a href="/facts/Grader/TwnMRNgx">graders</a>, and <a href="/facts/Roadrollers/bpHKysPJ">roadrollers</a> to provide a <a href="/facts/Base_course/zFdeJNMI">base course</a> of compacted earth or other material, sometimes <a href="/facts/Macadam/vJjhVgzw">macadamised</a>, covered with one or more different layers of gravel. Graders are used to "blade" the road's surface (pass frequently to mix and distribute the gravel) to produce a more extreme <a href="/facts/Cant_(road/rail)/VoCP1tAb">camber</a> compared to a paved road to aid drainage, to produce an A-shaped surface to the road called a "crown",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> as well as to construct drainage ditches and <a href="/facts/Embankment_(transportation)/zuU0oRYD">embankments</a> in low-lying areas. <a href="/facts/Cellular_confinement/DKHcztF0">Cellular confinement</a> systems can be used to prevent the <a href="/facts/Washboarding/6rDfjq7M">washboarding</a> effect. </p><p>Construction of a gravel road begins with the base or subgrade layer. The expected road traffic volume and the average daily truck passage must be considered during the design process as they will influence the thickness of this layer, along with the balances of gravel and fines. <a href="/facts/Geotextile/aH0A0Hzz">Geotextile</a> fabric may be laid to improve the stability of the subgrade layer. When geotextile fabric is used, a gravel layer with a minimum thickness of 6" (15 cm)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> is suggested to ensure the fabric remains unexposed. Road construction guidelines suggest that the crown in the road surface begins at the center point in the road, and does not exceed a 4% gradation from the center to the edge of the roadway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>The surface layer is constructed atop the subgrade layer. The amount of precipitation is taken into consideration for the selection of gravel size distribution. The surface layer will follow the crown established by the subgrade layer. Scarification of the subgrade layer prior to application of the surface gravel layer can be performed to increase the mixing and adherence between layers. Construction of the road surface is done gradually through multiple applications of layers of gravel, with compaction prior to the addition of the following layer. During reparation of a damaged road, ensuring that any washboarding, rutting, potholes, and erosion is adequately removed will minimize future need for reparation. <a href="/facts/Windrow/N1Co5JWL">Windrowing</a> can be performed along the edges of roads in dry climates to allow easy access to gravel material for small repairs. </p> <h3>Materials</h3> <p>The gravel used consists of varying amount of crushed stone, <a href="/facts/Sand/MdTIt0M8">sand</a>, and fines. Fines are <a href="/facts/Silt/HAxJkhDP">silt</a> or <a href="/facts/Clay/xnwouEkB">clay</a> particles smaller than .075 millimetres (0.0030 in), which can act as a binder. Crushed stone, also called road metal, is used because gravel with fractured faces will stay in place better than rounded river pebbles. A good gravel for a gravel road will have a higher percentage of fines than gravel used as a <a href="/facts/Subbase_(pavement)/M7vbYyYp">subbase</a> for a paved road. This often causes problems if a gravel road is paved without adding sand and gravel sized stone to dilute the percentage of fines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>A gravel road is quite different from a 'gravel drive', popular as private <a href="/facts/Driveway/ccr3gRbJ">driveways</a> in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>. This uses clean gravel consisting of uniform, rounded stones and small <a href="/facts/Pebble/spJuLIfI">pebbles</a>. </p> <h4>Laterite and murram roads</h4> <p>In <a href="/facts/Africa/XkqQUP9s">Africa</a> and parts of <a href="/facts/Asia/4IToYrrQ">Asia</a> and <a href="/facts/South_America/PhrFEMk7">South America</a>, <a href="/facts/Laterite/3FYFwspo">laterite</a> soils are used to build <a href="/facts/Dirt_road/AyM3FsLY">dirt roads</a>. However laterite, called <i>murram</i> in <a href="/facts/East_Africa/WtsAyphI">East Africa</a>, varies considerably in the proportion of stones (which are usually very small) to earth and sand. It ranges from a hard gravel to a softer earth embedded with small stones. Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads. Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for <a href="/facts/Four-wheel_drive/5sFHvumf">four-wheel drive</a> vehicles to avoid slipping off very cambered roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road. As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like <a href="/facts/Sun-dried_brick/WVTq2bae">sun-dried bricks</a>. </p> <h3>Maintenance</h3> <p>Gravel roads require much more frequent maintenance than paved roads, especially after wet periods and when accommodating increased traffic. Wheel motion shoves material to the outside (as well as in-between travelled lanes), leading to rutting, reduced water-runoff, and eventual road destruction if unchecked. As long as the process is interrupted early enough, simple re-grading is sufficient, with material being pushed back into shape. </p><p>Segments of gravel roads on <a href="/facts/Grade_(slope)/SlyxwANp">grades</a> also <a href="/facts/Rut_(roads)/LlD0rznw">rut</a> easily as a result of flowing water. When grading or building the road, <a href="/facts/Waterbar/BKmzG0fw">waterbars</a> are used to direct water off the road. As an alternative method, humps can be formed in the gravel along the road to impede water flow, thereby reducing rutting. </p><p>Another problem with gravel roads is <a href="/facts/Washboarding/6rDfjq7M">washboarding</a> — the formation of corrugations across the surface at right angles to the direction of travel. Narrow-spaced washboarding can develop on gravel roads due to inconsistent moisture levels in the gravel, poor quality gravel, and vehicular stress to the road. Washboarding can also occur when graders exceed recommended speeds during the construction or maintenance phase causing the blade to bounce on the surface creating a pattern of widely-spaced corrugations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Corrugations from washboarding can become severe enough to cause vibration in vehicles so that bolts loosen or cracks form in components. Proper grading is needed to remove the corrugations, and reconstruction with careful choice of good quality gravel can help prevent them reforming. Additionally, installing a <a href="/facts/Cellular_confinement/DKHcztF0">cellular confinement system</a> will prevent the washboard-like corrugations from occurring. </p><p>Gravel roads are often found in cold climates because they are less vulnerable to freeze / thaw damage than <a href="/facts/Asphalt_concrete/TTp7fXA6">asphalt</a> roads. The inferior surface of gravel is not an issue if the road is covered by snow and ice for extended periods. </p> <h4>Dust control</h4> <p>Dust control is routine practice on gravel roads in order to reduce the need for frequent maintenance, mitigate health concerns, and to prevent dust-related damage to roadside vegetation. Some common dust-suppression techniques are the application of a chloride solution (<a href="/facts/Calcium_chloride/e1EwNPGF">calcium chloride</a>, <a href="/facts/Magnesium_chloride/uk1f69LG">magnesium chloride</a>, <a href="/facts/Sodium_chloride/MWcXl3Mb">sodium chloride</a>), the application of a <a href="/facts/Resin/r1uVThQ8">resin</a> compound, or the incorporation of natural clay into the gravel mixture during the construction phase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h5>Calcium chloride as a dust suppressant</h5> <p>Calcium chloride provides dust suppression through its <a href="/facts/Hygroscopy/1NBGewXv">hygroscopic</a> properties, allowing moisture to be drawn in and retained by the compound. Calcium chloride can be applied in either dry (pellet or flake) or wet (dissolved pre-prepared solution) form. Successful applications can be effective for up to three years, depending on the weather and traffic conditions for the roadway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Dry application of this type of dust suppressant is begun by first preparing the road surface through grader passes, moving the top 5–8 cm of gravel creating windrows on the edges of the road. Calcium chloride is then applied to the road surface, and the road is then sprayed with water until the compound is dissolved. A grader "blades" the surface in numerous passes to ensure a uniform distribution of the compound. Compaction and the forming of the road surface is then performed to finalize the process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Wet application begins by spraying the road surface with a 30% concentration solution of calcium chloride. After the solution is applied, the top 5–8 cm of gravel is mixed through numerous passes of a grader. The road is then formed and compacted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Driving</h3> <p>Although well-constructed and graded gravel roads are suitable for speeds of up to 100 km/h (60 mph), driving on them requires far more attention to variations of the surface, and it is easier to lose control than on a paved road. In addition to potholes, ruts and loose stony or sandy ridges at the edges or in the middle of the road, problems associated with driving on gravel roads include: </p> <ul><li>sharper and larger stones cutting and puncturing tires, or being thrown up by the wheels and damaging the underside, especially puncturing the fuel tank of unmodified cars</li> <li>stones skipping up hitting the <a href="/facts/Car_body/gTyQ0WU7">car body</a>, lights or <a href="/facts/Windshield/BffeD1Q7">windshields</a> when two vehicles pass at high speed</li> <li>dust thrown up from a passing vehicle reducing visibility</li> <li>'<a href="/facts/Washboarding/6rDfjq7M">washboard</a>' corrugations cause loss of control or damage to vehicles due to excessive <a href="/facts/Vibration/sGgDqG71">vibration</a>. These are most often found near intersections as stopping or braking causes them to form or otherwise if heavy farm or other equipment often uses these roads.