Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Tesla and trade unions
open-in-new
<h2 id="united-states">United States</h2> <p>Tesla employs 70,000 workers across the United States as of 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Tesla is the only <a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States/lC2j5nzG">American automaker</a> whose workers are not represented by a union in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> None of the <a href="/facts/Unionization/PjeN2WKu">unionization</a> efforts since 2017 have been successful. These efforts were led by <a href="/facts/United_Auto_Workers/VjJKGzj0">United Auto Workers</a> (UAW) in <a href="/facts/Tesla_Fremont_Factory/nQulcx0J">Fremont Factory</a> in 2017,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> <a href="/facts/United_Steelworkers/f0wz3EM1">United Steelworkers</a> and <a href="/facts/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers/31wshWGt">International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers</a> in <a href="/facts/Gigafactory_New_York/vud02bS4">Gigafactory New York</a> (Giga New York) in 2018,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Workers_United/cp7m1puh">Workers United</a> in Giga New York in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Several months later, UAW announced renewed nation-wide organizing efforts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/History_of_union_busting_in_the_United_States/s3khHwbS">Employer opposition to unions is common</a> in the United States. In cases of illegal interference, such as <a href="/facts/Unfair_labor_practice/ffm0x2wb">unfair labor practices</a>, the <a href="/facts/National_Labor_Relations_Board/Wgzd9GWm">National Labor Relations Board</a> (NLRB) has limited mechanisms to enforce the law under the <a href="/facts/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935/pqwjUtLu">National Labor Relations Act</a> – which codifies <a href="/facts/United_States_labor_law/xPyc7CXL">worker rights</a>. Unlike the <a href="/facts/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration/dCGbW5Ax">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>, the NLRB cannot impose <a href="/facts/Civil_penalty/edXJLSU0">fines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Employees in a <a href="/facts/Bargaining_unit/voLteXLo">workplace</a> can form a union if a majority sign <a href="/facts/Card_check/upfwWsrv">union cards</a> or vote in a <a href="/facts/NLRB_election_procedures/Gg2fhCHM">supervised election</a>. Despite overall low <a href="/facts/Union_density/TU7yKkjL">union density</a> (ratio of unionized to non-unionized workers), recent <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_strikes_in_2023/EhwKv90K">organizing successes</a> have renewed public interest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> According to labor sociologist Joshua Mayor, unionization efforts sometimes fail not because workers are against unions, but because workers do not believe they can win.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Then-<a href="/facts/Presidential_candidate/wapc3kU4">presidential candidate</a> <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> stated that he supported Musk's policies of <a href="/facts/Union_busting/kneFuWYh">union busting</a> during an interview with Musk. The <a href="/facts/United_Auto_Workers/VjJKGzj0">United Auto Workers</a> later filed federal <a href="/facts/Unfair_labor_practice/ffm0x2wb">labor charges</a> against Trump and Musk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>Fremont Factory</h3> <p>Tesla acquired the formerly unionized <a href="/facts/NUMMI/Jc2QdBr3">NUMMI</a> plant in <a href="/facts/Fremont%2c_California/MXBKnlI0">Fremont, California</a> in 2010, which became the <a href="/facts/Tesla_Fremont_Factory/nQulcx0J">Tesla Fremont Factory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Tesla employs 20,000 workers in the Fremont Factory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/United_Auto_Workers/VjJKGzj0">United Auto Workers</a> (UAW) president <a href="/facts/Dennis_Williams_(unionist)/gaXD1k3o">Dennis Williams</a> expressed interest in unionizing the factory in May 2016, shortly after Tesla announced increased local annual production targets of 500,000 vehicles by 2018, which would have placed it in the top ten sellers of new vehicles within the US.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In the fall of 2016, Jose Moran, a Fremont Factory employee, contacted UAW, going public with a "Fair Future at Tesla" campaign in Febuary 2017, citing high injury rates, long hours and below industry pay as motivations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> In October 2017, Tesla fired Richard Ortiz, who was involved with the organizing campaign, which the <a href="/facts/National_Labor_Relations_Board/Wgzd9GWm">NLRB</a> later ruled to be <a href="/facts/Union_busting/kneFuWYh">illegal retaliation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <p>CEO <a href="/facts/Elon_Musk/GFgcp9Im">Elon Musk</a> published a <a href="/facts/Tweet_(social_media)/6jFvpqAr">tweet</a> in May 2018,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> that implied workers would lose <a href="/facts/Stock/Qa912YwX">stocks</a> if they formed a union. Three years later, the NLRB ordered Musk to delete that tweet, and reinstate former employee Ortiz with full back pay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Additionally, Tesla would have to put up a notice in all of its US factories addressing the unlawful tweet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>Tesla appealed the NLRB rulings to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit/9L3IQt7X">United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit</a>, which in 2023 initially upheld the NLRB order.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> In a published response, Ortiz stated "I look forward to returning to work at Tesla and working with my co-workers to finish the job of forming a union".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In a 2024 rehearing, the court reversed its decision, holding Musk's tweets to be <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States/8BlCxCRv">constitutionally protected speech</a> and that the NLRB must reconsider its order to reinstate Ortiz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>Four years after the initial tweet, Musk invited UAW, via another tweet, to hold a <a href="/facts/NLRB_election_procedures/Gg2fhCHM">union election</a> at their convenience without retaliation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> UAW president <a href="/facts/Ray_Curry/vyu9JtHY">Ray Curry</a> responded that if Tesla was serious about supporting organizing, Tesla would acknowledge they broke the law when they fired Ortiz and Musk published the initial tweet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <p>A <a href="/facts/CNBC/uFKLJVaS">CNBC</a> report in 2022 found that Tesla paid <a href="/facts/Public_relations/mQJUIuWQ">public relations</a> firm <a href="/facts/MikeWorldWide/o7YhzoIo">MikeWorldWide</a> to monitor a Tesla employee <a href="/facts/Facebook_group/gDYn8Gll">Facebook group</a> and union organizers on <a href="/facts/Social_media/kUIkfpIA">social media</a> from 2017 to 2018. MikeWorldWide monitored discussions regarding alleged <a href="/facts/Unfair_labor_practice/ffm0x2wb">unfair labor practices</a> at Tesla and a <a href="/facts/Sexual_harassment/SSJJzLwo">sexual harassment</a> lawsuit. Former and current Tesla employees told CNBC that they believed the company continued to monitor its workers on social media as of 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>UAW won <a href="/facts/2023_United_Auto_Workers_strike/37cFoNq3">30–160 percent salary increases</a> at the "<a href="/facts/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)/5cyTUsmk">Big Three</a>" in late 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The new UAW president <a href="/facts/Shawn_Fain/WMHkCjk0">Shawn Fain</a> attributed previous unionizing failures to <a href="/facts/United_Auto_Workers/VjJKGzj0">internal corruption</a>, "coziness" with management and bad collective agreements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> UAW subsequently launched organizing drives at 13 non-union automakers, including Tesla,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> with a combined organizing budget of US$40 million through 2026.