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SPAD S.XII
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<h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>The SPAD XII was inspired by the ideas of French <a href="/facts/Flying_ace/qxUsQSPf">flying ace</a> <a href="/facts/Georges_Guynemer/h7sfkm8g">Georges Guynemer</a>, who proposed that a manoeuvrable single-seat aircraft be designed to carry a 37 mm cannon, a weapon which had previously been mounted only in large two-seat <a href="/facts/Pusher_configuration/IqFuf7MJ">"pusher"</a> aircraft such as the <a href="/facts/Voisin_III/12nYMLLH">Voisin III</a>. Béchereau took his own SPAD VII design as the starting point, but the many major and minor changes incorporated into the SPAD XII made it a quite different aircraft. </p> <p>The gun chosen for the SPAD XII was not the old <a href="/facts/Hotchkiss_et_Cie/2zp8YkN3">Hotchkiss</a> cannon but a new <a href="/facts/Canon_d%2527Infanterie_de_37_mod%25C3%25A8le_1916_TRP/6stSd8cS">37 mm <i>Semi Automatique Moteur Canon</i></a> (SAMC), built by Puteaux, for which 12 shots were carried. The Hispano-Suiza aviation engine had to be <a href="/facts/Aircraft_engine/XJo2Bd2e">geared</a> to allow the gun to fire through the propeller shaft, avoiding the problem of firing through the moving blades. The SPAD XII also carried a single 0.303 inch <a href="/facts/Synchronization_gear/NwpWDPW2">synchronized</a> (7.7 mm) <a href="/facts/Vickers_machine_gun/VHQ6xtP5">Vickers machine gun</a> mounted on the starboard side of the nose. In order to carry the heavy cannon the airframe was lengthened and the wingspan and wing area increased. The wingtips were rounded rather than squared off and the wings given a slight forward stagger. To accommodate the required geared output propshaft engine with a hollow propeller shaft for the cannon to fire through, and power the airframe, weighing 587 kilograms (1,294 lb) rather than the 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of the SPAD VII, the 180 bhp <a href="/facts/Hispano-Suiza_8/YUAAqecT">Hispano-Suiza 8</a> direct-drive Ab engine was replaced by the geared 220 bhp model 8Cb, which also gave the SPAD XII a <a href="/facts/Clockwise/3Npe4Swe">clockwise</a> (seen "nose-on") rotating propeller. </p><p>Test-flown by Guynemer, the early production models of the SPAD XII were highly successful after overcoming initial problems with the reduction gear between engine and propeller.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> Other aces also had success with the new model. However, deliveries were slow, the SPAD VII and later <a href="/facts/SPAD_XIII/d1RPHzCM">SPAD XIII</a> having top priority, and even the modest total of 300 aircraft which were ordered were not all completed. Best estimates are only 20 produced. Average pilots found the SPAD XII a difficult aircraft to master, and the cannon difficult to aim and fire, while manual reloading was difficult. The cockpit filled with fumes upon every firing. The cannon's breech mechanism protruded into the cockpit and prevented the use of a conventional stick to control the aircraft, adding to pilots' difficulties. The control setup reverted to a split setup on either side of the pilot, a la <a href="/facts/Deperdussin/IU7yj6NH">Deperdussin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="service">Service</h2> <p>No units were entirely equipped with SPAD XIIs. The unknown number of aircraft produced were issued in small numbers, intended for use only by the most skilled pilots, such as <a href="/facts/Rene_Fonck/vqoI5la5">Rene Fonck</a>, <a href="/facts/Lionel_de_Marmier/Tt74VboI">Lionel de Marmier</a>, <a href="/facts/Fernand_Henri_Chavannes/FS15Xsze">Fernand Henri Chavannes</a>, <a href="/facts/Henri_Hay_de_Slade/CUwYoc6j">Henri Hay de Slade</a>, <a href="/facts/Albert_Deullin/RsuK99fd">Albert Deullin</a> and <a href="/facts/Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Battesti/jaIBExmc">François Battesti</a>. They were distributed one or two per squadron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Few were delivered to combat units, eight being recorded on strength in April and again in October; this may be contrasted with the thousands of SPAD VIIs and SPAD XIIIs in service. Single examples for testing were delivered to the <a href="/facts/Royal_Flying_Corps/jM7cHmvR">Royal Flying Corps</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and one to the <a href="/facts/Aviation_Section%2c_U.S._Signal_Corps/f0UVt2pR">Aviation Section</a> of the <a href="/facts/American_Expeditionary_Force/wwgr4dCs">American Expeditionary Force</a>, with the AEF's <a href="/facts/13th_Aero_Squadron/AU8mbGla">13th Aero Squadron</a> receiving the code "0", it was primarily flown by the 13th's <a href="/facts/Charles_J._Biddle_(aviator)/HS8Y0VhG">Charles John Biddle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="operators">Operators</h2> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/French_Air_Force/F3Wz5T6q">French Air Force</a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> / <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Imperial_Russian_Air_Force/BQ7VaPYY">Imperial Russian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soviet_Air_Force/9UwGvVhU">Soviet Air Force</a> - Postwar.