Adolf Brand

<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2>
Adolf Brand was born on 14 November 1874 in <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a>, which was then part of the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German Empire</a>. He grew up in Wilhemshagen. His father was a blacksmith.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a>

<h2 id="career">Career</h2>

He became a school teacher briefly before establishing a publishing firm and producing a German homosexual periodical, <a href="/facts/Der_Eigene/v5RQgkkT">Der Eigene</a> (The Unique) in 1896. This was the first ongoing homosexual publication in the world,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> and ran until 1931. The name was taken from writings of egoist philosopher <a href="/facts/Max_Stirner/tGqWzlc5">Max Stirner</a>, who had greatly influenced the young Brand, and refers to Stirner's concept of "<a href="/facts/Self-ownership/AoUKNXgH">self-ownership</a>" of the individual. Der Eigene concentrated on cultural and scholarly material, and may have had an average of around 1500 subscribers per issue during its lifetime, although the exact numbers are uncertain. Contributors included <a href="/facts/Erich_M%C3%BChsam/hJFk752p">Erich Mühsam</a>, <a href="/facts/Kurt_Hiller/hda3I3oz">Kurt Hiller</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Henry_Mackay/kMkx4dNJ">John Henry Mackay</a> (under the pseudonym Sagitta) and artists <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_von_Gloeden/YbTVMYtj">Wilhelm von Gloeden</a>, <a href="/facts/Fidus/zYfVx1od">Fidus</a> and <a href="/facts/Sascha_Schneider/Wy2ajqd8">Sascha Schneider</a>. Brand contributed many poems and articles himself. Brand's writings, together with those of other contributors to Der Eigene, aimed at a revival of Greek pederasty as a cultural model for modern homosexuality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
In 1899/1900 Brand published <a href="/facts/Elisar_von_Kupffer/9YGNFVCj">Elisar von Kupffer</a>'s (1872–1942) influential anthology of <a href="/facts/Homoeroticism/1Ngp5USr">homoerotic</a> literature, <a href="/facts/Lieblingminne_und_Freundesliebe_in_der_Weltliteratur/Lc5r7oc3">Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur</a>. The work was reprinted in 1995.
In 1900, he was sentenced to a year in prison for insulting <a href="/facts/Centre_Party_(Germany)/5qMSdW07">Center Party</a> leader <a href="/facts/Ernst_Maria_Lieber/Ujqb6ILM">Ernst Lieber</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> In 1903, he was incarcerated for two months due to the sexual content published in Der Eigene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> 
Brand became involved in <a href="/facts/Magnus_Hirschfeld/4Hpg6pMl">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>'s <a href="/facts/Scientific-Humanitarian_Committee/TmJ6zgtX">Scientific-Humanitarian Committee</a> (the first public homosexual rights organization), until there was a split in 1903. 
That year, Brand formed <a href="/facts/Gemeinschaft_der_Eigenen/5TSWFntM">Gemeinschaft der Eigenen</a> with the scientist (and principal theorist) <a href="/facts/Benedict_Friedlaender/8JIdAoE9">Benedict Friedlaender</a> and Wilhelm Jansen. The GdE met weekly at Brand's house.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> To this new group, male-male love, in particular that of an older man for a youth, was viewed as a simple aspect of virile manliness available to all men; they rejected the medical theories of doctors such as Magnus Hirschfeld who found that a gay man was a certain type of person, the <a href="/facts/Third_gender/7fbXgx32">intermediate sex</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> The GdE was a sort of <a href="/facts/Scouting/BwE4ELxX">scouting</a> movement that echoed the warrior creed of <a href="/facts/Sparta/6V9o1DSz">Sparta</a> and the ideals of <a href="/facts/Pederasty_in_Ancient_Greece/9rGsj3Rv">pederasty in Ancient Greece</a>, and the ideas on pedagogic eros of <a href="/facts/Gustav_Wyneken/RqkTBl4r">Gustav Wyneken</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The GdE was heavily involved with <a href="/facts/Camping/JmwUIl3A">camping</a> and trekking. They occasionally practised <a href="/facts/Nudism/h9caBs0I">nudism</a> – the latter then common as part of the Nacktkultur ('culture of nudity') sweeping Germany. In the 1920s this would develop into the <a href="/facts/Freik%C3%B6rperkultur/SvEwPoKq">Freikörperkultur</a> under <a href="/facts/Adolf_Koch/ELnmWlkT">Adolf Koch</a>.
