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Leigh, Greater Manchester
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Toponymy</h3> <p>Leigh is derived from the <a href="/facts/Old_English/9rsmQG2a">Old English</a> <i>leah</i> which meant a place at the wood or woodland clearing, a glade and subsequently a pasture or meadow, it was spelt Legh in 1276.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Other recorded spellings include Leech, 1264; Leeche, 1268; Leghthe, 1305; Leght, 1417; Lech, 1451; Legh, 16th century. As its name denotes it was a district rich in meadow and pasture land, and the produce of its dairies, the Leigh cheese, was formerly noted for its excellence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Westleigh, the west clearing, was Westeley in 1237, Westlegh in 1238 and Westlay in Legh in 1292.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Pennington was recorded as Pininton and Pynynton in 1246 and 1360, Penynton in 1305, Pynyngton in 1351 and 1442 and Penyngton in 1443, the ending <i>tun</i> denotes an enclosure, farmstead or manor in Old English.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The ford of Beda, probably through the Pennington Brook gave its name to Bedford which was recorded as Beneford from 1200 to 1221 and Bedeford in 1200 and 1296.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h3>Early history</h3> <p>The earliest signs of human activity in Leigh are evidenced by a Neolithic stone axe found in Pennington and a bronze spearhead from south of Gas Street.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> A single Roman coin was found at Butts in Bedford.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> After the <a href="/facts/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain/6Ek65dAR">Roman departure from Britain</a>, and into the <a href="/facts/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England/V25yYLrM">history of Anglo-Saxon England</a>, nothing was written about Leigh. However, evidence for the presence of <a href="/facts/Saxons/mqm06m4r">Saxons</a> in what was a sparsely populated and isolated part of the country is provided by local township place names that incorporate the Old English suffix <i>leah</i>, such as Leigh, <a href="/facts/Tyldesley/mMEWVYUc">Tyldesley</a>, <a href="/facts/Shakerley/qXFyWWP5">Shakerley</a> and <a href="/facts/Astley%2c_Greater_Manchester/6GTulrnD">Astley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Townships</h3> <p>In the 12th century the <a href="/facts/Ancient_parish/4GuHX8Wm">ancient parish</a> of Leigh was made up of six <a href="/facts/Township_(England)/EaLc9o3k">townships</a>, including Pennington,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Bedford,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Westleigh,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Atherton%2c_Greater_Manchester/WAQrwvyn">Atherton</a>, Astley, and Tyldesley cum Shakerley. Weekly markets were held by the parish church and a cattle fair held twice-yearly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The land to the south of <a href="/facts/Atherton%2c_Greater_Manchester/WAQrwvyn">Atherton</a> includes the feudal barony of Atherleigh, created by Queen Elizabeth, and Bedford <a href="/facts/Manorialism/bvqYxBcJ">manor</a>, which was mentioned in documents in 1202 when it was held by Sir Henry de Kighley whose family held it until the 16th century, but never actually lived there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The Shuttleworths, landowners from the 14th century, were another prominent Bedford family. Richard Shuttleworth married a daughter of the Urmstons from Westleigh and brought part of the Westleigh inheritance to Bedford. This family lived at Shuttleworth House, or Sandypool Farm as it is also known, which is south of the <a href="/facts/Bridgewater_Canal/2L5CvR8E">Bridgewater Canal</a> near to the old manor house, <a href="/facts/Bedford_Hall/laIH69wK">Bedford Hall</a>, which survives today as a Grade II listed building.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Another prominent Bedford family, the Sales of Hope Carr Hall, had a great deal of influence in Bedford for over 400 years, and owned more land than the Shuttleworths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The family were <a href="/facts/Recusants/TTMahUeN">recusants</a> and secretly kept the "old faith" when <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholicism</a> was subject to civil or criminal penalties. Hope Carr Hall was <a href="/facts/Moat/8jWvJSvJ">moated</a> as was nearby Brick House.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The manor house of Westleigh was at Higher Hall and existed in <a href="/facts/Richard_I_of_England/WaqLy3aQ">Richard I</a>'s time (1189–1199).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> In 1292 Sigreda, the heiress of the manor, married Richard de Urmston, and the manor passed to the Urmston family and remained there until the last of the male Urmstons died in 1659.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> It was later abandoned because of mining <a href="/facts/Subsidence/EIwtz9w9">subsidence</a> and Westleigh Old Hall became the manor by repute. The Ranicars and the Marsh families lived here.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Westleigh Old Hall was another Leigh hall that had a moat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>The Pennington family owned Pennington Hall from about 1200 until they were replaced by the Bradshaw or Bradshaighs in 1312.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> The Bradshaws held the manor until 1703 when John, the last of the male line died. Pennington Hall was rebuilt in 1748 by the then-owner Samuel Hilton and in 1807 sold to the Gaskell family of Thornes, Wakefield, who let it to a succession of tenants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Around 1840 James Pownall, a founder member of the <a href="/facts/Silk/3SKPK0JE">silk</a> manufacturing firm, Bickham and Pownall, was a tenant. Later occupants were Charles Jackson, a cotton manufacturer, Jabez Johnson, and F.W. Bouth founder of Bouth's Mill in 1862, The last resident was the brewer George Shaw. On 3 December 1919 George Shaw & Co Ltd offered the hall and grounds to the people of Leigh. The gift was accepted and opened to the public on 25 August 1920.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The hall was converted to a museum and art gallery in 1928 but was demolished in 1963. The grounds are now Pennington Park. </p> <h3>Civil War</h3> <p>Leigh was divided in its allegiance during the <a href="/facts/English_Civil_War/lKXK3YXx">English Civil War</a>, some of the population supporting the <a href="/facts/Cavalier/JTXvr32Y">Royalists</a>' cause while others supported the <a href="/facts/Roundhead/8VCBEMF9">Parliamentarians</a>. A battle was fought in the town on 2 December 1642, when a group of Chowbenters, men from neighbouring Atherton, beat back and then routed Cavalier troops under the command of <a href="/facts/James_Stanley%2c_7th_Earl_of_Derby/Y2U6dpRj">James Stanley, the 7th Earl of Derby</a>. <a href="/facts/Sir_Thomas_Tyldesley/xpPgmlyp">Sir Thomas Tyldesley</a> of Myerscough and Morleys Hall, <a href="/facts/Astley%2c_Greater_Manchester/6GTulrnD">Astley</a>, was killed on 25 August 1651 at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Wigan_Lane/nIqNjlMs">Battle of Wigan Lane</a> and is buried in the Tyldesley Chapel in Leigh Parish Church.