</li></ul> <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Serbian_Air_Force/3nxWjj7b">Serbian Air Force</a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Royal_Flying_Corps/jM7cHmvR">Royal Flying Corps</a> - One aircraft only.</li></ul> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/American_Expeditionary_Force/wwgr4dCs">American Expeditionary Force</a> - One aircraft only, serving with 13th Aero Squadron.</li></ul> <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia/IRNUtvxW">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Yugoslav_Royal_Air_Force/W0gqUqd5">Yugoslav Royal Air Force</a> - Postwar</li></ul> <h2 id="specifications-sxii">Specifications (S.XII)</h2> <p><i>Data from</i> <i>The Complete Book of Fighters</i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></p><p>General characteristics </p><ul><li>Crew: 1</li> <li>Length: 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in)</li> <li>Wingspan: 8 m (26 ft 3 in)</li> <li>Height: 2.55 m (8 ft 4 in)</li> <li>Wing area: 20.2 m2 (217 sq ft)</li> <li>Empty weight: 587 kg (1,294 lb)</li> <li>Gross weight: 883 kg (1,947 lb)</li> <li>Powerplant: 1 × <a href="/facts/Hispano-Suiza_8Cb/YUAAqecT">Hispano-Suiza 8Cb</a> V-8 water-cooled piston engine, 164 kW (220 hp)</li> <li>Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller</li></ul> <p>Performance </p> <ul><li>Maximum speed: 203 km/h (126 mph, 110 kn)</li> <li>Endurance: 1 hour 45 minutes</li> <li>Service ceiling: 6,850 m (22,470 ft) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Time to altitude: 2,000 m (6,600 ft) 6 minutes 3 seconds</li></ul> <p>Armament </p> <ul><li>Guns: 1 x 37 mm <a href="/facts/Canon_d%2527Infanterie_de_37_mod%25C3%25A8le_1916_TRP/6stSd8cS">Puteaux single shot cannon</a>, 1 x .303 in (7.7 mm) <a href="/facts/Vickers_machine_gun/VHQ6xtP5">Vickers machine gun</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <p> Related development </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/SPAD_S.VII/bThywevl">SPAD S.VII</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SPAD_S.XI/qd8SwjjY">SPAD S.XI</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SPAD_S.XIV/8Iy75G1t">SPAD S.XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/De_Bruy%25C3%25A8re_C_1/Vf3Fd9pk">De Bruyère C 1</a></li></ul> <h3>Notes</h3> Wikimedia Commons has media related to SPAD S.XII. <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Bruce, J. M. <i>The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing)</i>. London: Putnam, 1982. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-370-30084-X.</li> <li>Cony, Christophe (January 1995). "Le Spad XII Canon (1re partie)" [The Canon-armed SPAD XII]. <i>Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire</i> (in French) (23): 39–42. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650">1243-8650</a>.</li> <li>Davilla, James J., & Soltan, Arthur M., <i>French Aircraft of the First World War.</i> Stratford, Connecticut: Flying Machines Press, 1997. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-9637110-4-0.</li> <li>Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. <i>The Complete Book of Fighters</i>. New York: Smithmark, 1994. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8317-3939-8.</li> <li>Guttman, Jon, <i>SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I.</i> Osprey Publishing, 2002. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1841763160, 9781841763163.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I. pp. 7, 9. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I. pp. 8–9. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I. pp. 9–10. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bruce 1982, p. 560. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Guttman, Jon (2002). SPAD XII/XIII Aces of World War I. Osprey Publishing. pp. 12, 14–15. ISBN 978-1-84176-316-3. <a href="978-1-84176-316-3" target="_blank">978-1-84176-316-3</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Green and Swanborough 1994, pp. 542–543. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Bruce 1982, p. 560. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>