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Formaldehyde releaser
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<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p>Many compounds have been formulated a formaldehyde-releasers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Quaternium-15/EoE7dPat">Quaternium-15</a> (Dowicil 200; Dowicil 75; Dowicil 100; Dowco 184; Dowicide Q). It was used in low concentrations in cosmetics but has been banned in the EU since 2017 and a bill is under consideration in the US.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DMDM_hydantoin/b5WK51p4">DMDM hydantoin</a></li> <li>(ethylenedioxy)dimethanol (EDDM)</li> <li>(Benzyloxy)methanol (BHF, benzylhemiformal)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>2,2',2<i>-(Hexahydro-1,3-5-triazine-1,3,5-triyl-)triethanol (HHT)</i></li> <li>Tetramethylolacetylenediurea (TMAD)</li> <li>1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (DMDMH)</li> <li>3,3'-Methylenebis[5-methyloxazolidine] (MBO)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Imidazolidinyl_urea/5FUYcrau">Imidazolidinyl urea</a> (Germall 115) for cosmetics</li> <li><a href="/facts/Diazolidinyl_urea/hUJLRd7f">Diazolidinyl urea</a> (Germall II) for cosmetics</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nitromethane/mfVA2AA1">Tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane</a> (Tris Nitro) for cosmetics</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hexahydro-1%2c3%2c5-triazine/hrJtwoQ4">tris(N-hydroxyethyl) hexahydrotriazine</a> (Grotan® BK)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Sodium hydroxymethylglycinate for cosmetics</li></ul> <h3>Unintentional formaldehyde releasers</h3> <p>Some materials release formaldehyde unintentionally. These materials have also elicited considerable controversy, especially when these materials have household applications such as flooring. Examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Polyoxymethylene/TFrYKSx7">Delrin or Acetal</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Phenol_formaldehyde_resin/poc4M0JX">Phenol formaldehyde resin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Urea_formaldehyde_resin/pQ7sWPfg">Urea formaldehyde resin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Melamine_resin/njNDyuNx">Melamine resin</a></li></ul> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>They are found in fuels, cosmetics, toiletries, cleaning agents, adhesives, paints, lacquers, fertilizers, and metalworking fluids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> They are found in lysing agent for cells for in vitro diagnostic reagents. Photo-chemicals and press room chemicals also contain these releasers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="safety">Safety</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Formaldehyde/Ck8RLfqk">formaldehyde § Safety</a></p> <p>Formaldehyde is dangerous to human health.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In 2011, the US <a href="/facts/National_Toxicology_Program/cWlLNdAI">National Toxicology Program</a> described formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The danger of formaldehyde is a major reason for the development of formaldehyde releasers which release formaldehyde slowly at lower levels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Allergic reaction</h3> <p>Levels of 200–300 p.p.m. formaldehyde in cosmetic products can cause <a href="/facts/Contact_dermatitis/Xm6PEgcw">contact dermatitis</a> in short-term use on normal skin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>A patch test study found that DMDM hydantoin in cosmetic products could increase the risk of cosmetic dermatitis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Some people have a contact allergy to imidazolidinyl urea causing dermatitis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Such people are often also allergic to diazolidinyl urea. In 2005–06, it was the 14th-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (3.7%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cancer</h3> <p>Some consumer cosmetics contain quaternium-15 for its antimicrobial properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/American_Cancer_Society/LvXxqke6">American Cancer Society</a> states that although quaternium-15 releases formaldehyde, a known carcinogen in laboratory test animals at relatively high doses, because the amount of formaldehyde released from these products is low, it is unclear that avoiding quaternium-15 in cosmetics provides any health benefits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Even so, Johnson & Johnson announced plans to phase out its use of quaternium-15 in cosmetic products by 2015 in response to consumer pressure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="importance">Importance</h2> <p>Formaldehyde in the EU is restricted to a maximum allowed concentration in finished products no greater than 0.2%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> However, there are hidden sources of formaldehyde such as these formaldehyde releasers. As well, patch tests are prone to false positives at even low concentrations and not a reliable test.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>Sensitization to formaldehyde has been decreasing since 1980 due in part to the replacement of formaldehyde by these formaldehyde releasers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> As of 2009, frequency of sensitization to formaldehyde is stable at 2–3% in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> It might be as high as 9% in the USA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="alternatives">Alternatives</h2> <p>There are three groups of broad-spectrum preservatives with the most safety and efficacy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Paraben/UEfjXRXT">Parabens</a></li> <li>Formaldehyde releasers</li> <li><a href="/facts/Halogenate/vYrGVWcJ">Halogenated</a> compounds</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/facts/FDA/fMfdaRAa">FDA</a> requires that cosmetics have an effective preservative, and microbial challenge testing is conducted. The EU's Cosmetic Directive 76/768/EEC requires the use of a preservative on an approved list.