</li> <li>skidding on mud after rain</li> <li>vehicle <a href="/facts/Fishtailing/tqqDaf9R">fishtailing</a> as a result of ruts in the surface of the gravel. Often found on frequently traveled roads.</li> <li>In higher rainfall areas, the increased camber required to drain water, and open drainage ditches at the sides of the road, often cause vehicles with a high <a href="/facts/Centre_of_gravity/n4Lr9GAz">centre of gravity</a>, such as trucks and off-road vehicles, to overturn if they do not keep close to the crown of the road.</li> <li>Excess dust permeates door-opening rubber moulding, breaking the seal.</li> <li>Lost binder in the form of road dust, when mixed with rain, will wear away the painted surfaces of vehicles.</li> <li>Many gravel roads are only <a href="/facts/Single_track_road/yAYyuaVN">one lane wide</a> or slightly larger, thus requiring special attention when driving at higher speeds.</li></ul> <h2 id="related-types">Related types</h2> <h3>Resource road</h3> <p>According to the <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a> Ministry of Forests, resource roads are typically "one- or two-lane gravel roads built for industrial purposes to access natural resources in remote areas".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> They may be used by industrial vehicles or the general public, and as a link to rural communities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Driving on resource roads can be hazardous for many reasons, including limited <a href="/facts/Visibility/reqevMCQ">visibility</a>, unusual <a href="/facts/Road_geometry/4Hn3bmQq">road geometry</a>, and the presence of <a href="/facts/Wildlife/Byh8cAyK">wildlife</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Disused resource roads can pose a danger to both drivers and passersby, due to the danger of <a href="/facts/Landslide/sXSzA31e">landslides</a> forming on unstable, <a href="/facts/Drainage/thEd3nfB">poorly-drained</a> ground.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Forest service road</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Fire_trail/3Usbgp6X">Fire trail</a></p> <p>A forest service road is a type of rudimentary access road, built by private companies, or government entities such as the <a href="/facts/United_States_Forest_Service/NRzYYHhc">United States Forest Service</a> to access remote undeveloped areas. These roads are built mainly for the purposes of the <a href="/facts/Logging/YnjEaap7">logging industry</a> and <a href="/facts/Wood_management/llmQfj9c">forest management</a> workers, although in some cases they are also used for <a href="/facts/Backcountry/WxLDxbTo">backcountry</a> recreation access. </p><p>Networks of tributary roads branch off from a <a href="/facts/Trunk_road/bKLawUVq">trunk</a> FSR. Roads are usually named after a regional district, and branches have an <a href="/facts/Alphanumeric/ytA9RSIv">alphanumeric</a> designation. </p><p>Typically, a high-clearance four-wheel drive vehicle is required to travel effectively on a road, especially where large <a href="/facts/Pothole/Hu6CMzy8">potholes</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Waterbar/BKmzG0fw">waterbars</a> are present. <a href="/facts/Hairpin_turn/TIo1Cxdl">Switchbacks</a> are employed to make the road passable through steep terrain. </p><p>These roads rapidly fall into disrepair and quickly become impassable. Remnants of old roads can exist for decades. They are eventually erased by <a href="/facts/Washout_(erosion)/SLkFHprU">washout</a>, <a href="/facts/Erosion/gaGJXy0W">erosion</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ecological_succession/4LbHrU2s">ecological succession</a>. </p> <h3>Logging road</h3> <p>Logging <a href="/facts/Roads/3aadH4s3">roads</a> are constructed to provide access to the forest for <a href="/facts/Logging/YnjEaap7">logging</a> and other <a href="/facts/Wood_management/llmQfj9c">forest management</a> operations. They are commonly narrow, winding, and unpaved, but main haul roads can be widened, straightened or paved if traffic volume warrants it. </p><p>The choice of <a href="/facts/Road_design/RUcu1E8n">road design</a> <a href="/facts/Technical_standard/P4orT1SM">standards</a> is a tradeoff between construction costs and haul costs (which the road is designed to reduce). A road that serves only a few stands will be used by relatively few trucks over its lifetime and so it makes sense to save construction costs