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> By contrast, UAW had spent $422,000 on Tesla alone in 2017 (equivalent to $541,000 in 2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h3>Giga New York</h3> <p>In December 2018, 300 workers at the <a href="/facts/Tesla_Solar_Roof/envFWUbv">solar panel factory</a> at <a href="/facts/Gigafactory_New_York/vud02bS4">Giga New York</a> in <a href="/facts/Buffalo%2c_New_York/PVfdkYft">Buffalo, New York</a>, announced a <a href="/facts/Unionization/PjeN2WKu">union drive</a> with the support of <a href="/facts/United_Steelworkers/f0wz3EM1">United Steelworkers</a> (USW) and <a href="/facts/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers/31wshWGt">International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> USW filed a complaint with the <a href="/facts/National_Labor_Relations_Board/Wgzd9GWm">NLRB</a> the following June, alleging that Tesla illegally surveilled workers and fired six of them in retaliation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> but the case was withdrawn in August.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Workers who <a href="/facts/Labeled_data/o0doUSPA">label data</a> for <a href="/facts/Tesla_Autopilot/1lS4a4Bf">Tesla Autopilot</a> at Giga New York in Buffalo announced a union drive with <a href="/facts/Workers_United/cp7m1puh">Workers United</a> on 14 Febuary 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Workers United previously led the <a href="/facts/Starbucks_Workers_United/h3Ve0Xav">first successful union drive at Starbucks</a>, also in Buffalo, 6 mi (9.7 km) away.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> A day after the announcement, Workers United filed charges with the NLRB against Tesla for firing 37 workers (including one organizing committee member) in alleged retaliation for union activity and to allegedly discourage union organizing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> In November 2023, the NLRB dismissed the retaliatory firing charge, but found merit in the other charges regarding workplace surveillance and <a href="/facts/Captive_audience_meeting/sJKSNlyR">captive audience meetings</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>Following allegations raised by Workers United, the NLRB regional director in Buffalo, New York filed a complaint with the national board in April 2024 alleging that Tesla had unlawfully implemented company policies to prevent workers at its Buffalo plant from unionizing, including by implementing a corporate IT <a href="/facts/Acceptable_use_policy/ljdmKwWj">acceptable use policy</a> that restricted <a href="/facts/Protected_concerted_activity/ErjdwErK">workplace organizing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="germany">Germany</h2> <p>Tesla is one of the few automakers in <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> that has not signed any individual company collective agreements, nor is a member of the <a href="/facts/Confederation_of_German_Employers%2527_Associations/jJqnd8Gh">Employer Association</a> in the Metal and Electronics Industry [de] as of 2024. The Metal and Electronics Industry refers to the network of companies that negotiate with <a href="/facts/IG_Metall/NybhLfSA">IG Metall</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/German_labour_law/8lkH846e">German labor representation</a> has a dual structure of <a href="/facts/Trade_unions_in_Germany/lhyXABrr">trade unions</a> and <a href="/facts/Works_council/4baXvjwf">works councils</a>. Trade unions like <a href="/facts/IG_Metall/NybhLfSA">IG Metall</a> negotiate <a href="/facts/Collective_agreement/4I8yYrNN">collective agreements</a> with individual employers and <a href="/facts/Sectoral_collective_bargaining/WesYNVbF">regional collective agreements</a> with employers associations (e.g. textile or chemical industry). <a href="/facts/Works_council/4baXvjwf">Works councils</a> are made up of elected employees in the workplace. They negotiate <a href="/facts/Works_agreement/N3tIhMD6">works agreements</a> and have various <a href="/facts/Codetermination_in_Germany/GDvYm3Eh">co-determination</a>, participation and information rights. In theory works councils do not overlap with <a href="/facts/Collective_bargaining/7DzIwUzy">collective bargaining</a> regarding <a href="/facts/Wage/3fS9dRMf">wage</a> adjustments. While formally separate structures, many works council members are de-facto <a href="/facts/Union_representative/Rek1hH6x">union representatives</a>. Unions are financed by membership <a href="/facts/Union_dues/FPWJ1GCL">dues</a> which are typically 1% of a member's salary. The more union members and the higher their wages (whether or not they are covered by a collective agreement), the more financial resources a union has.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>Tesla poses a structural challenge to IG Metall in the automotive sector, because <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicle/jhCbx5ur">electric vehicle</a> production requires 30 percent fewer workers than traditional <a href="/facts/Internal_combustion_engine/Ju4BXzj0">internal combustion-engine vehicles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> IG Metall membership declined by 9% from 2005 to 2021, while the automotive <a href="/facts/Labour_economics/RRlxNx0u">labor market</a> has grown, especially in companies without regional collective agreements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The overall trend toward <a href="/facts/History_of_the_electric_vehicle/pntuaKSK">vehicle electrification</a> and a non-union Tesla weakens IG Metall's <a href="/facts/Bargaining_power/VAy1veEQ">bargaining power</a> in the broader <a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Germany/1497mubm">German automotive sector</a> due to lower <a href="/facts/Union_density/TU7yKkjL">union density</a> (ratio of unionized to non-unionized workers).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h3>Tesla Automation</h3> <p>Tesla acquired <a href="/facts/Tesla_Automation/lsYpHoLQ">Grohmann Engineering</a> (now Tesla Automation) in January 2017, inheriting the existing <a href="/facts/Works_council/4baXvjwf">works council</a>. According to IG Metall and the works council chair Uwe Herzig said that wages at Grohmann Engineering in April, after the acquisition, were 25 percent to 30 percent below the equivalent of the <a href="/facts/Sectoral_collective_bargaining/WesYNVbF">regional collective agreements</a> in the Metal and Electronics Industry [de].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> In October, management and the works council concluded a <a href="/facts/Works_agreement/N3tIhMD6">works agreement</a> that brought employee wages in line with the regional collective agreement without explicitly signing a union collective agreement. IG Metall pushed for formal ratification, while acknowledging that there had been a "very good negotiation result". It credited the threat of <a href="/facts/Strike_action/aCsc26tR">strikes</a> with pressuring Tesla to sign the works agreements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p> <h3>Giga Berlin</h3> <p>According to IG Metall, in October 2021, Tesla offered employees at the new <a href="/facts/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg/zkJuBxSS">Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (Giga Berlin), wages that were 20 percent below the corresponding collective agreements provided at other automotive plants in Germany.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>Seven non-union employees at Giga Berlin initiated the works council election [de] process in November 2021. Any employee with at least six months of tenure is eligible to run as a works council candidate. Tesla ultimately planned to hire a total of 12,000 employees. In the first six months, Tesla hired 1,800 employees, mostly middle-management. IG Metall expressed concern that the future works council would be dominated by management, as only those with 6 months' tenure would be eligible to run.