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="analysis">Analysis</h2> <p>There are many ways to test and quantify formaldehyde.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> However these methods are not suitable for the determination of free formaldehyde in cosmetics with formaldehyde releasers since these methods often accelerate release of formaldehyde.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>The physical method by <a href="/facts/Carbon-13_nuclear_magnetic_resonance/0RlV1ajq">13C NMR spectroscopy</a> does not affect the equilibrium between free and donor sources of formaldehyde and might be the best way to test for formaldehyde releasers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Uhr, Hermann; Mielke, Burkhard; Exner, Otto; Payne, Ken R.; Hill, Edward (2013). "Biocides". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_563.pub2. ISBN 9783527306732. <a href="9783527306732" target="_blank">9783527306732</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>De Groot, Anton C.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers" (PDF). Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. hdl:11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30. PMID 19706047. S2CID 23404196. <a href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf" target="_blank">https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"European Commission notifies bans, restrictions on CMRS in cosmetics". Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2019. <a href="https://chemicalwatch.com/57303/european-commission-notifies-bans-restrictions-on-cmrs-in-cosmetics#overlay-strip" target="_blank">https://chemicalwatch.com/57303/european-commission-notifies-bans-restrictions-on-cmrs-in-cosmetics#overlay-strip</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"The cosmetics industry has avoided strict regulation for over a century. Now rising health concerns has FDA inquiring". Retrieved 2 December 2019. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/01/fda-begins-first-inquiry-of-lightly-regulated-cosmetics-industry.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/01/fda-begins-first-inquiry-of-lightly-regulated-cosmetics-industry.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>De Groot, Anton C.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers" (PDF). Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. hdl:11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30. PMID 19706047. S2CID 23404196. <a href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf" target="_blank">https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Benzylhemiformal | Allergic Contact Dermatitis Database". Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2019. <a href="https://www.contactdermatitisinstitute.com/benzylhemiformal.php" target="_blank">https://www.contactdermatitisinstitute.com/benzylhemiformal.php</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>de Groot, Anton C; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers". Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. ISSN 1600-0536. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>De Groot, Anton C.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers" (PDF). Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. hdl:11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30. PMID 19706047. S2CID 23404196. <a href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf" target="_blank">https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"FORMALDEHYDE AND FORMALDEHYDE RELEASERS Investigation Report". Retrieved 2 December 2019. <a href="https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13641/annex_xv_report_formaldehyde_en.pdf/58be2f0a-7ca7-264d-a594-da5051a1c74b" target="_blank">https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13641/annex_xv_report_formaldehyde_en.pdf/58be2f0a-7ca7-264d-a594-da5051a1c74b</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Formaldehyde", Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol (PDF), IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 88, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006, pp. 39–325, ISBN 978-92-832-1288-1 <a href="978-92-832-1288-1" target="_blank">978-92-832-1288-1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Formaldehyde (gas)", Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition Archived 2019-08-06 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 2005 <a href="https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/formaldehyde.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/formaldehyde.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Harris, Gardiner (2011-06-10). "Government Says 2 Common Materials Pose Risk of Cancer". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2011-06-11. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/health/11cancer.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/health/11cancer.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>National Toxicology Program (2011-06-10). "12th Report on Carcinogens". National Toxicology Program. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2011-06-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608205825/https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110608205825/https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>National Toxicology Program (2011-06-10). "Report On Carcinogens - Twelfth Edition - 2011" (PDF). National Toxicology Program. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2011-06-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612085546/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110612085546/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>de Groot AC, van Joost T, Bos JD, van der Meeren HL, Weyland JW (1988). "Patch test reactivity to DMDM hydantoin. Relationship to formaldehyde allergy". Contact Dermatitis. 18 (4): 197–201. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02802.x. PMID 3378426. S2CID 221577901. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>de Groot AC, van Joost T, Bos JD, van der Meeren HL, Weyland JW (1988). "Patch test reactivity to DMDM hydantoin. Relationship to formaldehyde allergy". Contact Dermatitis. 18 (4): 197–201. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02802.x. PMID 3378426. S2CID 221577901. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>de Groot AC, van Joost T, Bos JD, van der Meeren HL, Weyland JW (1988). "Patch test reactivity to DMDM hydantoin. Relationship to formaldehyde allergy". Contact Dermatitis. 18 (4): 197–201. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02802.x. PMID 3378426. S2CID 221577901. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Review of toxicological data (NTP NIEHS) <a href="https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/imidazolidinylurea_508.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/imidazolidinylurea_508.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Zug, Kathryn A.; Warshaw, Erin M.; Fowler, Joseph F.; Maibach, Howard I.; Belsito, Donald L.; Pratt, Melanie D.; Sasseville, Denis; Storrs, Frances J.; Taylor, James S.; Mathias, Toby C.G.; DeLeo, Vincent A.; Rietschel, Robert L.; Marks, James (May 2009). "Patch-Test Results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006". Dermatitis. 20 (3): 149–160. doi:10.2310/6620.2009.08097. ISSN 1710-3568. <a href="https://journals.lww.com/01206501-200905000-00004" target="_blank">https://journals.lww.com/01206501-200905000-00004</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>de Groot, Anton C.; White, Ian R.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2010). "Formaldehyde-releasers in cosmetics: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy". Contact Dermatitis. 62 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01615.x. PMID 20136875. S2CID 39758546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Formaldehyde". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2019-12-02. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130121821/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/intheworkplace/formaldehyde" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161130121821/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/intheworkplace/formaldehyde</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Johnson & Johnson to phase out potentially harmful chemicals by 2015". CBS News. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2019. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnson-johnson-to-phase-out-potentially-harmful-chemicals-by-2015/" target="_blank">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/johnson-johnson-to-phase-out-potentially-harmful-chemicals-by-2015/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>De Groot, Anton C.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers" (PDF). Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. hdl:11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30. PMID 19706047. S2CID 23404196. <a href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf" target="_blank">https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>De Groot, Anton C.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers" (PDF). Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. hdl:11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30. PMID 19706047. S2CID 23404196. <a href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf" target="_blank">https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>De Groot, Anton C.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers" (PDF). Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. hdl:11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30. PMID 19706047. S2CID 23404196. <a href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf" target="_blank">https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>De Groot, Anton C.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers" (PDF). Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. hdl:11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30. PMID 19706047. S2CID 23404196. <a href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf" target="_blank">https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>De Groot, Anton C.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menné, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). "Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers" (PDF). Contact Dermatitis. 61 (2): 63–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x. hdl:11370/c3ff7adf-9f21-4564-96e0-0b9c5d025b30. PMID 19706047. S2CID 23404196. <a href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf" target="_blank">https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6735761/de_Groot_2009_Contact_Dermatit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>de Groot AC, van Joost T, Bos JD, van der Meeren HL, Weyland JW (1988). 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