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The Earl of Derby passed through Leigh again in 1651, when he spent his last night in the King's Arms, before going on to his execution outside <a href="/facts/Ye_Olde_Man_%2526_Scythe/a9zVY1UG">Ye Olde Man & Scythe</a> Inn in <a href="/facts/Bolton/5uKqkeno">Bolton</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>Industrial Revolution</h3> <p>At the end of the 16th century, although agriculture and the dairy industry, particularly the production of Leigh cheese, sometimes known as Leigh Toaster, were important,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Spinning_(textiles)/4fRS5hp9">spinning</a> and <a href="/facts/Weaving/dESwh5UP">weaving</a> began to develop as a <a href="/facts/Cottage_industry/vrsnJN7o">cottage industry</a>. Work was supplied from <a href="/facts/Manchester/2Do01QHs">Manchester</a> by agents who brought work weekly often to an inn, and where they collected the finished cloth. At first, the work was done to supplement the income of local farmers and their families. The cloth woven in Leigh was <a href="/facts/Fustian/ygJSdIzX">fustian</a>, a sort of rough <a href="/facts/Corduroy/lFbep26K">corduroy</a>, and by the end of the 17th-century middlemen, fustian masters, were dealing directly with weavers and selling the finished cloth in Manchester.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> It is a tradition in the town that a local man, <a href="/facts/Thomas_Highs/pAm7We6c">Thomas Highs</a>, was the inventor of a <a href="/facts/Spinning_jenny/j8ECHQTj">spinning jenny</a> and the <a href="/facts/Water_frame/GPRWRTTN">water frame</a> in the 1760s, the latter invention being pirated by <a href="/facts/Richard_Arkwright/7J17vaNo">Richard Arkwright</a>, who subsequently made a fortune from the <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> royalties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> These 18th-century improvements to the spinning process meant that handloom weavers were in great demand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> but as power looms were introduced in factories in Manchester there was less work for them and there was serious unemployment in the town. In 1827 <a href="/facts/Silk/3SKPK0JE">silk</a> weaving began in Leigh, either as the result of a dispute or a labour shortage in the <a href="/facts/Middleton%2c_Greater_Manchester/NsSJ0fEF">Middleton</a> silk industry. William Walker was a middleman who opened the first silk mill in Leigh in 1828, and others quickly followed, including James Pownall and Henry Hilton, whose mill survived until 1926.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Several <a href="/facts/Cotton_mill/PJGfA1Ph">cotton mills</a> were built in Leigh after the mid-1830s, and some silk mills were converted to cotton after 1870.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>The <i>Leigth Feight</i> took place on 14 August 1839. The <a href="/facts/Chartism/rKzWk4lX">chartists</a> had called for a strike at a time when there was social unrest over the high levels of unemployment and high cost of living. A mob of at least 2,000 gathered in Leigh. About 400–500 workers from Chowbent threatened to burn down Hayes Mill. A detachment of troops from <a href="/facts/Haydock/6wkIK0Va">Haydock</a> was called out, and special constables sworn in by the local magistrate. The <a href="/facts/Riot_Act/qMG1TIDh">Riot Act</a> was read by Squire Thomas Withington of Culcheth Hall and for a while the mob dispersed but reassembled later. Many were injured in the fighting that took place and arrests were made. Those arrested were severely punished, while others ensured that radicalism continued in Leigh, leading eventually to electoral reform and universal suffrage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>The large multi-storey spinning mills came later, and five survive today. Mill complexes were built at Kirkhall Lane and Firs Lane in Westleigh, and in Pennington and Bedford.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Leigh_Spinners/GHpnnqoE">Leigh Spinners</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> is a Grade II* listed building. Mather Lane Mill close to the Bridgewater Canal is a Grade II listed building.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> More than 6,000 people were employed in textiles in Leigh in 1911.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h3>Coal mining</h3> <p>There had been <a href="/facts/Drift_mine/kgwIBBph">drift mines</a> in Westleigh since the 12th century but during the second half of the 19th century it became possible to mine the deeper <a href="/facts/Seam_(geology)/w5D4VAwa">seams</a> and <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a> began to be an important industry and <a href="/facts/Coal_mining/hJPK7wBl">coal mining</a> became the largest user of labour after the textile industry in Leigh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Parsonage_Colliery/kjC9YJ04">Parsonage Colliery</a>, the last pit to be sunk in Leigh, was one of the deepest in the country, going down to over 3,000 ft (900 m).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> The extent of mining at Parsonage Colliery increased in the 1960s with the driving of the Horizon Tunnel, which accessed previously inaccessible seams around 6 ft (2 m) high that were easy to work. The seams were wet, and a series of pumps was used to remove the water into underground canals before it was pumped into the canal at Leigh. The <a href="/facts/Winding_engine/HDneTKS6">winding engine</a> at Parsonage was a steam engine, fuelled by <a href="/facts/Methane/kBHneYnh">methane</a> extracted from the workings, while the neighbouring <a href="/facts/Bickershaw_Colliery/NJ0BrYn2">Bickershaw Colliery</a> had a superior electric system. In 1974, the two pits were linked underground, and all coal was wound at Bickershaw, which had better facilities, while Parsonage was used for supplies. The entire <a href="/facts/Lancashire_Coalfield/su96QNHK">Lancashire Coalfield</a> is closed to deep mining, although several open-cast mines are still in operation elsewhere in the county. </p><p>Mining disasters in Leigh included the <a href="/facts/Bedford_Colliery_Disaster/hH6QtEMu">explosion</a> of <a href="/facts/Firedamp/KFpsSpMd">firedamp</a> which caused the deaths of 38 miners at <a href="/facts/Bedford_Colliery/0JwLxCs6">Bedford Colliery</a> on 13 August 1886.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> There were several accidents at Bickershaw Colliery, but the most serious was in 1932, when 19 men were drowned in the sump at the bottom of the shaft after an overwind of the cage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> List of coal mines operating in Leigh <table><tbody><tr><th>Colliery Name</th><th>Location</th><th>Owner</th><th>List & Ref.</th></tr><tr><td>Bankfield</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>J. Speakman</td><td>1880<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bedford_Colliery/0JwLxCs6">Bedford Colliery</a></td><td>Bedford</td><td>J. Speakman & Sons</td><td>1880 1908<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bickershaw_Colliery/NJ0BrYn2">Bickershaw Colliery</a></td><td>Westleigh</td><td>Ackers Whitley & Co</td><td>1854<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> 1918</td></tr><tr><td>Broadfield</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>John Speakman and Co.</td><td>1854<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> 1869 1880<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Hearts o' th' Meadow</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>Wigan Coal and Iron Co.