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Query language
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<h2 id="types">Types</h2> <p>Broadly, query languages can be classified according to whether they are <i>database</i> query languages or <i>information retrieval</i> query languages. The difference is that a database query language attempts to give factual answers to factual questions, while an information retrieval query language attempts to find documents containing information that is relevant to an area of inquiry. Other types of query languages include: </p> <ul><li>Full-text. The simplest query language is treating all terms as bag of words that are to be matched with the postings in the <a href="/facts/Inverted_index/Kyva3prq">inverted index</a> and where subsequently ranking models are applied to retrieve the most relevant documents. Only tokens are defined in the CFG. Web search engines often use this approach.</li> <li>Boolean. A query language that also supports the use of the <a href="/facts/Logical_connective/VkPhUs6M">Boolean operators</a> AND, OR, NOT.</li> <li>Structured. A language that supports searching within (a combination of) fields when a document is structured and has been indexed using its document structure.</li> <li>Natural language. A query language that supports natural language by parsing the natural language query to a form that can be best used to retrieve relevant documents, for example with <a href="/facts/Question_answering/1gplmc6L">Question answering</a> systems or <a href="/facts/Conversational_search/BuouwL2U">conversational search</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Attempto_Controlled_English/21K4T1e1">Attempto Controlled English</a> is a query language that is also a <a href="/facts/Controlled_natural_language/wtsYcSl7">controlled natural language</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/AQL_(ArangoDB_Query_Language)/72NoJrPM">AQL</a> is a query language for the <a href="/facts/ArangoDB/72NoJrPM">ArangoDB</a> native multi-model database system.</li> <li><a href="/facts/.QL/wVmnfpxc">.QL</a> is a proprietary object-oriented query language for querying <a href="/facts/Relational_database/pEKGmJLy">relational databases</a>; successor of Datalog;</li> <li><a href="/facts/CodeQL/EGRuF18d">CodeQL</a> is the analysis engine used by developers to automate security checks, and by security researchers to perform variant analysis on <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Contextual_Query_Language/LYYDW2gx">Contextual Query Language</a> (CQL) a formal language for representing queries to <a href="/facts/Information_retrieval/MFSmpeNw">information retrieval</a> systems such as web indexes or bibliographic catalogues.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cypher_Query_Language/hDKkTh1n">Cypher</a> is a query language for the <a href="/facts/Neo4j/UTKzz523">Neo4j</a> graph database;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_Mining_Extensions/U6vNR2Kk">DMX</a> is a query language for <a href="/facts/Data_mining/AH53q5ac">data mining</a> models;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Datalog/67jbYWDb">Datalog</a> is a query language for <a href="/facts/Deductive_database/5MT9vFjn">deductive databases</a>;</li> <li><a href="/facts/F-logic/UAx92NCG">F-logic</a> is a declarative object-oriented language for <a href="/facts/Deductive_database/5MT9vFjn">deductive databases</a> and <a href="/facts/Knowledge_representation/9lnzyILD">knowledge representation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Facebook_Query_Language/WAC76sSS">FQL</a> enables you to use a <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>-style interface to query the data exposed by the <a href="/facts/Graph_API/dPAm4CFB">Graph API</a>. It provides advanced features not available in the <a href="/facts/Graph_API/dPAm4CFB">Graph API</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gellish_English/kkModhkv">Gellish English</a> is a language that can be used for queries in Gellish English Databases, for dialogues (requests and responses) as well as for information modeling and <a href="/facts/Knowledge_modeling/v0hTc3Ew">knowledge modeling</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gremlin_(programming_language)/5Cj5uhpQ">Gremlin</a> is an <a href="/facts/Apache_Software_Foundation/Xl9Tt9lE">Apache Software Foundation</a> graph traversal language for OLTP and OLAP graph systems.</li> <li><a href="/facts/GraphQL/9Qn7J4rA">GraphQL</a> is a data query language developed by <a href="/facts/Facebook/0IhXFR6u">Facebook</a> as an alternate to <a href="/facts/REST/Q58zfr5h">REST</a> and ad-hoc <a href="/facts/Webservice/qxrwqB3D">webservice</a> architectures.</li> <li><a href="/facts/HTSQL/MjIoEXXI">HTSQL</a> is a query language that translates <a href="/facts/HTTP/TWtvf7JD">HTTP</a> queries to <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>;</li> <li><a href="/facts/ISBL/0In4ochj">ISBL</a> is a query language for <a href="/facts/PRTV/VnKVlruS">PRTV</a>, one of the earliest relational database management systems;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jaql/8X1SnQqd">Jaql</a> is a functional data processing and query language most commonly used for JSON query processing;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jq_(programming_language)/FU4fm3L6">jq</a> is a functional programming language often used for processing queries against one or more <a href="/facts/JSON/bs1rUAhd">JSON</a> documents, including very large ones;</li> <li><a href="/facts/JSONiq/0MAL9wQ4">JSONiq</a> is a declarative query language designed for collections of <a href="/facts/JSON/bs1rUAhd">JSON</a> documents;</li> <li><a href="/facts/LDAP/KgpfD8nR">LDAP</a> is an <a href="/facts/Application_protocol/FAFhLruA">application protocol</a> for querying and modifying <a href="/facts/Directory_services/6fsVdntu">directory services</a> running over <a href="/facts/TCP/IP/KNkxtSpw">TCP/IP</a>;</li> <li>LogiQL is a variant of Datalog and is the query language for <a href="/facts/LogicBlox/e7qjT6d7">the LogicBlox system</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/M_Formula_language/cbfthenb">M Formula language</a>, a <a href="/facts/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)/gn6mpfH9">mashup</a> query language used in Microsoft's Power Query</li> <li><a