The Gemeinschaft opposed Hirschfeld and the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee's stance that homosexuality existed on a continuum with femininity. Brand and the Gemeinschaft instead believed that homosexuality was the epitome of manliness and brotherly love, to be expressed by any man. The group tended towards elitism who based their ideas of attractiveness around Germanic racial purity. Their views towards women were often <a href="/facts/Misogynistic/TqDru4F6">misogynistic</a>. The Gemeinschaft followed a strategy of <a href="/facts/Outing/TGYtG6mz">outing</a> high-visibility homosexuals. They termed this strategy the "path over corpses" (<a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>: Weg uber Leichen).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
The GdE was similar to other such groups in Germany at the time, such as the <a href="/facts/Wandervogel/CCxD9cbs">Wandervogel</a>. Wilhelm Jansen, co-founder of the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen, was one of the chief financial supporters of the Wandervogel and also a leader in it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
The writings and theories of the romantic anarchist <a href="/facts/John_Henry_Mackay/kMkx4dNJ">John Henry Mackay</a> (1864–1933) had a significant influence on the GdE from 1906.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Mackay had lived in Berlin for a decade and had become a friend of Friedlaender, who did not share the anarchist leanings of Brand and Mackay, favoring instead the thinking on '<a href="/facts/Natural_rights/9TgjWASG">natural rights</a>' and <a href="/facts/Land_reform/EYzj56Ws">land reform</a>, then current in Germany.
Brand was imprisoned multiple times for his actions. Even in court, he unapologetically identified with his <a href="/facts/Bisexuality/An3RSnKG">bisexuality</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h2 id="later-life">Later life</h2>
In the early 1930s, Brand retreated from activism, married a woman, and retired.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="death">Death</h2>
He and his wife were killed by <a href="/facts/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II/XpgjMqjf">an Allied bomb</a> in <a href="/facts/Wilhelmshagen/H6UHUhpY">Wilhelmshagen</a> on 26 February 1945. He was 70 years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> During 1945 civilian areas of Berlin were bombed intensely by U.S. led allied forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Anarchism_in_Germany/e7d16bF5">Anarchism in Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Individualist_anarchism_in_Europe/GSd3hmCE">Individualist anarchism in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Queer_anarchism/zTL6Q4HF">Queer anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki/fRpj8aJA">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>James D. Steakley. The Early Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (1975).</li>
<li>John Lauritsen and David Thorstad. The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, 1864–1935. (Second edition revised)</li>
<li>Günter Grau (ed.). Hidden Holocaust? Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany 1933–45 (1995).</li>
<li>Mark Blasius & Shane Phelan (eds.) We Are Everywhere: A Historical Source Book of Gay and Lesbian Politics (1997). (See chapter: "The Emergence of a Gay and Lesbian Political Culture in Germany").</li>
<li>Harry Oosterhuis (ed.) Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: The Youth Movement, the Gay Movement, and Male Bonding Before Hitler’s Rise. Original Transcripts from "Der Eigene", the First Gay Journal in the World (1991)</li>
<li>J. S. Hohmann, ed., Der Eigene. Das Beste aus der ersten Homosexuellenzeitschrift der Welt (1981)</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adolf Brand.