</td><td>1880<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Heyfield</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>Thomas Livesey</td><td>1854<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> 1869 1880 1908 1918<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lower Hall</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>James Diggle</td><td>1880, 1908, 1918<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Owens</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>James Diggle</td><td>1869<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Parsonage_Colliery/kjC9YJ04">Parsonage Colliery</a></td><td>Westleigh</td><td><a href="/facts/Wigan_Coal_and_Iron_Company/SQWbVs3Y">Wigan Coal and Iron Company</a></td><td>1918<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Priestners</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>Wigan Coal and Iron Company</td><td>1880, 1908<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sovereign</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>Wigan Coal and Iron Company</td><td>1908, 1918<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Snapes</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>James Diggle</td><td>1869, 1880, 1908<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Westleigh</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>James Diggle and Co.</td><td>1854<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> 1869, 1880, 1918<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Westleigh Lane</td><td>Westleigh</td><td>Samuel Banks</td><td>1854<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Manufacturing</h3> <p>Other notable industry included the <a href="/facts/Tractor/gNc7kb4a">tractor</a> factory of <a href="/facts/David_Brown_Limited/KK2mAYjm">David Brown Limited</a>, which was in Leigh following the acquisition in 1955 of Harrison, McGregor and Guest's Albion range of farm machinery products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Rope/heTalcCM">Rope</a>-manufacture was another local industry: Mansley's Rope works on Twist Lane made rope by hand, using a <a href="/facts/Rope_walk/Mhk5LgTY">rope walk</a>. The factory burnt down in 1912.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> Anchor Cables had a large works close to the Bridgewater Canal. The company was bought by Callender's Cables, in 1903, later to become <a href="/facts/British_Insulated_Callender%2527s_Cables/VDlfzD4w">British Insulated Callender's Cables</a> (BICC), part of <a href="/facts/Balfour_Beatty/mUtWUnVx">Balfour Beatty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> Another major 20th century employer was Sutcliffe Speakman, which made <a href="/facts/Activated_carbon/YAbaXCcb">activated carbon</a> and brick-making equipment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="governance">Governance</h2> <p>Leigh is covered by four electoral wards, Leigh Central & Higher Folds, Leigh North, Leigh South and Leigh West, of the <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan/qKbe469F">Metropolitan Borough of Wigan</a>, although Atherton South does include some properties in Leigh. Each ward elects three councillors to the 75-member metropolitan borough council, Wigan's <a href="/facts/Local_authority/I9QYqnWI">local authority</a>. As of 2009, all nine ward councillors for Leigh, including leader of the council, Lord Smith of Leigh, are members of the <a href="/facts/Labour_Party_(UK)/jr0wYRdF">Labour Party</a> who control the council.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p><p>Historically, Leigh's townships were in the <a href="/facts/Hundred_(country_subdivision)/bf6h3RyL">Hundred</a> of <a href="/facts/West_Derby_(hundred)/6YL1ecGK">West Derby</a>, a judicial division of southwest Lancashire. Pennington, Westleigh and Bedford were three of the six townships or vills that made up the ancient parish of Leigh. The townships existed before the parish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p> <p>Under the terms of the <a href="/facts/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834/5xDgccHX">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a> the townships formed part of Leigh <a href="/facts/Poor_Law_Union/QGK9CF6H">Poor Law Union</a>, established on 26 January 1837 and responsible for an area covering the whole of the ancient parish and part of <a href="/facts/Winwick%2c_Cheshire/vItG4nKH">Winwick</a>. <a href="/facts/Workhouse/4fyzabWx">Workhouses</a> in Pennington, Culcheth, Tyldesley and Lowton were replaced by <a href="/facts/Leigh_Union_workhouse/JPjWbSwe">Leigh Union workhouse</a> at Atherleigh in the 1850s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> In 1875 Leigh <a href="/facts/Local_Board_of_Health/8hl5Adn2">Local Board of Health</a> was established, covering the areas of the former Bedford, Pennington and Westleigh Local Boards of Health. In 1894 the area of the Local Board, together with part of Atherton township, became Leigh <a href="/facts/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)/58F6X53h">Urban District</a>, which was granted honorific <a href="/facts/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom/5tesQ54w">borough status</a> in 1899 becoming the <a href="/facts/Municipal_Borough_of_Leigh/8jg1q7Xh">Municipal Borough of Leigh</a>. </p><p>In the early twentieth century <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_suffrage_activism_in_Leigh/8rN58l0f">Leigh saw continued activism</a> for <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_suffrage/4sRR3ad7">women's suffrage</a>, with local activity by the <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_Social_and_Political_Union/6dWfV14k">Women's Social and Political Union</a>, the <a href="/facts/National_Union_of_Women%2527s_Suffrage_Societies/hAUoTNpu">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a>, the <a href="/facts/North_of_England_Society_for_Women%2527s_Suffrage/Ee1NKPYB">North of England Society for Women's Suffrage</a>, the Leigh Women's Liberal Association and local branches of the <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_Labour_League/4Ghgvtw0">Women's Labour League</a>. </p><p>In 1969 there was an exchange of very small areas with <a href="/facts/Golborne/ayg6g17B">Golborne</a> Urban District. Following the <a href="/facts/Local_Government_Act_1972/EujgBtqN">Local Government Act 1972</a>, the Municipal Borough of Leigh was abolished and its territory included as part of the <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan/qKbe469F">Metropolitan Borough of Wigan</a>, a local government district of Greater Manchester.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> In 1998, an area (Lately Common) was further ceded to the <a href="/facts/Borough_of_Warrington/jXHUsNnH">Borough of Warrington</a> – one of the few parts of England to have been in three different counties since the mid-20th century: Lancashire, then Greater Manchester, then Cheshire. </p><p><a href="/facts/Andy_Burnham/wRAvNmAr">Andy Burnham</a> represented the parliamentary seat for <a href="/facts/Leigh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)/yJ93DjDx">Leigh</a> for the Labour Party from <a href="/facts/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election/5CgPknJd">2001 general election</a>. Between 10 June 2009 and the 2010 general election he was Secretary of State at the Department of Health.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> At the <a href="/facts/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election/4SnmJh1l">2010 general election</a> Burnham retained the Leigh seat with 24,295 votes and a majority of 15,011, representing 51.3% of the vote.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> Burnham was re-elected MP for the Leigh constituency in 2015 with 24,312 votes which was 53.9% of the total vote cast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> He stepped down in 2017 to stand as a candidate for the position of <a href="/facts/Mayor_of_Greater_Manchester/mTgNvPxC">Mayor of Greater Manchester</a>. <a href="/facts/Jo_Platt/0jky3VaE">Jo Platt</a>, representing Labour, was elected in <a href="/facts/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election/Q4zj9MVp">2017</a> with 26,347 votes which was 56.2% of the total votes cast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> Jo Platt was defeated in the <a href="/facts/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election/1ustxDDe">2019 General Election</a>, by <a href="/facts/James_Grundy_(politician)/5z2XJ55b">James Grundy</a>: the first ever Conservative representative for Leigh. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> However, when Grundy stood down ahead of the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom_general_election%2c_2024/MEpNJrYu">2024 general election</a> and the incorporation of the seat into the new revised constituency of <a href="/facts/Leigh_and_Atherton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)/xLIzNRwD">Leigh and Atherton</a>, Jo Platt subsequently returned to re-represent the town with 19,971 votes, 48.5% of the total vote cast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Geography_of_Greater_Manchester/R7kTEytA">Geography of Greater Manchester</a></p> <p>Leigh is low-lying; land to the south and east, close to <a href="/facts/Chat_Moss/rzHlKlJp">Chat Moss</a>, is 50 feet (15 m) above mean sea level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> The highest land, to the north and west, rises gently to 125 feet (38 m). <a href="/facts/Astley_and_Bedford_Mosses/8Na8JmKu">Astley and Bedford Mosses</a> are fragments of the raised bog that once covered a large area north of the <a href="/facts/River_Mersey/Hx7ucQul">River Mersey</a> and along with Holcroft and <a href="/facts/Risley_Moss/sxN2lzlh">Risley Mosses</a> are part of Manchester Mosses, a <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a> designated <a href="/facts/Special_Area_of_Conservation/okBrfzEr">Special Area of Conservation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> The area is in the River Mersey Basin; drained into the Mersey by several streams, including the Westleigh and Pennington Brooks that join others flowing through Bedford to form the <a href="/facts/Glaze_Brook/W7k9AAK5">Glaze Brook</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> The southeast of the town has <a href="/facts/Alluvium/Bo78QRlp">alluvial</a> and peaty soils,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> but the rest is loam overlaying sandstone, or coal measures in the north.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Dolomite_(rock)/EGXDL0zm">Magnesian limestone</a> occurs in Bedford and neighbouring Astley.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> Mining subsidence and flooding have caused the formation of "flashes" to the south and west of the town, the largest of which is south of the <a href="/facts/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal/gjLSXoBa">Leeds and Liverpool Canal</a> in Pennington. <a href="/facts/Pennington_Flash_Country_Park/MydCb4Fg">Pennington Flash Country Park</a> is a 490-acre (200 ha) country park and nature reserve with a 170-acre (69 ha) flash or lake.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> </p><p>Leigh is crossed by the <a href="/facts/Bolton/5uKqkeno">Bolton</a> to <a href="/facts/St_Helens%2c_Merseyside/waCyVJox">St Helens</a> Road high road,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> an old <a href="/facts/Packhorse/yDzcA9pQ">packhorse</a> route that became a <a href="/facts/Turnpike_trust/Cok2Ux4v">turnpike road</a> in 1762.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> The A579 road bypasses the town centre using the line of the <a href="/facts/Bolton_and_Leigh_Railway/RY4rsWvb">Bolton and Leigh Railway</a>. The Bridgewater Canal and the Leigh Branch of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal cross the town west to east, the canals meeting at Leigh Bridge just south of the town centre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> In the 1930s the <i><a href="/facts/A580_road/t2uuok1k">A580 "East Lancashire Road"</a></i> was built crossing to the south of the town. </p> <h2 id="demography">Demography</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="5">Leigh Compared</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/United_Kingdom_Census_2001/pDqkjzbg">2001 Census</a></th><th>Leigh</th><th><a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan/qKbe469F">Wigan MB</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Greater_Manchester_Urban_Area/mjmdF3fC">GM Urban Area</a></th><th>England</th></tr><tr><td>Total population</td><td>43,006</td><td>301,415</td><td>2,240,230</td><td>49,138,831</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5"></th></tr><tr><td>White</td><td>98.3%</td><td>98.7%</td><td>90.3%</td><td>90.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Asian</td><td>0.8%</td><td>0.4%</td><td>6.2%</td><td>4.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Black</td><td>0.2%</td><td>0.2%</td><td>1.3%</td><td>2.3%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Source: Office for National Statistics<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the time of the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom_Census_2001/pDqkjzbg">United Kingdom Census 2001</a>, according to the <a href="/facts/Office_for_National_Statistics/6cAQI9zH">Office for National Statistics</a>, the Urban Subdivision of Leigh<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> was part of the <a href="/facts/Greater_Manchester_Urban_Area/mjmdF3fC">Greater Manchester Urban Area</a> and had a total resident population of 43,006, of which 20,990 (48.8%) were male and 22,016 (51.2%) were female, with 18,270 households.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> The settlement occupied 884 hectares (3.41 sq mi), compared with 858 hectares (3.31 sq mi) in the 1991 census. Its population density was 48.65 people per hectare compared with an average of 40.20 across the Greater Manchester Urban Area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> The median age of the population was 37, compared with 36 within the Greater Manchester Urban Area and 37 across England and Wales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> </p><p>The majority of the population of Leigh were born in England (95.92%); 2.10% were born elsewhere within the United Kingdom, 0.95% within the rest of the European Union, and 1.47% elsewhere in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> </p><p>Data on religious beliefs across the town in the 2001 census show that 85.5% declared themselves to be <a href="/facts/Christians/15hE11VR">Christian</a>, 7.6% said they held no religion, and 0.6% reported themselves as <a href="/facts/Muslim/W2ukq4pg">Muslim</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> </p><p>Most of Leigh is within the <a href="/facts/Warrington/jXHUsNnH">Warrington</a> & <a href="/facts/Wigan/ttEMzWQ0">Wigan</a> <a href="/facts/Travel_to_work_area/DBbApRT8">travel to work area</a> (TTWA), whilst part of the eastern side of the town is within the <a href="/facts/Manchester/2Do01QHs">Manchester</a> TTWA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> The entire town is within the Manchester <a href="/facts/Larger_urban_zone/qhlA2jt6">larger urban zone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> </p><p>At the time of the 2001 Census, there were 19,051 people (44.3%) in employment who were resident within Leigh. Of these, 18.36% worked within the wholesale and retail trade, including repair of motor vehicles; 21.60% worked within manufacturing industry; and 11.99% worked within the health and social work sector.