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Probainognathia
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<h2 id="phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2> <p>Below is a <a href="/facts/Cladogram/fWFYhUFo">cladogram</a> from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eucynodontia/Uwhrbfa6">Eucynodontia</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<a href="/facts/Cynognathia/It6GXN0b">Cynognathia</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>Probainognathia</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Lumkuia/RFJnxGIz">Lumkuia</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Ecteninion/ICNp6CQW">Ecteninion</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Aleodon/S4gVHKxC">Aleodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Chiniquodon/4zwz67DI">Chiniquodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Probainognathus/JgxXatFB">Probainognathus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Trucidocynodon/CkYt4nVf">Trucidocynodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Therioherpeton/55gyum2P">Therioherpeton</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>†<a href="/facts/Tritheledontidae/ebVuU7rS">Tritheledontidae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Riograndia/XBacHrBE">Riograndia</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i>Chaliminia</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Elliotherium/tuyYV3X7">Elliotherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Diarthrognathus/3XczrW7I">Diarthrognathus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Pachygenelus/nL9TuvuQ">Pachygenelus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>†<a href="/facts/Brasilodontidae/AcKYPswM">Brasilodontidae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Brasilitherium/9MFRJSS2">Brasilitherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Brasilodon/l2qzzr4q">Brasilodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>†<a href="/facts/Tritylodontidae/WbAwsPgd">Tritylodontidae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Oligokyphus/tvrUd5Y4">Oligokyphus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Kayentatherium/ycuvWWMs">Kayentatherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Tritylodon/UaozUI7e">Tritylodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Bienotherium/bD7AHqsS">Bienotherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mammaliaformes/FvX0owYy">Mammaliaformes</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Sinoconodon/u7bvhpRC">Sinoconodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Morganucodon/jHRDldHX">Morganucodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Mammal/phSwTzBo">Mammalia</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cladogram from Stefanello <i>et al.</i> (2023):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Probainognathia</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Lumkuia/RFJnxGIz">Lumkuia</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Chiniquodon/4zwz67DI">Chiniquodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Probainognathidae/scnX2smK">Probainognathidae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Bonacynodon/bIYL2ndA">Bonacynodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Probainognathus/JgxXatFB">Probainognathus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Ecteniniidae/xAyxzRkR">Ecteniniidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Protheriodon/1Rj0GSbF">Protheriodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Prozostrodontia/D2eN8cH1">Prozostrodontia</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Prozostrodontidae/D2eN8cH1">Prozostrodontidae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Prozostrodon/CSez9oeM">Prozostrodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Pseudotherium/ESxpPEbT">Pseudotherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Therioherpeton/55gyum2P">Therioherpeton</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Irajatherium/ctj4269X">Irajatherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Riograndia/XBacHrBE">Riograndia</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Diarthrognathus/3XczrW7I">Diarthrognathus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Pachygenelus/nL9TuvuQ">Pachygenelus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Tritylodontidae/WbAwsPgd">Tritylodontidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Botucaraitherium/mRElcV3r">Botucaraitherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Brasilodon/l2qzzr4q">Brasilodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Mammaliaformes/FvX0owYy">Mammaliaformes</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Evolution_of_mammals/KYQdXLwX">Evolution of mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_prehistoric_mammals/xFCT1mpS">List of prehistoric mammals</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Abdala, Fernando; Gaetano, Leandro C. (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H. (ed.), "The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage", The Late Triassic World, vol. 46, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 407–445, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11, ISBN 978-3-319-68008-8, retrieved 2021-05-24 <a href="978-3-319-68008-8" target="_blank">978-3-319-68008-8</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>The slow and fast steps to becoming a mammal <a href="http://www.technology.org/2013/08/30/slow-fast-steps-becoming-mammal/" target="_blank">http://www.technology.org/2013/08/30/slow-fast-steps-becoming-mammal/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ruta, M.; Botha-Brink, J.; Mitchell, S. A.; Benton, M. J. (2013). "The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1769): 20131865. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865. PMC 3768321. PMID 23986112. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768321" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768321</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Stefanello, M.; Martinelli, A. G.; Müller, R. T.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; Kerber, L. (2023). "A complete skull of a stem mammal from the Late Triassic of Brazil illuminates the early evolution of prozostrodontian cynodonts". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09648-y. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>