with a narrow, winding, unpaved road that adds to the time (and haul costs) of the few trips. A main haul road serving a large area, however, will be used by many trucks each day, and each trip will be shorter (saving time and money) if the road is straighter and wider, with a smoother surface. </p><p><a href="/facts/Logging_truck/eNRBSgNW">Logging trucks</a> are generally given right of way. In areas that the practice is regulated, on non-highway roads with heavy logging traffic may be "radio-controlled", meaning that a <a href="/facts/Citizens%27_band_radio/tCSXXuTb">CB radio</a> on board any vehicle on the road is advised for safety reasons. </p> <h2 id="image-gallery">Image gallery</h2> <h2 id="unpaved-roads-length-by-country">Unpaved roads length by country</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Country</th><th>Length of unpaved roads (km)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td>Afghanistan</td><td>29,800</td></tr><tr><td>Albania</td><td>10,980</td></tr><tr><td>Algeria</td><td>26,050</td></tr><tr><td>American Samoa</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Andorra</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Angola</td><td>46,080</td></tr><tr><td>Anguilla</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua and Barbuda</td><td>784</td></tr><tr><td>Argentina</td><td>161,962</td></tr><tr><td>Armenia</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>727,645</td></tr><tr><td>Austria</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Azerbaijan</td><td>26,153</td></tr><tr><td>Bahamas, The</td><td>1,080</td></tr><tr><td>Bahrain</td><td>730</td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh</td><td>19,248</td></tr><tr><td>Barbados</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Belarus</td><td>11,741</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>33,498</td></tr><tr><td>Belize</td><td>2,382</td></tr><tr><td>Benin</td><td>14,600</td></tr><tr><td>Bermuda</td><td>447</td></tr><tr><td>Bhutan</td><td>7,603</td></tr><tr><td>Bolivia</td><td>80,776</td></tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>3,500</td></tr><tr><td>Botswana</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>1,368,166</td></tr><tr><td>British Indian Ocean Territory</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>British Virgin Islands</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Brunei</td><td>417</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>277</td></tr><tr><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Burma</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Burundi</td><td>10,822</td></tr><tr><td>Cabo Verde</td><td>418</td></tr><tr><td>Cambodia</td><td>41,102</td></tr><tr><td>Cameroon</td><td>47,242</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>626,700</td></tr><tr><td>Cayman Islands</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Central African Republic</td><td>18,893</td></tr><tr><td>Chad</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Chile</td><td>59,645</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>531,000</td></tr><tr><td>Christmas Island</td><td>110</td></tr><tr><td>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Colombia</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Comoros</td><td>207</td></tr><tr><td>Congo, Democratic Republic of the</td><td>150,703</td></tr><tr><td>Congo, Republic of the</td><td>15,788</td></tr><tr><td>Cook Islands</td><td>287</td></tr><tr><td>Costa Rica</td><td>28,885</td></tr><tr><td>Cote d'Ivoire</td><td>75,494</td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Cuba</td><td>31,038</td></tr><tr><td>Curacao</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Cyprus</td><td>8,564</td></tr><tr><td>Czechia</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Djibouti</td><td>1,686</td></tr><tr><td>Dominica</td><td>750</td></tr><tr><td>Dominican Republic</td><td>9,833</td></tr><tr><td>Ecuador</td><td>37,198</td></tr><tr><td>Egypt</td><td>10,688</td></tr><tr><td>El Salvador</td><td>2,565</td></tr><tr><td>Equatorial Guinea</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Eritrea</td><td>3,136</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>47,985</td></tr><tr><td>Eswatini</td><td>2,516</td></tr><tr><td>Ethiopia</td><td>96,060</td></tr><tr><td>European Union</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)</td><td>390</td></tr><tr><td>Faroe Islands</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Fiji</td><td>1,754</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>350,000</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>French Polynesia</td><td>855</td></tr><tr><td>Gabon</td><td>8,073</td></tr><tr><td>Gambia, The</td><td>3,029</td></tr><tr><td>Gaza