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> In March 2022, employees elected their first works council. Nearly half voted for the manager-friendly "Gigavoice" slate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>IG Metall called for an investigation in January 2023, after workers reported being forced to work longer hours, with less resting time between <a href="/facts/Shift_work/I2DeU84Q">shifts</a>. IG Metall also stated that workers were being forced to sign <a href="/facts/Non-disclosure_agreement/3q1t9J05">non-disclosure agreements</a> and therefore feared <a href="/facts/Workplace_revenge/2LIAmQK1">retaliation</a> if they openly discussed their working conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p><p>Giga Berlin's initial workforce of 1,800 employees doubled quickly enough to trigger a rule requiring another <a href="/facts/Works_council/4baXvjwf">works council</a> election 2 years after the first one, instead of the usual 4 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> The second works council election was scheduled initially for March 18, 2024 to March 20, 2024. IG Metall petitioned the <a href="/facts/Frankfurt_(Oder)_Labour_Court/wtTpkycL">Frankfurt (Oder) Labor Court</a> [de] for a <a href="/facts/Preliminary_injunction/jQPYPJ6M">preliminary injunction</a> against the <a href="/facts/Electoral_board_(works_council)/GFrEzlpF">electoral board's</a> proposed timeline. The original timeline set a deadline of 15 Febuary for submitting candidate nominations lists. Given that Tesla factory production was suspended earlier for a month until 11 Febuary, due to <a href="/facts/Supply_chain_security/SGlTvjr4">supply chain disruptions</a> by the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea_crisis/YgbjEzqF">Houthi militia in the Red Sea</a>, this would have left each candidate list with only several work days to collect the mandatory 50 signatures from co-workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> The Frankfurt (Oder) Labor Court granted IG Metall's petition, but the electoral board and Tesla appealed to the higher <a href="/facts/Berlin-Brandenburg_State_Labour_Court/wtTpkycL">Berlin-Brandenburg State Labor Court</a> [de], which overturned the lower court and upheld the original election timeline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p><p>The election concluded on March 20, 2024, with 234 candidates from 9 lists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> With 39% of the vote the "IG Metall Tesla Workers GFBB" list won the plurality of seats, with 16 out of 39, making them a major opposition. The remaining 23 seats were divided among four non-union affiliated lists; 15 seats for "Giga United", 5 seats for "One Team", 2 seats for "Giga Fair" and 1 seat for "Giga für Alle" (transl. Giga for all).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> Michaela Schmitz, the current works council chair, is vocally anti-union. During the final days of the works council election campaign, Schmitz ended a rally speech with "What we don't need, is a union!" (<a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>: <i>Was wir nicht brauchen, ist eine Gewerkschaft!</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> On April 4, Schmitz was re-elected by the works council for a second term as chair. Schmitz comes from the "Giga United" list , which is mostly composed of <a href="/facts/Managers/8KMV9yMM">managers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> In total, 8,917 Tesla workers voted,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> out of 12,500 eligible to vote.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p><p>An IG Metall member of the works council was fired in October 2024, in what IG Metall described as "aggressive tactics" against workers. IG Metall countered with its own lawsuit in December 2024, to forcibly remove Michaela Schmitz as works council chair; claiming she had obstructed pro-union works council members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p><p>In September 2024, in an attempt to crack down on worker <a href="/facts/Absenteeism/ftEUIM1W">absenteeism</a>, Tesla representatives conducted unannounced visits to the homes of employees out on <a href="/facts/Sick_leave/rAFpbYAk">sick leave</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="sweden">Sweden</h2> <p>Mechanics affiliated with <a href="/facts/IF_Metall/jgTXruAI">IF Metall</a>, a Swedish trade union, initiated a <a href="/facts/Strike_action/aCsc26tR">strike</a> against TM Sweden, a Tesla vehicle service subsidiary, on October 27, 2023, over the company's refusal to sign a collective agreement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> The ongoing strike is the longest ever in Sweden within the past 80 years. Strikes are very rare under the "Swedish model" of social partnership, which was codified in the 1938 <a href="/facts/Saltsj%25C3%25B6baden_Agreement/gLdKWzt7">Saltsjöbaden Agreement</a>, still in force today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p><p>TM Sweden employs 130 mechanics in Sweden. About half of them are IF Metal members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> The strike, initially affecting mechanics at ten workshops servicing Tesla vehicles, later spread to other facilities servicing various car brands. While workers continued with their regular tasks, they refrained from servicing Tesla vehicles during the strike.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Strikebreaker/1luTpLrW">Strikebreakers</a> arrived at Tesla service centers, prompting concerns among the strikers about their impact on the <a href="/facts/Labor_dispute/Xbaxd3Wz">labor dispute</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> Strikers were <a href="/facts/Lockout_(industry)/SEbpwjCm">banned from the company premises</a>. According to union leader <a href="/facts/Gabriel_Kuhn/IUW6TyCr">Gabriel Kuhn</a>, Tesla contacted individual strikers after family members shared news of the strikes on social media, which discouraged non-union participation in the strike.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> According to statistics from the Swedish National Mediation Office [sv], one-third of the 130 mechanics participated in the original strike.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> Non-union members and even some IF Metal union members did not participate in the strikes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p><p>Other Swedish trade unions joined in a month later in November 2023,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> through <a href="/facts/Solidarity_action/6sMcPG8N">sympathy (solidarity) strikes</a>, which are legal in Sweden.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Swedish_Transport_Workers%2527_Union/qyJeoedx">Swedish Transport Workers' Union</a> (<a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a>: <i>Svenska Transportarbetareförbundet</i>) blocked the loading and unloading of Tesla cars,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> while dockworker, electrician and postal unions halted services to Tesla.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> Elon Musk has reportedly instructed TM Sweden not to sign any collective agreements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Swedish_Union_for_Service_and_Communications_Employees/dRLtdFEs">Swedish Union for Service and Communications Employees</a> (<a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a>: <i>Service- och Kommunikationsfacket</i>) expanded the strike by halting maintenance and installation of Tesla <a href="/facts/Charging_station/bHd9YaDH">charging stations</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> Over the next few months, solidarity strikes for the Swedish campaign spread to other <a href="/facts/Nordic_countries/uaqX7z81">Nordic countries</a>, with port workers from the <a href="/facts/United_Federation_of_Danish_Workers/DjjCJfl1">United Federation of Danish Workers</a> (<a href="/facts/Danish_language/sTcGXTMJ">Danish</a>: <i>Fagligt Fælles Forbund</i>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> <a href="/facts/United_Federation_of_Trade_Unions/mr35kyVs">United Federation of Trade Unions</a> (<a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a>: <i>Fellesforbundet</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Finnish_Transport_Workers%2527_Union/TK8CwugW">Finnish Transport Workers' Union</a> (<a href="/facts/Finnish_language/lBuEIgs0">Finnish</a>: <i>Auto- ja Kuljetusalan Työntekijäliitto</i>) joining the strikes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> Tesla maneuvered around the union blockade by moving vehicles by land instead of sea, and sold 1% more cars in 2024 than in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> </p><p>The strike led to the PensionDanmark [da], a <a href="/facts/Pension_fund/2xfNIHWS">pension fund</a>, to divest its Tesla <a href="/facts/Share_(finance)/Tu13xJbS">shares</a> in protest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> In response to the escalations, Tesla posted a job opening for a Swedish government affairs specialist with "significant experience with Nordic legislative and regulatory advocacy", presumably to help with lobbying efforts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> In September 2024, a foreign delegation of <a href="/facts/Ford_of_Europe/NH2djAkw">Ford Germany</a> works council members and <a href="/facts/IG_Metall/NybhLfSA">IG Metall</a> deputies joined the <a href="/facts/Picketing/UrsuhHN5">picket line</a> at Tesla service center in <a href="/facts/Malm%25C3%25B6/Ax5CCPu0">Malmö</a>, Sweden, as the strike continued.