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Pyrotechnic fastener
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<h2 id="compositions-used">Compositions used</h2> <p>Various pyrotechnic compositions can be used, depending on the desired burn rate and required amount of energy and volume of gas produced. Some materials, such as <a href="/facts/RDX/ke3nK9zI">RDX</a>, <a href="/facts/Sublimation_(chemistry)/KDoKokMn">sublime</a> in vacuum, which limits their usefulness in aerospace applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Composition with the character of <a href="/facts/Bipropellant/s0KadvqW">bipropellants</a> and <a href="/facts/Flash_powder/TW3lHt9s">flash powders</a> are often used. </p> <h3>Standard pyrotechnic mixtures used by NASA</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Manganese</a> / <a href="/facts/Barium_chromate/8X0hz099">barium chromate</a> / <a href="/facts/Lead_chromate/ma6Me25R">lead chromate</a>: Time-delay mix, used for sequencing. Gasless burning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RDX/ke3nK9zI">RDX</a> / <a href="/facts/Nitrocellulose/5NoD5eTm">nitrocellulose</a>: Gas generator, unsuitable for deep space missions, burn rate dependent on pressure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Boron/Pmwgd7Mf">Boron</a> / <a href="/facts/Potassium_nitrate/TycqMdcG">potassium nitrate</a>: Gas generator and rocket-motor igniter, thermally stable, stable in vacuum, burn rate independent of pressure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zirconium/y7gsoQFz">Zirconium</a> / <a href="/facts/Potassium_perchlorate/h4KmomHk">potassium perchlorate</a>: Used in the <a href="/facts/NASA_Standard_Initiator/BfUDd0PM">NASA Standard Initiator</a> (NSI).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Rapid pressure rise, little gas but emits hot particles, thermally stable, vacuum stable, long shelf life. Sensitive to static electricity. Known to cause circuit damage during ground testing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lead_azide/BkHIBVWW">Lead azide</a>: Used as a <a href="/facts/Explosive/sUme5Pp8">primary explosive</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>: 38 Sensitive to impact, friction, and static electricity. Thermally and vacuum stable, if <a href="/facts/Dextrin/UoSMwq9y">dextrin</a> is not used for desensitizing. Long shelf life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hexanitrostilbene/JS8F6loN">Hexanitrostilbene</a>: Used in detonators, linear <a href="/facts/Shaped_charge/bJGUyrWM">shaped charges</a>, and bulk explosives. Insensitive to stimuli other than explosion. Thermally stable. Vacuum stable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Used in deep space applications where <a href="/facts/RDX/ke3nK9zI">RDX</a> can not be utilized, such as aboard the <a href="/facts/Apollo_Lunar_Module/XtvQS5K5">Apollo Lunar Module</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a>: 23 Detonates at 22,000 feet per second (6,700 m/s).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Frangible_nut/y9LXbR2R">Frangible nut</a>, the counterpart of the explosive bolt</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://yarchive.net/space/spacecraft/explosive_bolts.html">Explosive bolts discussion in a mailing list</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>U.S. Army Material Command Pamphlet 706-179 - 'Explosive Trains' (PDF). U.S. Army. 9 March 1965. p. 108. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2022. <a href="https://www.bulletpicker.net/pdf/AMCP%20706-179,%20Explosive%20Trains.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.bulletpicker.net/pdf/AMCP%20706-179,%20Explosive%20Trains.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"AIAA 96-2874 Development and Qualification Testing of the High Voltage Detonator". <a href="http://neyersoftware.com/Papers/AIAA96/HVD.htm" target="_blank">http://neyersoftware.com/Papers/AIAA96/HVD.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Laser Motor Igniter". 13 October 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2022. <a href="https://psemc.com/products/laser-motor-igniter/" target="_blank">https://psemc.com/products/laser-motor-igniter/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ewing, Robert G.; Waltman, Melanie J.; Atkinson, David A.; Grate, Jay W.; Hotchkiss, Peter J. (1 January 2013). "The vapor pressures of explosives". Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 42: 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.010. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trac.2012.09.010" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trac.2012.09.010</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Bement, Laurence J.; Schimmel, Morry L. (1 June 1995). A Manual for Pyrotechnic Design, Development and Qualification. Hampton, Virginia: NASA, Langley Research Center. pp. 14–16. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141" target="_blank">https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bement, Laurence J.; Schimmel, Morry L. (1 June 1995). A Manual for Pyrotechnic Design, Development and Qualification. Hampton, Virginia: NASA, Langley Research Center. pp. 14–16. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141" target="_blank">https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Bement, Laurence J.; Schimmel, Morry L. (1 June 1995). A Manual for Pyrotechnic Design, Development and Qualification. Hampton, Virginia: NASA, Langley Research Center. pp. 14–16. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141" target="_blank">https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hohmann, Carl; Tipton, Bill Jr.; Dutton, Maureen (1 October 2000). Propellant for the NASA Standard Initiator (PDF). Houston: NASA, Johnson Space Center. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2022. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000120417/downloads/20000120417.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000120417/downloads/20000120417.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bement, Laurence J.; Schimmel, Morry L. (1 June 1995). A Manual for Pyrotechnic Design, Development and Qualification. Hampton, Virginia: NASA, Langley Research Center. pp. 14–16. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141" target="_blank">https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Falbo, Mario J.; Robinson, Robert L. (1 March 1973). NASA Technical Note D-7141 - Apollo Experience Report: Spacecraft Pyrotechnic Systems (PDF). NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2020. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730011151/downloads/19730011151.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730011151/downloads/19730011151.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bement, Laurence J.; Schimmel, Morry L. (1 June 1995). A Manual for Pyrotechnic Design, Development and Qualification. Hampton, Virginia: NASA, Langley Research Center. pp. 14–16. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141" target="_blank">https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bement, Laurence J.; Schimmel, Morry L. (1 June 1995). A Manual for Pyrotechnic Design, Development and Qualification. Hampton, Virginia: NASA, Langley Research Center. pp. 14–16. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141" target="_blank">https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Falbo, Mario J.; Robinson, Robert L. (1 March 1973). NASA Technical Note D-7141 - Apollo Experience Report: Spacecraft Pyrotechnic Systems (PDF). NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2020. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730011151/downloads/19730011151.pdf" target="_blank">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730011151/downloads/19730011151.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Bement, Laurence J.; Schimmel, Morry L. (1 June 1995). A Manual for Pyrotechnic Design, Development and Qualification. Hampton, Virginia: NASA, Langley Research Center. pp. 14–16. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141" target="_blank">https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/888141</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>