Strip</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Georgia</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Ghana</td><td>95,728</td></tr><tr><td>Gibraltar</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>75,603</td></tr><tr><td>Greenland</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>225</td></tr><tr><td>Guam</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Guatemala</td><td>10,132</td></tr><tr><td>Guinea</td><td>40,006</td></tr><tr><td>Guinea-Bissau</td><td>2,490</td></tr><tr><td>Guyana</td><td>7,380</td></tr><tr><td>Haiti</td><td>3,498</td></tr><tr><td>Honduras</td><td>11,375</td></tr><tr><td>Hong Kong</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Hungary</td><td>126,514</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>8,108</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Indonesia</td><td>213,505</td></tr><tr><td>Iran</td><td>38,500</td></tr><tr><td>Iraq</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Isle of Man</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>5,973</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>225,937</td></tr><tr><td>Jersey</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Jordan</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Kazakhstan</td><td>10,278</td></tr><tr><td>Kenya</td><td>147,032</td></tr><tr><td>Kiribati</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Korea, North</td><td>24,830</td></tr><tr><td>Korea, South</td><td>7,633</td></tr><tr><td>Kosovo</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>Kuwait</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Kyrgyzstan</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Laos</td><td>34,171</td></tr><tr><td>Latvia</td><td>55,233</td></tr><tr><td>Lebanon</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Lesotho</td><td>4,871</td></tr><tr><td>Liberia</td><td>9,943</td></tr><tr><td>Libya</td><td>42,810</td></tr><tr><td>Liechtenstein</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>11,869</td></tr><tr><td>Luxembourg</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Macau</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Macedonia</td><td>4,549</td></tr><tr><td>Madagascar</td><td>31,373</td></tr><tr><td>Malawi</td><td>11,378</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>28,234</td></tr><tr><td>Maldives</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Mali</td><td>16,952</td></tr><tr><td>Malta</td><td>392</td></tr><tr><td>Marshall Islands</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritania</td><td>8,265</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritius</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Mexico</td><td>240,116</td></tr><tr><td>Micronesia, Federated States of</td><td>204</td></tr><tr><td>Moldova</td><td>517</td></tr><tr><td>Monaco</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Mongolia</td><td>44,449</td></tr><tr><td>Montenegro</td><td>621</td></tr><tr><td>Montserrat</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Morocco</td><td>17,279</td></tr><tr><td>Mozambique</td><td>23,718</td></tr><tr><td>Namibia</td><td>37,751</td></tr><tr><td>Nauru</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Nepal</td><td>16,100</td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>New Caledonia</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>32,400</td></tr><tr><td>Nicaragua</td><td>20,551</td></tr><tr><td>Niger</td><td>15,037</td></tr><tr><td>Nigeria</td><td>164,220</td></tr><tr><td>Niue</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Norfolk Island</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Mariana Islands</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>18,116</td></tr><tr><td>Oman</td><td>30,545</td></tr><tr><td>Pakistan</td><td>78,879</td></tr><tr><td>Panama</td><td>8,786</td></tr><tr><td>Papua New Guinea</td><td>6,349</td></tr><tr><td>Paraguay</td><td>27,199</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Philippines</td><td>155,294</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>129,000</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>11,606</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Qatar</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>34,312</td></tr><tr><td>Russia</td><td>355,666</td></tr><tr><td>Rwanda</td><td>3,493</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Kitts and Nevis</td><td>220</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Lucia</td><td>363</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</td><td>249</td></tr><tr><td>Samoa</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>San Marino</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Sao Tome and Principe</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td>173,843</td></tr><tr><td>Senegal</td><td>10,539</td></tr><tr><td>Serbia</td><td>16,248</td></tr><tr><td>Seychelles</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Sierra Leone</td><td>10,396</td></tr><tr><td>Singapore</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Sint Maarten</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Slovakia</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Solomon