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> In January 2025, Tesla appealed to the <a href="/facts/Administrative_courts_in_Sweden/5vRl9cUx">Karlstad administrative court</a> to mandate the <a href="/facts/Swedish_Transport_Agency/04G7JTEn">Swedish Transport Agency</a> provide <a href="/facts/License_plates/okvNxmyB">license plates</a> for newly sold vehicles, which is currently blocked by the postal union's sympathy strike.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Organized labor portal</li><li>Cars portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Volkswagen_and_unions/saIgLWv7">Volkswagen and unions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Criticism_of_Tesla%2c_Inc./pMd6yyAY">Criticism of Tesla, Inc. § Working conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Views_of_Elon_Musk/p4aPQhJR">Views of Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy/1VXCKzRl">Elon Musk salute controversy</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.teslaworkerrights.org/">Tesla Worker Rights</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207220610/http://www.teslaworkerrights.org/">Archived</a> December 7, 2021, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.igm-tesla.de/">IG Metall bei Tesla</a> (<a href="https://www.igm-tesla.de/eng/">English</a>) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903102455/https://www.igm-tesla.de/">Archived</a> September 3, 2024, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>. Additional archives: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240519224658/https://www.igm-tesla.de/eng/">English</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.fairfutureattesla.org/">Fair Future Tesla</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011035843/https://www.fairfutureattesla.org/">Archived</a> October 11, 2023, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.teslaworkersunited.org/">Tesla Workers United</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218114006/https://www.teslaworkersunited.org/">Archived</a> February 18, 2023, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Annual Report Form 10-K 2023 Tesla Inc". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. January 26, 2024. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828024002390/tsla-20231231.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828024002390/tsla-20231231.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hull, Dana; Eidelson, Josh (January 11, 2024). "Tesla Boosts Pay for Fremont Factory Workers Whom the UAW Wants to Unionize". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Budman, Scott (September 3, 2024). "Protesters Call out Tesla for Being Only American Car Company Not Represented by Union". NBC Bay Area. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/east-bay/fremont-tesla-labor-day-protest/3641285/" target="_blank">https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/east-bay/fremont-tesla-labor-day-protest/3641285/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Campbell, Alexia Fernández (September 30, 2019). "Elon Musk Broke US Labor Laws on Twitter". Vox. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/9/30/20891314/elon-musk-tesla-labor-violation-nlrb" target="_blank">https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/9/30/20891314/elon-musk-tesla-labor-violation-nlrb</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Eidelson, Josh (December 13, 2018). "Tesla Workers Start a Drive to Unionize Solar-Panel Factory". Bloomberg Law. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024. <a href="https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/tesla-workers-start-a-drive-to-unionize-solar-panel-factory-1" target="_blank">https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/tesla-workers-start-a-drive-to-unionize-solar-panel-factory-1</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Shakir, Umar (February 14, 2023). "Tesla Workers in New York Are Trying to Form the Company's First Union". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/14/23599237/tesla-gigafactory-2-union-upstate-new-york-submit" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/14/23599237/tesla-gigafactory-2-union-upstate-new-york-submit</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hull, Dana; Eidelson, Josh (January 11, 2024). "Tesla Boosts Pay for Fremont Factory Workers Whom the UAW Wants to Unionize". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rhinehart, Lynn; McNicholas, Celine (April 22, 2021). "Shortchanged—weak Anti-Retaliation Provisions in the National Labor Relations Act Cost Workers Billions". Economic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024. <a href="https://www.epi.org/publication/shortchanged-weak-anti-retaliation-provisions-in-the-national-labor-relations-act-cost-workers-billions/" target="_blank">https://www.epi.org/publication/shortchanged-weak-anti-retaliation-provisions-in-the-national-labor-relations-act-cost-workers-billions/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Hull, Dana; Eidelson, Josh (January 11, 2024). "Tesla Boosts Pay for Fremont Factory Workers Whom the UAW Wants to Unionize". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Shierholz, Heidi; McNicholas, Celine; Poydock, Margaret; Sherer, Jennifer (January 23, 2024). "Workers Want Unions, But the Latest Data Point to Obstacles in Their Path: Private-Sector Unionization Rose by More Than a Quarter Million in 2023, While Unionization in State and Local Governments Fell". Economic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.epi.org/publication/union-membership-data/#full-report" target="_blank">https://www.epi.org/publication/union-membership-data/#full-report</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Scheiber, Noam (March 2, 2024). "Big Labor Gamble: Push to Unionize Every U.S. Auto Plant". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Scheiber" target="_blank">/wiki/Noam_Scheiber</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Krisher, Tom (August 13, 2024). "Trump and Musk Discussed Firing Striking Workers. The UAW Is Now Seeking an NLRB Investigation". PBS News. Archived from the original on September 29, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-and-musk-discussed-firing-striking-workers-the-uaw-is-now-seeking-an-nlrb-investigation" target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-and-musk-discussed-firing-striking-workers-the-uaw-is-now-seeking-an-nlrb-investigation</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Goldman, David (August 13, 2024). "UAW Files Federal Labor Charges Against Donald Trump and Elon Musk After Threatening Workers on X". CNN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/13/business/uaw-trump-musk-charges/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/13/business/uaw-trump-musk-charges/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Picciotto, Rebecca; Kolodny, Lora (August 13, 2024). "UAW Hits Musk, Trump with Federal Labor Charges over Union-Busting Comments". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 30, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Lora_Kolodny" target="_blank">/wiki/Lora_Kolodny</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Gonzales, Richard (April 1, 2010). "NUMMI Plant Closure Ends Toyota-GM Venture". NPR. Archived from the original on August 23, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2010/04/01/125430405/nummi-plant-closure-ends-toyota-gm-venture" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2010/04/01/125430405/nummi-plant-closure-ends-toyota-gm-venture</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>DeBord, Matthew (October 27, 2017). "Tesla Bought an Old GM-Toyota Factory and Made It Cool — but in Its Former Life It Built a Lot More Cars". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-factory-built-more-cars-when-it-belonged-gm-and-toyota-2017-10" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-factory-built-more-cars-when-it-belonged-gm-and-toyota-2017-10</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Hull, Dana; Eidelson, Josh (January 11, 2024). "Tesla Boosts Pay for Fremont Factory Workers Whom the UAW Wants to Unionize". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Bomey, Nathan (May 19, 2016). "UAW Wants Union for Tesla Factory". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2016/05/19/united-auto-worker-uaw-tesla-motors/84585682/" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2016/05/19/united-auto-worker-uaw-tesla-motors/84585682/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Campbell, Alexia Fernández (September 30, 2019). "Elon Musk Broke US Labor Laws on Twitter". Vox. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/9/30/20891314/elon-musk-tesla-labor-violation-nlrb" target="_blank">https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/9/30/20891314/elon-musk-tesla-labor-violation-nlrb</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Moran, Jose (February 9, 2017). "Time for Tesla to Listen". Medium. Archived from the original on July 21, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://medium.com/@moran2017j/time-for-tesla-to-listen-ab5c6259fc88" target="_blank">https://medium.com/@moran2017j/time-for-tesla-to-listen-ab5c6259fc88</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Scheiber, Noam (March 25, 2021). "Tesla Employee's Firing and Elon Musk Tweet on Union Were Illegal, Labor Board Rules". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Scheiber" target="_blank">/wiki/Noam_Scheiber</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (May 21, 2018). "Nothing stopping Tesla team at our car plant from voting union. Could do so tmrw if they wanted. But why pay union dues & give up stock options for nothing? Our safety record is 2X better than when plant was UAW & everybody already gets healthcare" (Tweet) – via Twitter. <a href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/998454539941367808" target="_blank">https://x.com/elonmusk/status/998454539941367808</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Kolodny, Lora (March 25, 2021). "Tesla Ordered to Have Elon Musk Delete Anti-Union Tweet". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2021. <a href="/wiki/Lora_Kolodny" target="_blank">/wiki/Lora_Kolodny</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>McFerran, Lauren; Emanuel, William J.; Ring, John F. (March 25, 2021). Tesla, Inc. And Michael Sanchez, Jonathan Galescu, Richard Ortiz and International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL–CIO (decision and order). Decisions of the NLRB. National Labor Relations Board. pp. 9, 10. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2022. General Counsel argues that to remedy fully CEO Musk's unlawful May 20, 2018 tweet, which coercively threatened that employees would lose their stock options if they selected the Union as their representative, the Board should order the Respondent to have Musk delete that tweet and to post a notice addressing that violation at its facilities nationwide. ... (f) Direct its agent and supervisor, CEO Elon Musk, to delete his May 20, 2018 statement <a href="https://apps.nlrb.gov/link/document.aspx/09031d45833d3fce" target="_blank">https://apps.nlrb.gov/link/document.aspx/09031d45833d3fce</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Peters, Jay (March 25, 2021). "Tesla Has to Tell Elon Musk to Delete a 2018 Tweet, Labor Board Rules". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/25/22351157/tesla-elon-musk-delete-anti-union-tweet-national-labor-relations-board" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/25/22351157/tesla-elon-musk-delete-anti-union-tweet-national-labor-relations-board</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Scheiber, Noam (March 31, 2023). "Tesla and Musk Lose Ruling on Factory Union Issues". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Scheiber" target="_blank">/wiki/Noam_Scheiber</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Scheiber, Noam (March 31, 2023). "Tesla and Musk Lose Ruling on Factory Union Issues". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Scheiber" target="_blank">/wiki/Noam_Scheiber</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>McGill, Kevin (October 29, 2024). "Elon Musk wins a court battle over a 2018 post during a labor dispute". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 29, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-uaw-twitter-nlrb-tesla-5fab2a42b9543f7702deed80d79c7d02" target="_blank">https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-uaw-twitter-nlrb-tesla-5fab2a42b9543f7702deed80d79c7d02</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Boston, William; Elliott, Rebecca (March 3, 2022). "Elon Musk Invites UAW to Hold Union Vote at Tesla". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. 'Tesla will do nothing to stop them,' the chief executive says <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-invites-uaw-to-hold-union-vote-at-tesla-11646292963" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-invites-uaw-to-hold-union-vote-at-tesla-11646292963</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Wayland, Michael; Kolodny, Lora (March 29, 2022). "Tesla Should Accept That It Violated Labor Laws If Elon Musk Is Serious About Inviting the UAW to Organize Workers, Union Chief Ray Curry Says". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023. <a href="/wiki/Lora_Kolodny" target="_blank">/wiki/Lora_Kolodny</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Kolodny, Lora (June 3, 2022). "Tesla Monitored Its Employees on Facebook with Help of PR Firm During 2017 Union Push". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022. <a href="/wiki/Lora_Kolodny" target="_blank">/wiki/Lora_Kolodny</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Shierholz, Heidi; McNicholas, Celine; Poydock, Margaret; Sherer, Jennifer (January 23, 2024). "Workers Want Unions, But the Latest Data Point to Obstacles in Their Path: Private-Sector Unionization Rose by More Than a Quarter Million in 2023, While Unionization in State and Local Governments Fell". Economic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.epi.org/publication/union-membership-data/#full-report" target="_blank">https://www.epi.org/publication/union-membership-data/#full-report</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Hull, Dana; Eidelson, Josh (January 11, 2024). "Tesla Boosts Pay for Fremont Factory Workers Whom the UAW Wants to Unionize". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Hull, Dana; Eidelson, Josh (January 11, 2024). "Tesla Boosts Pay for Fremont Factory Workers Whom the UAW Wants to Unionize". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Scheiber, Noam (March 2, 2024). "Big Labor Gamble: Push to Unionize Every U.S. Auto Plant". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Scheiber" target="_blank">/wiki/Noam_Scheiber</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" target="_blank">/wiki/John_J._McCusker</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Lea, Brittany De (April 10, 2018). "Tesla Corporate Campaign Costs UAW Hundreds of Thousands". Fox Business. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/tesla-corporate-campaign-costs-uaw-hundreds-of-thousands" target="_blank">https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/tesla-corporate-campaign-costs-uaw-hundreds-of-thousands</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Eidelson, Josh (December 13, 2018). "Tesla Workers Start a Drive to Unionize Solar-Panel Factory". Bloomberg Law. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024. <a href="https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/tesla-workers-start-a-drive-to-unionize-solar-panel-factory-1" target="_blank">https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/tesla-workers-start-a-drive-to-unionize-solar-panel-factory-1</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Rapier, Graham (June 21, 2019). "Workers at Tesla's Buffalo Solar Tile Factory Say the Company Sabotaged Their Efforts to Find New Jobs After Trying to Unionize". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-workers-illegally-fired-for-unionizing-in-buffao-nlrb-complaint-2019-6" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-workers-illegally-fired-for-unionizing-in-buffao-nlrb-complaint-2019-6</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Tesla Case Number: 03-CA-243522". National Labor Relations Board. August 29, 2019. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="https://www.nlrb.gov/case/03-CA-243522" target="_blank">https://www.nlrb.gov/case/03-CA-243522</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Shakir, Umar (February 14, 2023). "Tesla Workers in New York Are Trying to Form the Company's First Union". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/14/23599237/tesla-gigafactory-2-union-upstate-new-york-submit" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/14/23599237/tesla-gigafactory-2-union-upstate-new-york-submit</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Eidelson, Josh (February 14, 2023). "Tesla Workers Launch Union Campaign in New York". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-14/tesla-autopilot-workers-launch-union-campaign-in-buffalo-new-york-tsla" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-14/tesla-autopilot-workers-launch-union-campaign-in-buffalo-new-york-tsla</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Stancil, Kenny (February 14, 2023). "Tesla Workers Are Organizing a Union in Buffalo—With Help From Starbucks Veterans". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023. <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/tesla-workers-union-campaign-buffalo" target="_blank">https://www.commondreams.org/news/tesla-workers-union-campaign-buffalo</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Eidelson, Josh (February 16, 2023). "Tesla Just Terminated Dozens in Response to New Union Campaign, Complaint Alleges". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-16/tesla-tsla-fires-unionizing-workers-after-labor-campaign-complaint-alleges" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-16/tesla-tsla-fires-unionizing-workers-after-labor-campaign-complaint-alleges</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Ewing, Jack; Scheiber, Noam (February 16, 2023). "Tesla Fired Buffalo Workers Seeking to Organize, Union Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Scheiber" target="_blank">/wiki/Noam_Scheiber</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Glynn, Matt (November 28, 2023). "NLRB Director Dismisses Claims by Union That Tesla Illegally Fired Workers". Buffalo News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024. <a href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/business/nlrb-director-dismisses-claims-by-union-that-tesla-illegally-fired-workers/article_b58c901c-8d61-11ee-a07a-8fda2a6bafbc.html" target="_blank">https://buffalonews.com/news/local/business/nlrb-director-dismisses-claims-by-union-that-tesla-illegally-fired-workers/article_b58c901c-8d61-11ee-a07a-8fda2a6bafbc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Kolodny, Lora (May 9, 2024). "Tesla Accused by NLRB of Creating Policies to Chill Workers' Unionizing Efforts in Buffalo". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Lora_Kolodny" target="_blank">/wiki/Lora_Kolodny</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"Tesla Lehnt Tarifverträge Für Beschäftigte Weiterhin Ab" [Tesla continues to reject collective agreements for workers]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). January 7, 2024. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024. <a href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/01/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-gegen-tarifbindung.html" target="_blank">https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/01/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-gegen-tarifbindung.html</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Müller, Torsten; Schulten, Thorsten (June 14, 2023). "Chapter 12 Germany: Different worlds of trade unionism" (PDF). In Waddington, Jeremy; Müller, Torsten; Vandaele, Kurt (eds.). Trade Unions in the European Union. Peter Lang Verlag. pp. 459–502. doi:10.3726/b20254. ISBN 978-2-87574-635-1. Archived from the original on July 15, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024 – via European Trade Union Institute. <a href="978-2-87574-635-1" target="_blank">978-2-87574-635-1</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Levin, Tim (April 3, 2021). "Tesla Is on a Collision Course with Germany's Biggest Union and Neither Side Is Likely to Back Down". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-union-battle-ig-metall-2021-4" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-union-battle-ig-metall-2021-4</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Dupuis, Mathieu; Greer, Ian; Kirsch, Anja; Lechowski, Grzegorz; Park, Dongwoo; Zimmermann, Tobias (May 8, 2024). "A Just Transition for Auto Workers? Negotiating the Electric Vehicle Transition in Germany and North America". ILR Review. 77 (5): 770–798. doi:10.1177/00197939241250001. ISSN 0019-7939. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00197939241250001" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00197939241250001</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Levin, Tim (April 3, 2021). "Tesla Is on a Collision Course with Germany's Biggest Union and Neither Side Is Likely to Back Down". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-union-battle-ig-metall-2021-4" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-union-battle-ig-metall-2021-4</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Vetter, Philipp (April 16, 2017). "Tesla: ÄRger Mit Dem Maschinenbauer Grohmann" [Tesla: Trouble with the machine manufacturer Grohmann]. Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article163735272/Nach-Uebernahme-droht-Tesla-ein-Streik-in-Deutschland.html" target="_blank">https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article163735272/Nach-Uebernahme-droht-Tesla-ein-Streik-in-Deutschland.html</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Vetter, Philipp (October 18, 2017). "Deutschland: Tesla Einigt Sich Auf Deutliche Gehaltssteigerung" [Germany: Tesla agrees on significant salary increase]. Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article169760888/Tesla-gibt-deutschen-Mitarbeitern-deutliche-Gehaltserhoehung.html" target="_blank">https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article169760888/Tesla-gibt-deutschen-Mitarbeitern-deutliche-Gehaltserhoehung.html</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Waldersee, Victoria (October 7, 2021). "Tesla's Gigafactory Electrifies California-Germany Culture Clash". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/teslas-gigafactory-electrifies-california-germany-culture-clash-2021-10-07/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/teslas-gigafactory-electrifies-california-germany-culture-clash-2021-10-07/</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Eddy, Nathan (January 3, 2022). "German Union Steps up Efforts to Recruit Tesla Workers with Office Near Berlin Plant". Automotive News Europe. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022. <a href="https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/german-union-steps-efforts-recruit-tesla-workers-office-near-berlin-plant" target="_blank">https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/german-union-steps-efforts-recruit-tesla-workers-office-near-berlin-plant</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Barnstorf, Phillip (November 25, 2021). "IG Metall Fürchtet Strategie in Früh Gewähltem Tesla-Betriebsrat". Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101140657/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2021/11/gruenheide-tesla-ig-metall-betriebsrat-arbeiter.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220101140657/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2021/11/gruenheide-tesla-ig-metall-betriebsrat-arbeiter.html</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Waldersee, Victoria (November 24, 2021). "German Union Fears New Tesla Works Council Will Be Top Heavy". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/german-union-fears-new-tesla-works-council-will-be-top-heavy-2021-11-24/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/german-union-fears-new-tesla-works-council-will-be-top-heavy-2021-11-24/</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>"Erster Betriebsrat Bei Tesla Steht Fest" [The first works council at Tesla has been set]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123135903/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2022/03/tesla-gruenheide-betriebsrat-wahl-oderspree.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230123135903/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2022/03/tesla-gruenheide-betriebsrat-wahl-oderspree.html</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>"Tesla Under Fire in Germany over Union Concerns on Working Hours, Contracts". Reuters. January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/tesla-under-fire-germany-over-union-concerns-working-hours-contracts-2023-01-16/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/tesla-under-fire-germany-over-union-concerns-working-hours-contracts-2023-01-16/</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Bhaimiya, Sawdah (January 16, 2023). "A Major Union in Germany Says Workers at Tesla's Berlin Factory Face Unreasonable Working Hours and Fear Speaking Out". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023. <a href="https://news.yahoo.com/major-union-germany-says-workers-143603991.html" target="_blank">https://news.yahoo.com/major-union-germany-says-workers-143603991.html</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Barnstorf, Phillip (November 25, 2021). "IG Metall Fürchtet Strategie in Früh Gewähltem Tesla-Betriebsrat". Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101140657/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2021/11/gruenheide-tesla-ig-metall-betriebsrat-arbeiter.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220101140657/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2021/11/gruenheide-tesla-ig-metall-betriebsrat-arbeiter.html</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>"IG Metall Will Betriebsratswahl Bei Tesla in Grünheide Vorläufig Stoppen" [IG Metall intends to temporarily stop Tesla's election of works council in Grünheide]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). February 6, 2024. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/02/tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-igmetall-gruenheide-produktionsstopp-lieferketten-gewerkschaft-brandenburg.html" target="_blank">https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/02/tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-igmetall-gruenheide-produktionsstopp-lieferketten-gewerkschaft-brandenburg.html</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>"Tesla-Beschäftigte Haben Betriebsrat Gewählt – IG Metall Liegt Vorn" [Tesla workers have voted a works council – IG Metall is ahead]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). March 22, 2024. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024. <a href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/03/brandenburg-tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-elon-musk.html" target="_blank">https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/03/brandenburg-tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-elon-musk.html</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"Tesla-Beschäftigte Haben Betriebsrat Gewählt – IG Metall Liegt Vorn" [Tesla workers have voted a works council – IG Metall is ahead]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). March 22, 2024. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024. <a href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/03/brandenburg-tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-elon-musk.html" target="_blank">https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/03/brandenburg-tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-elon-musk.html</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Verfürden, Michael (March 20, 2024). "IG Metall Gewinnt Betriebsratswahl Bei Tesla" [IG Metall wins works council election at Tesla]. Handelsblatt (in German). Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/gigafactory-gruenheide-ig-metall-gewinnt-betriebsratswahl-bei-tesla/100026108.html" target="_blank">https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/gigafactory-gruenheide-ig-metall-gewinnt-betriebsratswahl-bei-tesla/100026108.html</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Verfürden, Michael (March 19, 2024). "Betriebsratswahl Spaltet Teslas Belegschaft in Grünheide" [Works council election splits Tesla's workforce in Grünheide]. Handelsblatt (in German). Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/tesla-werk-betriebsratswahl-spaltet-teslas-belegschaft-in-gruenheide/100025048.html" target="_blank">https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/tesla-werk-betriebsratswahl-spaltet-teslas-belegschaft-in-gruenheide/100025048.html</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>"Neugewählter Tesla-Betriebsrat Bestätigt Michaela Schmitz Als Vorsitzende" [Newly elected Tesla works council confirms Michaela Schmitz as chairwoman]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). April 5, 2024. Archived from the original on August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024. <a href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/04/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-betriebsrat-konstituierende-sitzung-schmitz-vorsitzende.html" target="_blank">https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/04/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-betriebsrat-konstituierende-sitzung-schmitz-vorsitzende.html</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Verfürden, Michael (March 20, 2024). "IG Metall Gewinnt Betriebsratswahl Bei Tesla" [IG Metall wins works council election at Tesla]. Handelsblatt (in German). Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/gigafactory-gruenheide-ig-metall-gewinnt-betriebsratswahl-bei-tesla/100026108.html" target="_blank">https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/gigafactory-gruenheide-ig-metall-gewinnt-betriebsratswahl-bei-tesla/100026108.html</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>"Neugewählter Tesla-Betriebsrat Bestätigt Michaela Schmitz Als Vorsitzende" [Newly elected Tesla works council confirms Michaela Schmitz as chairwoman]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). April 5, 2024. Archived from the original on August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024. <a href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/04/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-betriebsrat-konstituierende-sitzung-schmitz-vorsitzende.html" target="_blank">https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/04/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-betriebsrat-konstituierende-sitzung-schmitz-vorsitzende.html</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Steitz, Christoph; Waldersee, Victoria (December 17, 2024). "Tesla castigates German union over attempt to oust works council head". Reuters. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-castigates-german-union-over-attempt-oust-works-council-head-2024-12-17/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-castigates-german-union-over-attempt-oust-works-council-head-2024-12-17/</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Conboye, Janina; Pitel, Laura (November 1, 2024). "Sick man of Europe? Germany's bosses sound alarm on staff illness". Financial Times. Retrieved November 18, 2024. <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/8e7bc450-7dc7-45c2-82ed-99ab2a8c4952" target="_blank">https://www.ft.com/content/8e7bc450-7dc7-45c2-82ed-99ab2a8c4952</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>"Strejk Inledd På Tesla I Sverige" [Strike started at Tesla in Sweden]. SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). October 27, 2023. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023. <a href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejk-inledd-pa-tesla-i-sverige" target="_blank">https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejk-inledd-pa-tesla-i-sverige</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Kuhn, Gabriel (May 8, 2024). "The Head of SAC: Tesla Faces a 'Stalemate' in Sweden as the Longest Strike in Decades Grinds On". Turning Point. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn" target="_blank">/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Kuhn, Gabriel (May 8, 2024). "The Head of SAC: Tesla Faces a 'Stalemate' in Sweden as the Longest Strike in Decades Grinds On". Turning Point. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn" target="_blank">/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Backman, Wilma (November 3, 2023). "Strejken Mot Tesla Och Klarna Utvidgas: 'Ser Ingen Annan Utväg'" [The strike against Tesla and Klarna is extended: 'Sees no other way out']. SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023. <a href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejken-mot-tesla-utvidgas-ser-ingen-annan-utvag" target="_blank">https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejken-mot-tesla-utvidgas-ser-ingen-annan-utvag</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>"Facket Larmar Om Strejkbrytare Vid Tesla: 'Folk ÄR Livrädda'" [The union raises the alarm about strike breakers at Tesla: 'People are terrified']. TV4 (in Swedish). October 27, 2023. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023. <a href="https://www.tv4.se/artikel/19AlGSrRg7xtAUuC5LMe4s/facket-larmar-om-strejkbrytare-vid-tesla-folk-aer-livraedda" target="_blank">https://www.tv4.se/artikel/19AlGSrRg7xtAUuC5LMe4s/facket-larmar-om-strejkbrytare-vid-tesla-folk-aer-livraedda</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Kuhn, Gabriel (May 8, 2024). "The Head of SAC: Tesla Faces a 'Stalemate' in Sweden as the Longest Strike in Decades Grinds On". Turning Point. