Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Union raid
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Raids can be informal through campaigning and or soliciting an incumbent union's members or more direct by an outsider union calling for a <a href="/facts/Decertification/Gg2fhCHM">decertification election</a> in a bid to take over an incumbent union's membership. Between 1975 and 1989 over 1,414 multi-union raid elections were documented by the <a href="/facts/National_Labor_Relations_Board/Wgzd9GWm">NLRB</a> in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> In Canada, official data on scale and success of union raids is limited to the Federal government and the province of <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a>. A research study on Ontario, Canada's most populous province, found 1,046 multi-union raids elections between 1975 and 2003, with 181 raids attributed to the <a href="/facts/Canadian_Auto_Workers/HbBVC1JT">Canadian Auto Workers</a> and <a href="/facts/SEIU_Healthcare/xxtzRdTJ">SEIU Healthcare</a> raids over the years 2001–2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h3>United Electrical Workers</h3> <p>After the <a href="/facts/Taft%25E2%2580%2593Hartley_Act/RdDGK4BX">Taft-Hartley Act</a> in 1947, a number of union raid elections were enacted by the <a href="/facts/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations/qPuRMqeK">CIO</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> against the recently expelled left-wing union affiliates, accounting for almost half of all union raids in the year 1950.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The majority of these raids were between the expelled <a href="/facts/United_Electrical_Workers/7p1lL3x3">United Electrical Workers</a> and the newly formed <a href="/facts/Anti-communism/bJuolzxo">anti communist</a> CIO affiliate <a href="/facts/International_Union_of_Electrical_Workers/M6JgpNkQ">International Union of Electrical Workers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It is debated whether they should be considered union raids. Many <a href="/facts/Union_local/bvzuTL5N">union locals</a> were effectively voting on which faction of the split "United Electric Workers" they wanted to affiliate with.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h3>No raid agreements</h3> <p>Raiding by the AFL affiliated <a href="/facts/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters/qIPTStLy">Teamsters</a> union was such a serious issue that it prompted the trade union centers AFL,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and CIO, who had attempted to sign a no-raid agreement for years, to finally negotiate and implement such a pact in December 1953.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Initially Teamsters president <a href="/facts/Dave_Beck/0esTwXUq">Beck</a> refused to sign the agreement and threatened to withdraw the Teamsters from the AFL if forced to adhere to it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Three months after the pact was signed, the Teamsters agreed to submit to the terms of the no-raid agreement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Shortly thereafter, the AFL adopted Article 20 of its constitution, which forbade its member unions from raiding one another.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In 1968 the <a href="/facts/Alliance_for_Labor_Action/vGef30yU">Alliance for Labor Action</a> made up of the <a href="/facts/United_Auto_Workers/VjJKGzj0">United Auto Workers</a> and the Teamsters,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> offered the <a href="/facts/AFL%25E2%2580%2593CIO/t8AFyWMH">AFL–CIO</a> a no-raid pact as a first step toward building a working relationship between the competing trade union centers, but the offer was rejected. </p><p>Since 1992, the <a href="/facts/AFL%25E2%2580%2593CIO/t8AFyWMH">AFL–CIO</a> constitution has contained a clause inside Article XX forbidding union raids among its affiliates with various remedies for resolving inter-union conflict.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Scott, Clyde; Arnold, Edwin; Odewahn, Charles (1992-12-01). "Raid Elections: Another Problems for Unions?". Public Personnel Management. 21 (4): 555–564. doi:10.1177/009102609202100410. S2CID 154102330. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/009102609202100410" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/009102609202100410</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Arnold, Edwin; Scott, Clyde; Rasp, John (April 1, 1992). "The Determinants of Incumbent Union Victory in Raid Elections". Labor Law Journal. 43 (4): 221 – via ProQuest. <a href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/fe13f1f7e6bf1a875152c5f4b4921a93/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816463" target="_blank">https://www.proquest.com/openview/fe13f1f7e6bf1a875152c5f4b4921a93/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816463</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bartkiw, Timothy J.; Martinello, Felice (2005). "Union Raiding and Organizing in Ontario". Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations. 60 (2): 273–295. doi:10.7202/011722ar. ISSN 0034-379X. JSTOR 23078053. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F011722ar" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.7202%2F011722ar</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>In 1955 the AFL and CIO merged to form the AFL–CIO <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Krislov, Joseph (1955). "The Extent and Trends of Raiding among American Unions". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 69 (1): 145–152. doi:10.2307/1884855. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 1884855. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1884855" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1884855</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Today the IUF is affiliated with Communications Workers of America <a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America" target="_blank">/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Krislov, Joseph (1955). "The Extent and Trends of Raiding among American Unions". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 69 (1): 145–152. doi:10.2307/1884855. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 1884855. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1884855" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1884855</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>In 1955 the AFL and CIO merged to form the AFL–CIO <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Raskin, AH (December 11, 1953). "AFL Drafts Plan for Ban on Raiding". New York Times. <a href="/wiki/A._H._Raskin" target="_blank">/wiki/A._H._Raskin</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Loftus, Joseph A. (December 17, 1953). "AFL and CIO Sign No Raiding-Accord". New York Times. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Loftus" target="_blank">/wiki/Joseph_A._Loftus</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Loftus, Joseph A. (December 15, 1953). "Labor Still Seeks Union Raiding Ban". New York Times. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Loftus" target="_blank">/wiki/Joseph_A._Loftus</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Raskin, A. H. (1954-02-14). "TEAMSTERS GIRD FOR A. F. L. BATTLE; Beck's Union Will Challenge Jurisdiction Agreement and No-Raid Pact". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. <a href="/wiki/A._H._Raskin" target="_blank">/wiki/A._H._Raskin</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Raskin, A. H. (1954-02-19). "Teamsters Reject No-Raid Pact; CIO-AFL Unity Plan Set Back; Teamsters Spurn No-Raiding Pact". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. <a href="/wiki/A._H._Raskin" target="_blank">/wiki/A._H._Raskin</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Raskin, A. H. (1954-02-20). "Beck Hints Move to End AFL Tie; He Hits Petition of Railway Clerks for Vote on Status of Express Agency Drivers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. <a href="/wiki/A._H._Raskin" target="_blank">/wiki/A._H._Raskin</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Raskin, A. H. (1954-02-21). "Beck Bars No Raiding Pact; Refusal of Teamsters to Enter Agreement May Be Prelude to Further Strife". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. <a href="/wiki/A._H._Raskin" target="_blank">/wiki/A._H._Raskin</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Raskin, A. H. (1954-05-14). "Plan to Aid Peace in AFL Advances; Executive Council Approves Jurisdictional Machinery – 60 Unions to Act Today". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. <a href="/wiki/A._H._Raskin" target="_blank">/wiki/A._H._Raskin</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Raskin, A. H. (1954-05-15). "Labor Unity Pacts Sealed by Unions; AFL, CIO Fix Effective Date of No-Raid Treaty – Arbitration Plan Signed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. <a href="/wiki/A._H._Raskin" target="_blank">/wiki/A._H._Raskin</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Loftus, Joseph A. (1954-06-07). "Unions Will Sign Non–Raiding PACT; AFL and CIO Groups to Take Amity Step Wednesday – Goodwill Held Pivotal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Loftus" target="_blank">/wiki/Joseph_A._Loftus</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"94 Unions Accept No-Raiding Pact; Leaders of AFL and CIO Call It a 'Cease-Fire' and Step Toward Merger". The New York Times. 1954-06-10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1954/06/10/archives/94-unions-accept-noraiding-pact-leaders-of-a-f-l-and-c-i-o-call-it.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1954/06/10/archives/94-unions-accept-noraiding-pact-leaders-of-a-f-l-and-c-i-o-call-it.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Levey, Stanley (1954-08-14). "Union Raiding Ban Drafted by AFL; Federation Due to Approve Council's Plan, Which Beck Refuses to Support". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-10. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levey" target="_blank">/wiki/Stanley_Levey</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>In 1956 Teamsters was ejected by the newly merged AFL-CIO due to corruption scandals.[17] <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Petruska, Brian (2003-01-01). "Choosing Competition: A Proposal to Modify Article XX of the AFL-CIO Constitution". Hofstra Labor & Employment Law Journal. 21 (1). <a href="https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/hlelj/vol21/iss1/1" target="_blank">https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/hlelj/vol21/iss1/1</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Vaughn, Lea (1990-01-01). "Article XX of the AFL-CIO Constitution: Managing and Resolving Inter-Union Disputes". Wayne Law Review. 37: 1. <a href="https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/faculty-articles/428" target="_blank">https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/faculty-articles/428</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>