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Hubert_Kennedy/j8X83IQW">Hubert Kennedy</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605215946/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/brand_a_lit.html">"Brand, Adolf (1874-1945)"</a>, glbtq Encyclopedia 2005.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050316065207/http://www.friedrichshagener-dichterkreis.de/projektadolfbrand_en.htm">Brand exhibition in Germany, 2000</a>. Has a portrait of Brand and other images.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Beachy, Robert (2014). Gay Berlin. United States: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 101-103. ISBN 9780307272102. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Karl Heinrich Ulrichs had begun a journal called Uranus in 1870, but only one issue was published. (Kennedy, Hubert, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Homosexuality, In: 'Science and Homosexualities', ed. Vernon Rosario (pp. 26–45). New York: Routledge, 1997. Furthermore, in 1896 Pasquale Penta had created in Italy the "Archivio delle psicopatie sessuali", but it had lasted for one year only. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs" target="_blank">/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Robert Aldrich, The Seduction of the Mediterranean: Writing, Art and Homosexual Fantasy, p. 111. Routledge, 1993. ISBN 0415093120 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich_(historian)" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Aldrich_(historian)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Lerman, Katharine A. (13 February 2003). The Chancellor as Courtier: Bernhard von Bulow and the Governance of Germany, 1900-1909. ISBN 9780521530576. <a href="9780521530576" target="_blank">9780521530576</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Beachy, Robert (2014). Gay Berlin. United States: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 101-103. ISBN 9780307272102. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Beachy, Robert (2014). Gay Berlin. United States: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 101-103. ISBN 9780307272102. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Tamagne, Florence (2004). History of Homosexuality in Europe. Algora Publishing. pp. 68–73. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Tamagne, Florence (2004). History of Homosexuality in Europe. Algora Publishing. pp. 68–73. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">LeVay, Simon (1996). "Adolf Brand and the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen". Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/5726.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-27820-1. <a href="978-0-262-27820-1" target="_blank">978-0-262-27820-1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Mills, Richard.1980. A Man of Youth: Wilhelm Jansen and the German Wandervogel Movement. In: 'Gay Sunshine', 44/45 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Kennedy, Hubert. 2002. Anarchist of Love, 2nd Ed. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">LeVay, Simon (1996). "Adolf Brand and the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen". Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/5726.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-27820-1. <a href="978-0-262-27820-1" target="_blank">978-0-262-27820-1</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Oosterhuis, H.; Kennedy, H. (1 January 1992). Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: The Youth Movement, the Gay Movement and Male Bonding Before Hitler's Rise: Original Transcripts From Der Eigene, the First Gay Journal in the World. London and New York: The Haworth Press/Harrington Park Press. ISBN 978-1-56024-164-5. <a href="978-1-56024-164-5" target="_blank">978-1-56024-164-5</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">LeVay, Simon (1996). "Adolf Brand and the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen". Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/5726.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-27820-1. <a href="978-0-262-27820-1" target="_blank">978-0-262-27820-1</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Sigusch, Volkmar; Grau, Günter (eds.). "Adolf Brand". Personenlexikon der Sexualforschung (in German). Campus Verlag. p. 79. ISBN 9783593410272. Am 26. Februar 1945 traf eine Bombe sein Wilhelmshagener Haus. Dabei kamen er, seine Frau und einquartierte Flüchtlinge ums Leben. [On February 26, 1945, a bomb hit his house in Wilhelmshagen. He, his wife and the refugees living there were killed.] <a href="9783593410272" target="_blank">9783593410272</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"The Gay Capital of the Nineteenth Century". The New Yorker. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Brand somehow survived until 1945, when he fell victim to Allied bombs. <a href="https://archive.today/20200126075934/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/berlin-story" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20200126075934/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/berlin-story</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"The Bombing of Germany | American Experience". www.pbs.org. PBS. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2025. In February of 1945, under great pressure to bring the European war to an end, the American commanders finally agreed to bombard Berlin — foregoing the strategy of targeting only military sites. Home to nearly four million civilians, Berlin was nearly entirely destroyed. Author Don Miller described the raid as the crossing of "a moral threshold. And that moral threshold is, we will not deliberately bomb civilians… once we crossed the moral divide in Berlin, it made everything else, including the atomic bomb, a little bit easier". <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/bombing/#:~:text=In%20February%20of%201945%2C%20under,Berlin%20was%20nearly%20entirely%20destroyed." target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/bombing/#:~:text=In%20February%20of%201945%2C%20under,Berlin%20was%20nearly%20entirely%20destroyed.</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Adolf Brand open-in-new

Adolf Brand