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> 45.16% of households owned a single car or van, with 30.77% owning none. The average car ownership per household was 0.98, compared with 0.93 across the Greater Manchester Urban Area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> </p> <h3>Population change</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Population growth in Leigh from 1801 to 2001</th></tr><tr><th>Year</th><th>1801</th><th>1811</th><th>1821</th><th>1831</th><th>1841</th><th>1851</th><th>1861</th><th>1871</th><th>1881</th><th>1891</th><th></th></tr><tr><th>Population</th><td><i>no data</i></td><td><i>no data</i></td><td>18,372</td><td>20,083</td><td>28,568</td><td>5,206</td><td>10,621</td><td><i>no data</i></td><td><i>no data</i></td><td>28,708</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12"></td></tr><tr><th>Year</th><th>1901</th><th>1911</th><th>1921</th><th>1931</th><th>1939</th><th>1951</th><th>1961</th><th>1971</th><th>1981</th><th>1991</th><th>2001</th></tr><tr><th>Population</th><td>40,001</td><td>44,103</td><td>45,532</td><td>45,317</td><td>45,458</td><td>48,728</td><td>46,174</td><td><i>no data</i></td><td>42,929</td><td>43,150</td><td>43,006</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Parish 1821–1861<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><p> • Urban Sanitary District 1891<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> • Urban District 1901–1961<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> • Urban Subdivision 1981–2001<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p>Leigh has a traditional town centre with daily outdoor and indoor markets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> Part of the town centre is <a href="/facts/Pedestrianised/efT6IdCV">pedestrianised</a> and there are local independent and multiple retailers. The Spinning Gate Centre in the centre of town has about thirty retail units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> A <a href="/facts/Retail_park/pVuj4jpk">retail park</a> developed on the old Parsonage Colliery site is within walking distance of the town centre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> </p><p>Opened in 2008 <a href="/facts/Leigh_Sports_Village/Ch90quDf">Leigh Sports Village</a> has an 12 ,000-capacity stadium (anchored by <a href="/facts/Leigh_Leopards/xGjY0pC5">Leigh Leopards </a> and shared with the reserves of <a href="/facts/Manchester_United/wmNVnVtQ">Manchester United</a>), an athletics arena for Leigh Harriers, facilities for Leigh East Rugby League Club, a college campus, hotel, leisure retail and business facilities for the community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> In 2011 a Morrisons store opened at the sports village.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> Additionally, Manchester United's main women's team began to play home games at the stadium in 2018. </p><p>Another regeneration project on the site of the former Bickershaw Colliery complex which closed in 1992 will redevelop the site and canal side with a country park and housing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> In 2011 "The Loom" a £50million retail development opened on the north side of the Bridgewater Canal with a seven-screen cinema, Tesco Extra store, <a href="/facts/Nando%2527s/7R7bdEEJ">Nando's</a> and <a href="/facts/Frankie_and_Benny%2527s/Tlrzuccy">Frankie and Benny's</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="landmarks">Landmarks</h2> <p>Major landmarks in Leigh are the red sandstone parish church of <a href="/facts/St_Mary_the_Virgin%2527s_Church%2c_Leigh/6BU1h0kp">St Mary the Virgin</a> and across the civic square, <a href="/facts/Leigh_Town_Hall/RfPdfQxg">Leigh Town Hall</a> and its associated shops on Market Street. The Grade II listed <a href="/facts/Obelisk/L2VkHv7j">Obelisk</a> that replaced the original <a href="/facts/Market_cross/M5psjSAD">market cross</a> is also situated here.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> Many town centre buildings including the Boar's Head public house<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> are in <a href="/facts/Ruabon_brick/SjYGVI5o">red Ruabon</a> or <a href="/facts/Accrington_brick/YrzA96Jt">Accrington bricks</a>, often with <a href="/facts/Gable/82xrPpEp">gables</a> and <a href="/facts/Terracotta/Yze0TnSH">terracotta</a> dressings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> There are several large multi-storey <a href="/facts/Cotton_mill/PJGfA1Ph">cotton mills</a> built along the Bridgewater Canal that are a reminder of Leigh's textile industry but most are now underused and deteriorating despite listed building status.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> Leigh's War Memorial by local architect <a href="/facts/James_Caldwell_Prestwich/cFrF9qTA">J.C. Prestwich</a> is at the junction of Church Street and Silk Street and is a Grade II listed structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> St Joseph's Church and St Thomas's Church on opposite sides of Chapel Street are both imposing churches using different materials and styles. </p> <h2 id="transport">Transport</h2> <p>Historically, Leigh was well connected with local transport infrastructure but, with the closure of the railway in 1969, this is no longer the case. Leigh became, and remains, one of the largest towns in Britain without direct access to the <a href="/facts/National_Rail/euGJrQBC">National Rail</a> network. Public transport in the area is co-ordinated by <a href="/facts/Transport_for_Greater_Manchester/YfTgdfFT">Transport for Greater Manchester</a>. </p> <h3>Buses</h3> <p>There are bus services operated by <a href="/facts/First_Greater_Manchester/c81xoXRt">First Greater Manchester</a>, <a href="/facts/Diamond_Bus_North_West/LzsyFfTU">Diamond Bus North West</a>, <a href="/facts/Stagecoach_Manchester/V0DPQm9I">Stagecoach Manchester</a>, <a href="/facts/Warrington%2527s_Own_Buses/VT7xolWX">Warrington's Own Buses</a>, <a href="/facts/Arriva_North_West/N8xNQtz9">Arriva North West</a>, Vision Bus and Tyrers from Leigh bus station to many local destinations including <a href="/facts/Wigan/ttEMzWQ0">Wigan</a>, <a href="/facts/Bolton/5uKqkeno">Bolton</a>, <a href="/facts/Warrington/jXHUsNnH">Warrington</a>, <a href="/facts/Manchester/2Do01QHs">Manchester</a> and <a href="/facts/St_Helens%2c_Merseyside/waCyVJox">St Helens</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> There had been suggestions to reopen the railway via Tyldesley to Manchester, but a <a href="/facts/Guided_busway/nF71Wx2D">guided busway</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> scheme was chosen for the route; this decision was not universally popular.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a> Construction commenced in 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Leigh-Salford-Manchester_Bus_Rapid_Transit/NMPTRYxh">Leigh-Salford-Manchester Bus Rapid Transit</a> opened on 3 April 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> </p> <h3>Canals</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Bridgewater_Canal/2L5CvR8E">Bridgewater Canal</a> was extended from <a href="/facts/Worsley/GB4jT8mX">Worsley</a> to the middle of Leigh in 1795.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a> In 1819 the fifth Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act was passed for the construction of the Leigh Branch and by 1820 the Leigh branch canal was cut from the <a href="/facts/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal/gjLSXoBa">Leeds and Liverpool Canal</a> at Poolstock, Wigan to meet the Bridgewater at Leigh Bridge, giving access from Leigh to all parts of Lancashire, Yorkshire and the Midlands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a> </p> <h3>Railways</h3> <p>The nearest railway station to Leigh is at <a href="/facts/Atherton_railway_station/uh9oqGmg">Atherton</a>, 3 miles (5 km) to the north; it provides regular services between <a href="/facts/Wigan_Wallgate_railway_station/BaoeqBao">Wigan</a> and <a href="/facts/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station/EgTYKyT4">Manchester</a>, operated by <a href="/facts/Northern_(train_operating_company)/ySjMElBQ">Northern</a>. This leaves the bus station as Leigh's only public transport link. </p><p><a href="/facts/Leigh_railway_station_(Lancashire)/QVPCMfHC">Leigh</a> was the southern <a href="/facts/Terminal_station/9nTmC6vf">terminus</a> of the 7.5-mile-long (12 km) <a href="/facts/Bolton_and_Leigh_Railway/RY4rsWvb">Bolton and Leigh Railway</a>; <a href="/facts/George_Stephenson/cd3W2GEP">George Stephenson</a> carried out the survey for the line. It opened between Bolton and William Hulton's coal mines at Chequerbent for freight on 1 August 1828 and to the terminus at the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Leigh in March 1830.