Islands</td><td>1,356</td></tr><tr><td>Somalia</td><td>19,492</td></tr><tr><td>South Africa</td><td>588,062</td></tr><tr><td>South Sudan</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Sri Lanka</td><td>97,116</td></tr><tr><td>Sudan</td><td>7,580</td></tr><tr><td>Suriname</td><td>3,174</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>433,034</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Syria</td><td>6,813</td></tr><tr><td>Taiwan</td><td>396</td></tr><tr><td>Tajikistan</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Tanzania</td><td>79,380</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Timor-Leste</td><td>3,440</td></tr><tr><td>Togo</td><td>9,205</td></tr><tr><td>Tonga</td><td>496</td></tr><tr><td>Trinidad and Tobago</td><td>4,068</td></tr><tr><td>Tunisia</td><td>4,662</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>33,486</td></tr><tr><td>Turkmenistan</td><td>11,015</td></tr><tr><td>Turks and Caicos Islands</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Tuvalu</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Uganda</td><td>16,287</td></tr><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td>3,599</td></tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>2,281,895</td></tr><tr><td>Uruguay</td><td>69,989</td></tr><tr><td>Uzbekistan</td><td>10,985</td></tr><tr><td>Vanuatu</td><td>814</td></tr><tr><td>Venezuela</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Vietnam</td><td>47,130</td></tr><tr><td>Virgin Islands</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>West Bank</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>World</td><td>No data</td></tr><tr><td>Yemen</td><td>65,100</td></tr><tr><td>Zambia</td><td>31,051</td></tr><tr><td>Zimbabwe</td><td>78,786</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>11,705,250</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Country_lane/6mKYHgL5">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dirt_road/AyM3FsLY">Dirt road</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Erosion/gaGJXy0W">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Forest_Highway/vPCVy2H2">Forest Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Forest_railway/tfX3uYmr">Forest railway</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Forest_track/1wLlpV6Q">Forest track</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Logging/YnjEaap7">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Road/3aadH4s3">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Road_surface/m80ermWq">Road surface</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Track_bed/vSfEx7pX">Track bed</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trail/QYlDjNm7">Trail</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gravel roads. Look up <i>gravel road</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li>Skorseth, Ken; Selim, Ali A. (November 2000), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131065925/http://idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/Transportation-System/Manuals-Guides-%26-Handbooks/T2/L019.pdf"><i>Gravel Roads Maintenance and Design Manual</i></a> (PDF), FHWA, South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program, archived from <a href="http://idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/Transportation-System/Manuals-Guides-%26-Handbooks/T2/L019.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-01-31, retrieved 2014-12-28</li> <li><a href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo55219">Environmentally Sensitive Maintenance Practices for Dirt and Gravel Roads</a> <a href="/facts/United_States_Forest_Service/NRzYYHhc">U.S. Forest Service</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Kiwi - Words & Phrases Archived 2010-02-09 at the Wayback Machine (from a private website) <a href="http://www.chemistry.co.nz/kiwi.htm" target="_blank">http://www.chemistry.co.nz/kiwi.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Anon. "Metal". Online etymological dictionary. 2001 Douglas Harper. Retrieved 29 January 2010. <a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/metal" target="_blank">http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/metal</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Concepcion, Bien. "General Resources". Center for Dirt and Gravel Road Studies. Retrieved 2024-11-22. <a href="https://dirtandgravel.psu.edu/general-resources/" target="_blank">https://dirtandgravel.psu.edu/general-resources/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gravel Roads: Construction and Maintenance Guide. Washington: Department of Transportation (DOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 2015. ISBN 9780160929915. <a href="9780160929915" target="_blank">9780160929915</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>BC supplement to TAC geometric design guide. – 2007 ed. British Columbia: British Columbia. Ministry of Transportation. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7726-5800-5. <a href="978-0-7726-5800-5" target="_blank">978-0-7726-5800-5</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Skorseth, Ken; Selim, Ali A. (November 2000), "Section III: Surface Gravel" (PDF), Gravel Roads: Maintenance and Design Manual (PDF), FHWA, Federal Highway Administration - South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program, pp. 39–49, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-31, retrieved 2014-12-28 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131065925/http://idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/Transportation-System/Manuals-Guides-%26-Handbooks/T2/L019.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170131065925/http://idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/Transportation-System/Manuals-Guides-%26-Handbooks/T2/L019.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Skorseth, Ken (2005). Gravel roads : maintenance and design manual. South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program. ISBN 2005410659. OCLC 62208163. <a href="2005410659" target="_blank">2005410659</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Gravel Roads: Construction and Maintenance Guide. Washington: Department of Transportation (DOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 2015. ISBN 9780160929915. <a href="9780160929915" target="_blank">9780160929915</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>‘GRAVEL ROAD MAINTENANCE MANUAL A Guide for Landowners on Camp and Other Gravel Roads’ (2016). Augusta, (April). Available at: https://www.maine.gov/dep/land/watershed/camp/road/gravel_road_manual.pdf (Accessed: 9 April 2019). <a href="https://www.maine.gov/dep/land/watershed/camp/road/gravel_road_manual.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/dep/land/watershed/camp/road/gravel_road_manual.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Caouette, Leo. 2013. APPLICATION METHODS CALCIUM CHLORIDE AS A DUST SUPPRESSANT. Nunavut: Nunavut Municipal Training Organization. https://www.nmto.ca/sites/default/files/application_of_calcium_chloride.pdf . <a href="https://www.nmto.ca/sites/default/files/application_of_calcium_chloride.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nmto.ca/sites/default/files/application_of_calcium_chloride.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Caouette, Leo. 2013. APPLICATION METHODS CALCIUM CHLORIDE AS A DUST SUPPRESSANT. Nunavut: Nunavut Municipal Training Organization. https://www.nmto.ca/sites/default/files/application_of_calcium_chloride.pdf . <a href="https://www.nmto.ca/sites/default/files/application_of_calcium_chloride.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nmto.ca/sites/default/files/application_of_calcium_chloride.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Resource roads". Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia. 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2022-10-28. <a href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/natural-resource-use/resource-roads" target="_blank">https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/natural-resource-use/resource-roads</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Resource roads". Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia. 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2022-10-28. <a href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/natural-resource-use/resource-roads" target="_blank">https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/natural-resource-use/resource-roads</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Resource roads". Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia. 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2022-10-28. <a href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/natural-resource-use/resource-roads" target="_blank">https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/natural-resource-use/resource-roads</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Brend, Yvette; Duncombe, Lyndsay (2022-10-27). "Fatal landslide blamed on old logging road raises fears about hidden risks near Canada's highways". CBC News. Retrieved 2022-10-28. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/landslide-risk-service-roads-1.6628050" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/landslide-risk-service-roads-1.6628050</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Field Listing :: Roadways — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-30. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109034959/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/385.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190109034959/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/385.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>