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn" target="_blank">/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Kuhn, Gabriel (May 8, 2024). "The Head of SAC: Tesla Faces a 'Stalemate' in Sweden as the Longest Strike in Decades Grinds On". Turning Point. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn" target="_blank">/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>"Swedish Tesla Strike Expands to Include Charging Stations". Le Monde. February 21, 2024. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024. <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sweden/article/2024/02/21/swedish-tesla-strike-expands-to-include-charging-stations_6546395_213.html" target="_blank">https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sweden/article/2024/02/21/swedish-tesla-strike-expands-to-include-charging-stations_6546395_213.html</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Kuhn, Gabriel (May 8, 2024). "The Head of SAC: Tesla Faces a 'Stalemate' in Sweden as the Longest Strike in Decades Grinds On". Turning Point. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn" target="_blank">/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>"Tesla Labour Dispute Ignites Nordic Sympathy Strikes". Reuters. December 7, 2023. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-labour-dispute-ignites-nordic-sympathy-strikes-2023-12-07/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-labour-dispute-ignites-nordic-sympathy-strikes-2023-12-07/</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Stewart, Heather (December 1, 2023). "'We Can't Let Tesla Get Away with This': Why Swedish Unions Are Fighting Elon Musk". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2023. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/dec/01/tesla-swedish-unions-elon-musk" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/dec/01/tesla-swedish-unions-elon-musk</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Kaye, Danielle (November 17, 2023). "Swedish Dockworkers Are Refusing to Unload Teslas at Ports in Broad Boycott Move". NPR. Retrieved October 10, 2024. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/11/17/1213157550/tesla-sweden-union-workers-boycott" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2023/11/17/1213157550/tesla-sweden-union-workers-boycott</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>De Vynck, Gerrit. "Tesla Strike in Sweden Is Biggest Test yet of Elon Musk's Anti-Union Stance". Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2024. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/29/tesla-strike-sweden-elon-musk/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/29/tesla-strike-sweden-elon-musk/</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Eddy, Melissa (November 5, 2023). "Job Action Against Tesla Puts Sweden's Unions in Spotlight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/business/economy/tesla-sweden-unions.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/business/economy/tesla-sweden-unions.html</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>"Tesla Labour Dispute Ignites Nordic Sympathy Strikes". Reuters. December 7, 2023. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-labour-dispute-ignites-nordic-sympathy-strikes-2023-12-07/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-labour-dispute-ignites-nordic-sympathy-strikes-2023-12-07/</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Öhrn, Linda (November 21, 2023). "Ordern Från Elon Musk: Tesla Får Inte Skriva På Något Avtal" [The order from Elon Musk: Tesla must not sign any collective agreement]. Dagens industri (in Swedish). Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.di.se/nyheter/ordern-fran-elon-musk-tesla-far-inte-skriva-pa-nagot-avtal/" target="_blank">https://www.di.se/nyheter/ordern-fran-elon-musk-tesla-far-inte-skriva-pa-nagot-avtal/</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>"Swedish Tesla Strike Expands to Include Charging Stations". Le Monde. February 21, 2024. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024. <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sweden/article/2024/02/21/swedish-tesla-strike-expands-to-include-charging-stations_6546395_213.html" target="_blank">https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sweden/article/2024/02/21/swedish-tesla-strike-expands-to-include-charging-stations_6546395_213.html</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Conley, Julia (December 5, 2023). "Danish Dockworkers Dial Up Pro-Union Pressure on Tesla With Solidarity Strike". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/danish-dockworkers-tesla" target="_blank">https://www.commondreams.org/news/danish-dockworkers-tesla</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>"Norway Union Joins Tesla Blockade in Support for Swedish Workers". Reuters. December 6, 2023. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/norway-union-warns-it-may-block-tesla-cars-meant-sweden-2023-12-06/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/norway-union-warns-it-may-block-tesla-cars-meant-sweden-2023-12-06/</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>"The AKT Executive Committee Decided on Sympathy Actions for Tesla". Finnish Transport Workers' Union. December 7, 2023. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved December 7, 2023. <a href="https://www.akt.fi/uutiset/the-akt-executive-committee-decided-on-sympathy-actions-for-tesla/" target="_blank">https://www.akt.fi/uutiset/the-akt-executive-committee-decided-on-sympathy-actions-for-tesla/</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>"Tesla Raises Sweden Market Share Despite Labour Strike". Reuters. October 1, 2024. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002160306/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-raises-sweden-market-share-despite-labour-strike-2024-10-01/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20241002160306/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-raises-sweden-market-share-despite-labour-strike-2024-10-01/</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob (December 6, 2023). "Danish pension fund to sell its Tesla shares over union dispute". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 9, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2025. PensionDanmark, one of Denmark's largest pension funds, said on Wednesday it had decided to sell its holdings in Tesla (TSLA.O), opens new tab over the U.S. auto company's refusal to enter into agreements with labour unions. The decision is part of a growing Nordic movement to force Tesla to sign collective bargaining agreements with Swedish mechanics, who have been on strike since October. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209095543/https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/danish-pension-fund-sell-its-tesla-shares-over-union-dispute-2023-12-06/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20240209095543/https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/danish-pension-fund-sell-its-tesla-shares-over-union-dispute-2023-12-06/</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>Campbell, Peter; Milne, Richard (December 14, 2023). "Wanted: Nordic Expert to Help Elon Musk Defuse Tesla Union Row". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/384a6ef6-1c8d-420a-8b8a-dc94d754b01b" target="_blank">https://www.ft.com/content/384a6ef6-1c8d-420a-8b8a-dc94d754b01b</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>"Solidarity in Malmö as Ford Workers Join Tesla Picket Line". IndustriALL. September 12, 2024. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved September 20, 2024. <a href="https://www.industriall-union.org/solidarity-in-malmo-as-ford-workers-join-tesla-picket-line" target="_blank">https://www.industriall-union.org/solidarity-in-malmo-as-ford-workers-join-tesla-picket-line</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>"Tesla Seeks Sweden Court Order in Protracted Labour Union Conflict". Reuters. January 7, 2025. Archived from the original on January 7, 2025. Retrieved January 7, 2025. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-seeks-sweden-court-order-protracted-labour-union-conflict-2025-01-07/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-seeks-sweden-court-order-protracted-labour-union-conflict-2025-01-07/</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>