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> Passengers were carried from 13 June 1831. The first locomotive on the line was an <a href="/facts/0-4-0/KF2j2Y9r">0-4-0</a> called the <a href="/facts/Lancashire_Witch/qpzYI2AP">Lancashire Witch</a>. The railway station was at <a href="/facts/Westleigh_railway_station/lD3tNA11">Westleigh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> Later the line was extended southwards to Pennington.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Atherleigh_railway_station/zPqA3fsE">Atherleigh</a> opened in 1935. The line was closed to passenger traffic on 29 March 1954, and later closed completely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> </p><p>In 1861, the <a href="/facts/London_and_North_Western_Railway/6pmtfdwf">London and North Western Railway</a> revived powers granted to the <a href="/facts/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway/whD45yf0">Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway</a> to build a railway from <a href="/facts/Manchester/2Do01QHs">Manchester</a> via <a href="/facts/Eccles%2c_Greater_Manchester/kb5CgLeC">Eccles</a> and <a href="/facts/Tyldesley/mMEWVYUc">Tyldesley</a> to <a href="/facts/Wigan/ttEMzWQ0">Wigan</a> with a branch to <a href="/facts/Kenyon_Junction_railway_station/vuxAlBdf">Kenyon Junction</a> on the Liverpool to Manchester Line via Leigh and <a href="/facts/Pennington_railway_station/B92I8e1D">Pennington</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> The station, originally named <a href="/facts/Leigh_(Greater_Manchester)_railway_station/QVPCMfHC"><i>Bedford Leigh</i></a> served the town. The railway crossed the town on a viaduct which has since been largely demolished;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> it closed in May 1969. After the reopening of <a href="/facts/Mansfield_railway_station_(England)/yyNRAyyK">Mansfield</a> and <a href="/facts/Corby_railway_station/Wx4Hq3Vl">Corby railway stations</a>, Leigh is now one of the largest towns in Great Britain without a railway station. Numerous <a href="/facts/Industrial_railway/A2E1fHgz">colliery</a> lines crossed the town but, with the closure of the collieries, these were no longer required. </p> <h3>Trams and trolley buses</h3> <p>In 1900, a Bill authorising the <a href="/facts/South_Lancashire_Tramways/YEBltDr9">South Lancashire Tramways</a> Company to construct over 62 miles (100 km) of <a href="/facts/Trams/gSaKExyR">tramway</a> in southern Lancashire was given Royal Assent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> However, by November 1900 the South Lancashire Electric Traction and Power Company had acquired the shares. The first section of tramway opened on 20 October 1902 between <a href="/facts/Lowton/QzHKnUp5">Lowton</a> and Four Lanes Ends via Leigh and Atherton. The company got into financial difficulty and in turn became Lancashire United Tramways later <a href="/facts/Lancashire_United_Transport/cAnyGUIV">Lancashire United Transport</a>. On 16 December 1933, the last tram service ran from Leigh to Four Lane Ends and the next day trolley buses took over.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> An Act of 4 August 1920 authorised Leigh Municipal Borough to run buses. A garage built on Windermere Road was soon outgrown and replaced by one on Holden Road. The corporation had a fleet of 70 vehicles during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="education">Education</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_schools_in_Wigan/qDY97MJT">List of schools in Wigan</a></p> <p>Leigh <a href="/facts/Grammar_School/zhD4Mmn0">Grammar School</a> existed in 1655 but its foundation is unclear. The building was next to the churchyard,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a> but the school moved to Manchester Road in 1931. Leigh Girls' Grammar School was established in 1921,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> but both schools were abolished by the then Secretary of State for Education, <a href="/facts/Shirley_Williams/r1PtFEwq">Shirley Williams</a>, in the 1976 Education Act. Leigh high schools include <a href="/facts/Bedford_High_School_(Leigh)/ahHSTyQQ">Bedford High School</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/The_Westleigh_School/MsYRwkDG">The Westleigh School</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> Pupils also attend schools in Atherton, Lowton, Golborne and Astley. <a href="/facts/Wigan_and_Leigh_College/BPY3mPpA">Wigan and Leigh College</a> provides post-16 education. </p> <h2 id="religion">Religion</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester/UjTmn4GM">List of churches in Greater Manchester</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/St_Mary_the_Virgin%2527s_Church%2c_Leigh/6BU1h0kp">St Mary the Virgin's Church</a> has been in existence since the 12th century and probably much earlier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> It was once known as the Church of St Peter at Westleigh in Leigh, and straddles the boundary between the old townships of Westleigh and Pennington, the nave and churchyard, in Westleigh and the chancel in Pennington. Its early history is connected with the Westleigh and Urmston families. Its dedication changed to St Mary the Virgin in the 14th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> The church tower, said to have been built in 1516, is all that remains of the medieval structure, which was replaced by the present church after becoming unsafe. <a href="/facts/Paley_and_Austin/L8b0yWqC">Paley and Austin</a> of <a href="/facts/Lancaster%2c_Lancashire/2roYbFnp">Lancaster</a> designed the present church, the foundation stone was laid in 1871 and the church consecrated in 1873. The church is built in red sandstone it is a Grade II* <a href="/facts/Listed_building/PPx6CnfU">listed building</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> </p><p>Parish churches have been built in each of the former townships. The first St Thomas's Church in Bedford was consecrated in 1840 and replaced by the present church in 1909. It is built of Accrington red brick with Runcorn red sandstone facings, to designs by <a href="/facts/J._S._Crowther/RmYydSgl">J. S. Crowther</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Christ_Church%2c_Pennington/W2L7Fk59">Christ Church, Pennington</a>, designed by architect <a href="/facts/Edwin_Hugh_Shellard/J5a5rIjw">E. H. Shellard</a>, was built in Yorkshire stone and was consecrated in 1854. The site to the south of the canal was a rapidly growing area at this time. It is Grade II listed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> Westleigh St Paul, founded in 1847 is on Westleigh Lane. Westleigh St Peter, a Grade II* listed building by Paley and Austin, built in brick with red sandstone dressings, was founded 1881 is on Firs Lane.