href="/facts/Molecular_Query_Language/A7BQGeT6">MQL</a> is a <a href="/facts/Cheminformatics/BwBkT11c">cheminformatics</a> query language for a <a href="/facts/Substructure_search/86LLWRg4">substructure search</a> allowing beside nominal properties also numerical properties;</li> <li><a href="/facts/MultiDimensional_eXpressions/7ppno3el">MDX</a> is a query language for <a href="/facts/OLAP/VNNbIlD0">OLAP</a> databases;</li> <li><a href="/facts/N1QL/zJA7EJMQ">N1QL</a> is a <a href="/facts/Couchbase,_Inc./4nkarR0W">Couchbase</a>'s query language finding data in <a href="/facts/Couchbase_Server/zJA7EJMQ">Couchbase Servers</a>;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Object_Query_Language/fSITJfSH">Object Query Language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Object_Constraint_Language/coIhRpJb">OCL</a> (Object Constraint Language). Despite its name, OCL is also an object query language and an <a href="/facts/Object_Management_Group/SNpN8n9U">OMG</a> standard;</li> <li><a href="/facts/OPath/ytcFY3ne">OPath</a>, intended for use in querying <a href="/facts/WinFS/ytcFY3ne">WinFS</a> <i>Stores</i>;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Poliqarp_Query_Language/Lg8R0tNz">Poliqarp Query Language</a> is a special query language designed to analyze annotated text. Used in the <a href="/facts/Poliqarp/Lg8R0tNz">Poliqarp</a> search engine;</li> <li>PQL is a <a href="/facts/Special-purpose_programming_language/n18H1foD">special-purpose programming language</a> for managing <a href="/facts/Process_model/oHrDHn6H">process models</a> based on information about scenarios that these models describe;</li> <li>PRQL <a href="https://prql-lang.org/">PRQL</a> (Pipelined Relational Query Language) is a modern language for transforming data. Consists of a curated set of orthogonal transformations, which are combined together to form a pipeline.</li> <li><a href="/facts/PTQL/qcoGTd6s">PTQL</a> based on relational queries over program traces, allowing programmers to write expressive, declarative queries about program behavior.</li> <li><a href="/facts/QUEL_query_languages/3uGE8f84">QUEL</a> is a <a href="/facts/Relational_database/pEKGmJLy">relational database</a> access language, similar in most ways to <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>;</li> <li><a href="/facts/RDQL/ws3unVtg">RDQL</a> is a <a href="/facts/Resource_Description_Framework/WMufyukm">RDF</a> query language;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Smiles_arbitrary_target_specification/Kcs0K6AJ">SMARTS</a> is the <a href="/facts/Cheminformatics/BwBkT11c">cheminformatics</a> standard for a <a href="/facts/Substructure_search/86LLWRg4">substructure search</a>;</li> <li><a href="/facts/SPARQL/XPP7pFDJ">SPARQL</a> is a query language for <a href="/facts/Resource_Description_Framework/WMufyukm">RDF</a> <a href="/facts/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)/kw3eIBUe">graphs</a>;</li> <li><a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a> is a well known query language and <a href="/facts/Data_manipulation_language/eeJRDUEl">data manipulation language</a> for <a href="/facts/Relational_database/pEKGmJLy">relational databases</a>;</li> <li><a href="/facts/XQuery/47Ep0fSS">XQuery</a> is a query language for <a href="/facts/XML_database/PerYsNou">XML data sources</a>;</li> <li><a href="/facts/XPath/0eCtJoj7">XPath</a> is a declarative language for navigating XML documents;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yahoo!_Query_Language/4aU6RwMl">YQL</a> is an <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>-like query language created by <a href="/facts/Yahoo!/nKhTaV3M">Yahoo!</a></li> <li>Search engine query languages, e.g., as used by <a href="/facts/Google_Search/LFnCogKt">Google</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Bing_(search_engine)/r2pIK5HT">Bing</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Data_control_language/BWg06GY2">Data control language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_definition_language/Hx7aNozV">Data definition language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_manipulation_language/eeJRDUEl">Data manipulation language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Path_expression/p8mF0fvS">Path expression</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Schmitt, Ingo (January 2008). "QQL: A DB&IR Query Language". The VDLB Journal 17. 17: 39–56. doi:10.1007/s00778-007-0070-1. S2CID 207032530 – via ACM Digital Library. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00778-007-0070-1" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00778-007-0070-1</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Norbert E. Fuchs; Kaarel Kaljurand; Gerold Schneider (2006). "Attempto Controlled English Meets the Challenges of Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, Interoperability and User Interfaces" (PDF). FLAIRS 2006. <a href="http://attempto.ifi.uzh.ch/site/publications/papers/FLAIRS0601FuchsN.pdf" target="_blank">http://attempto.ifi.uzh.ch/site/publications/papers/FLAIRS0601FuchsN.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"FQL Overview". Facebook Developers. Archived from the original on 2013-12-18. Retrieved 2013-12-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218130320/https://developers.facebook.com/docs/technical-guides/fql/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131218130320/https://developers.facebook.com/docs/technical-guides/fql/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>http://gellish.wiki.sourceforge.net/Querying+a+Gellish+English+database[permanent dead link] <a href="http://gellish.wiki.sourceforge.net/Querying+a+Gellish+English+database" target="_blank">http://gellish.wiki.sourceforge.net/Querying+a+Gellish+English+database</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Search operators". Google Inc. Retrieved August 22, 2015. <a href="https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/2466433?hl=en" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/2466433?hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Bing Query Language". Microsoft. 22 June 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2015. <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff795667.aspx" target="_blank">https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff795667.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>