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> </p><p>The first Catholic chapel was built in Bedford on the corner of Mather Lane and Chapel Street in 1778 and this lasted until it was replaced in 1855 by <a href="/facts/St_Joseph%2527s_Roman_Catholic_Church%2c_Leigh/WWAyUQYR">St Joseph's Church</a> by architect <a href="/facts/Joseph_Hansom/VKq3PBrg">Joseph Hansom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> A growing Catholic population in the area led to the building of Our Lady of the Rosary in Plank Lane in 1879, Twelve Apostles in 1879 and Sacred Heart in 1929. Other denominations catered for include Wesleyan, Independent, Primitive, Welsh and United Methodists. There are also Unitarian, Baptist and Jehovah's Witness places of worship in the town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="sport">Sport</h2> <p>Leigh has a professional <a href="/facts/Rugby_league/wo9JLX7D">rugby league</a> team – <a href="/facts/Leigh_Centurions/xGjY0pC5">Leigh Leopards</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> – whose main claim to fame is beating <a href="/facts/Hull_Kingston_Rovers/oELHF9BC">Hull KR</a> 17-16 in the 2023 <a href="/facts/Challenge_Cup/CoWIWDBT">Challenge Cup</a> final at <a href="/facts/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)/Rm4uUK6k">Wembley Stadium</a> for the third time. The club play in the <a href="/facts/Super_League/SxKRInqj">Super League</a>. Leigh has several amateur clubs, including <a href="/facts/Leigh_East_A.R.L.F.C./kY1vmmex">Leigh East</a> and <a href="/facts/Leigh_Miners_Rangers/UXKgN5jG">Leigh Miners Rangers</a>. </p><p>The town had a semi-professional <a href="/facts/Football_(soccer)/yttjeD0D">football</a> team, <a href="/facts/Leigh_RMI/SsRXqDw1">Leigh Genesis</a> (formerly Leigh RMI),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> which ceased operations at a senior level in June 2011. The most successful amateur club is Leigh Athletic,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> which currently plays in the <a href="/facts/Manchester_Football_League/jyDa8bQf">Manchester Football League</a>. </p><p>Leigh also has an athletics club, Leigh Harriers AC, founded in 1909,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> and a Rugby Union club, Leigh RUFC, based at Round Ash Park, which gained promotion in 2007, to RFU league North 2 (West), and is current holder of the Lancashire Trophy which it won in May 2008 for the third consecutive year. Attached to the club is a <a href="/facts/Bowls/6kKHLkBF">crown green bowling</a> section which runs several teams in local bowling leagues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> Leigh has two cricket clubs: Leigh Cricket Club play in the ECB Premier League Liverpool Competition,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> and Westleigh Cricket Club,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> have two senior and 4 junior teams playing in the Greater Manchester Cricket League.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="media">Media</h2> <p>Local news and television programmes are provided by <a href="/facts/BBC_North_West/I64JWwTe">BBC North West</a> and <a href="/facts/ITV_Granada/DFkpt7mC">ITV Granada</a>. Television signals are received from the <a href="/facts/Winter_Hill_transmitting_station/YYq745Cl">Winter Hill</a> TV transmitter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> </p><p>The town is served by both <a href="/facts/BBC_Radio_Lancashire/xwq64Iek">BBC Radio Lancashire</a> and <a href="/facts/BBC_Radio_Manchester/m31WMQ2u">BBC Radio Manchester</a>. Other radio stations are <a href="/facts/Wish_FM/tyPlarhd">Greatest Hits Radio Wigan & St Helens</a>, <a href="/facts/Heart_North_West/EIxJIHFb">Heart North West</a>, <a href="/facts/Smooth_North_West/Cwl9b62q">Smooth North West</a>, <a href="/facts/Capital_Manchester_and_Lancashire/YBkug8kC">Capital Manchester and Lancashire</a> and Radio M29, a community based station.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> </p><p>Local newspaper is the <i>Leigh Journal</i> which publishes on Thursdays. It is also covered by the regional newspaper the <i><a href="/facts/Manchester_Evening_News/vezrqsED">Manchester Evening News</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="culture">Culture</h2> <p>Many of Leigh's old halls have been demolished but the sites of Lilford Park, once the grounds of <a href="/facts/Atherton_Hall%2c_Leigh/rxYGqmNm">Atherton Hall</a>, a gift to Leigh from Lord Lilford in 1914<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a> and Pennington Park, the grounds of Pennington Hall which was demolished in 1963 after being used as a museum, are open to the public.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a> </p><p>Leigh's wealth as an industrial town resulted in many outlets for the entertainment of its population, including theatres, cinemas and public houses. In 1908 the Hippodrome Theatre on Leigh Road was built on the site of Walker's silk mill of 1827, this subsequently became a cinema, first the Odeon, later the Classic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a> Another theatre, the Theatre Royal, was built on Lord Street which later became the Leigh Casino Club.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a> The Palace Cinema was built in 1913 on Railway Road and the assembly rooms above the Conservative Club, were converted to a cinema known as the Sems in 1908.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> Brewery Lane is a reminder that there was once a brewery in Bedford belonging to George Shaw & Co.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a> The old Leigh College and Library on Railway Road was built between 1894 and 1896 by the Leigh Literary Society to designs by J. C. Prestwich and J. H. Stephen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> The present library was built in 1971 between the parish church and town hall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Leigh_Hackspace/YlBflGTN">Leigh Hackspace</a> was founded as a UK <a href="/facts/Community_interest_company/0Lb9JfWV">Community interest company</a> in 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Brian_Ashton_(rugby_union)/nCzC4cMg">Brian Ashton</a> (born 1946), is an English <a href="/facts/Rugby_union/AJSbnB89">rugby union</a> coach and former player. He has been head <a href="/facts/Coach_(sport)/e9DbSAt8">coach</a> of the <a href="/facts/England_national_rugby_union_team/wY7M1nes">England</a> and <a href="/facts/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team/3tX9K8Mn">Ireland</a> national teams.</li> <li>Sir <a href="/facts/Alan_R._Battersby/0e6MWBty">Alan R. Battersby</a> (1925–2018), organic chemist, was born in Leigh and was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/George_Henry_Bolsover/pBBrooYm">George Henry Bolsover</a> (1910–1990), historian, diplomat, and director of the <a href="/facts/School_of_Slavonic_and_East_European_Studies/Ue5qoCb9">School of Slavonic and East European Studies</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_London/spIRAx9B">University of London</a>, 1947–1976, was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Burke_(tenor)/XSospdb7">Thomas Burke</a> (1890–1969), operatic tenor, was born in Leigh and attended St Joseph's School.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/facts/Peter_Maxwell_Davies/aDSx6Ecz">Peter Maxwell Davies</a> (1934–2016) was a British composer and conductor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kathleen_Mary_Drew-Baker/rvv14aae">Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker</a> (1901–1957) was a British <a href="/facts/Phycology/1v0JhH8x">phycologist</a>, known for her research on the edible seaweed <i><a href="/facts/Porphyra/okXtms4p">Porphyra laciniata</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Nori/u2yabhyY">nori</a>), which led to a breakthrough for commercial cultivation in Japan.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Georgie_Fame/mLkHKIaV">Georgie Fame</a> (born Clive Powell, 1943), rhythm and blues singer and musician, was born in Leigh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maurice_Flanagan/0ljAVfBu">Sir Maurice Flanagan</a> (1928–2015), businessman, was the founding CEO of <a href="/facts/Emirates_(airline)/zLka3aLG">Emirates</a> and executive vice-chairman of <a href="/facts/The_Emirates_Group/yBN2hh5g">The Emirates Group</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Phil_Gartside/EJd1n4jj">Phil Gartside</a> (1952–2016), businessman and Chairman of <a href="/facts/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C./AT8pCXnj">Bolton Wanderers F.C.</a> (1999–2015).</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Hilton_(novelist)/RFLp558t">James Hilton</a> (1900–1954), the author of <i><a href="/facts/Goodbye%2c_Mr_Chips/hgkYdBWk">Goodbye, Mr Chips</a></i>, was born in Leigh.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Roger_Hunt/IKnYDKU1">Roger Hunt</a> (1938–2021), professional footballer, was born in Leigh and was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ann_Fletcher_Jackson/rJe4KDtL">Ann Fletcher Jackson</a> (1833–1903), a New Zealand Quaker evangelist, was born in Leigh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shaun_Keaveny/BLEMve8U">Shaun Keaveny</a> (born 1972), DJ and broadcaster, grew up in Leigh.</li> <li>Journalist <a href="/facts/Lynda_Lee-Potter/ne4nmCsg">Lynda Lee-Potter</a> (<a href="/facts/N%25C3%25A9e/FctFJcbg">née</a> Higginson) (1935–2004) was best known as a columnist for the <i><a href="/facts/Daily_Mail/a4uUpVJG">Daily Mail</a></i></li> <li>Sir <a href="/facts/John_Lennard-Jones/bIPYBATH">John Lennard-Jones</a> (1894–1954) was a British <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a> and professor of theoretical physics at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Bristol/naU7Gvlc">University of Bristol</a>, and then of <a href="/facts/Theoretical_chemistry/uqcyS5KH">theoretical science</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a>.</li> <li>The journalist <a href="/facts/Paul_Mason_(journalist)/aW9SKG3x">Paul Mason</a> (born 1960) was born and educated in Leigh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Morris_(Conservative_politician)/mgI39eFn">David Morris</a> (born 1966), Conservative MP for <a href="/facts/Morecambe_and_Lunesdale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)/bSAcT3GM">Morecambe and Lunesdale</a> 2010-2024, was born in Leigh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a></li> <li>The sculptor <a href="/facts/Mary_Pownall/XhwIETlB">Mary Pownall</a> (1862-1937), daughter of James Pownall the silk manufacturer, was born and raised in the town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pete_Shelley/RFXpTkM4">Pete Shelley</a> (1955–2018), singer, songwriter and guitarist was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lemn_Sissay/JH2Nrg3w">Lemn Sissay</a> (born 1967), the poet and Chancellor of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Manchester/PwJzEj8h">University of Manchester</a>, lived in children's homes in and around Leigh and attended Leigh Church of England Secondary school, now closed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alfred_Robert_Wilkinson/zABHTVkj">Alfred Robert Wilkinson</a> (1896–1940), <a href="/facts/Private_(rank)/GEH28Sb2">private</a> in the 1/5th Battalion, <a href="/facts/The_Manchester_Regiment/D9RgpDIW">The Manchester Regiment</a>, <a href="/facts/British_Army/StuY9Jy2">British Army</a> during the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_the_Selle/Dj3PbMBM">Battle of the Selle</a> in the <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">First World War</a>. <a href="/facts/Victoria_Cross/abfXKEQl">Victoria Cross</a> recipient.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Woods_(rugby_league)/Qv7U6B6t">John Woods</a> former professional <a href="/facts/Rugby_league/wo9JLX7D">rugby league</a> player who played primarily for Leigh RLFC in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, and <a href="/facts/Coach_(sport)/e9DbSAt8">coached</a> in the 1980s. He played at representative level for <a href="/facts/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team/PTYI1LXs">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/facts/England_national_rugby_league_team/HxaNfjoI">England</a>. Woods holds the record for most career points. There is a statue of him outside <a href="/facts/Leigh_Sports_Village/Ch90quDf">Leigh Sports Village</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Listed_buildings_in_Leigh%2c_Greater_Manchester/qQwzNB3k">Listed buildings in Leigh, Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_people_from_Wigan/szYdnomR">List of people from Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_mills_in_Wigan/azkv5YrB">List of mills in Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_mining_disasters_in_Lancashire/A4wzMbU7">List of mining disasters in Lancashire</a></li></ul> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Ackers, Norma (1978), <i>An Outline History of Leigh</i>, Leigh Local History Society Publication No6</li> <li>Ashmore, Owen (1982), <i>The Industrial Archaeology of North-West England</i>, Manchester University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7190-0820-4</li> <li>Bond, Richard (1981), <i>Walks around Leigh</i>, Leigh Local History Society Publication No9</li> <li>Bond, Ackers & Ward (1979), <i>Leigh Homesteads</i>, Leigh Local History Society Publication No7</li> <li>Holcroft, Fred (1998), <i>Silk Manufacturing in Leigh</i>, Leigh Local History Society Publication No21</li> <li>Leigh Corporation (1949), <i>Borough of Leigh Jubilee 1899–1949</i>, Leigh Corporation</li> <li>Lunn, John (1958), <i>History of Leigh</i>, Leigh Borough Council</li> <li>Mills, A.D. (1998), <i>Dictionary of English Place-Names</i>, Oxford, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-280074-4</li> <li>Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus; Sharples, Joseph (2006), <i>The Buildings of England: Liverpool and the southwest</i>, New Haven: <a href="/facts/Yale_University_Press/oavMPaT7">Yale University Press</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-300-10910-5</li> <li>Sweeney, D. J. (1996), <i>A Lancashire Triangle Part One</i>, Triangle Publishing, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-9529333-0-6</li> <li>Sweeney, D. J. (1997), <i>A Lancashire Triangle Part Two</i>, Triangle Publishing, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-9529333-2-2</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://archives.wigan.gov.uk/archive/civic-histories/leigh-civic">Mayors of Leigh Municipal Borough Council, 1899–1973</a></li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leigh, Greater Manchester. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1907), "The parish of Leigh: Introduction, church and charities", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3, British History Online, pp. 413–421, archived from the original on 21 October 2012, retrieved 7 August 2009 <a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41359" target="_blank">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41359</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Greater Manchester Gazetteer, Greater Manchester County Record Office, archived from the original on 18 July 2011, retrieved 3 June 2010 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718144253/http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzi.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110718144253/http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzi.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Mills (1998), p. 218. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. 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