Shell molding

<h2 id="process">Process</h2>
The process of creating a shell mold consists of six steps:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<ol><li>Fine <a href="/facts/Silica/A3WILp6J">silica</a> sand that is covered in a thin (3–6%) <a href="/facts/Thermoset/EagnsydT">thermosetting</a> <a href="/facts/Phenolic_resin/poc4M0JX">phenolic resin</a> and liquid catalyst is dumped, blown, or shot onto a hot <a href="/facts/Pattern_(casting)/ukdFI5sN">pattern</a>. The pattern is usually made from cast iron and is heated to 230 to 260 °C (446 to 500 °F). The sand is allowed to sit on the pattern for a few minutes to allow the sand to partially cure.</li>
<li>The pattern and sand are then inverted so the excess sand drops free of the pattern, leaving just the "shell". Depending on the time and temperature of the pattern the thickness of the shell is 10 to 20 mm (0.4 to 0.8 in).</li>
<li>The pattern and shell together are placed in an oven to finish curing the sand. The shell now has a <a href="/facts/Tensile_strength/Cv2jPplR">tensile strength</a> of 350 to 450 psi (2.4 to 3.1 MPa).</li>
<li>The hardened shell is then stripped from the pattern.</li>
<li>Two or more shells are then combined, via clamping or gluing using a thermoset adhesive, to form a mold. This finished mold can then be used immediately or stored almost indefinitely.</li>
<li>For casting, the shell mold is placed inside a <a href="/facts/Flask_(casting)/bbHVgwnD">flask</a> and surrounded with <a href="/facts/Lead_shot/DR9Gf5qm">shot</a>, sand, or <a href="/facts/Gravel/IwHG9JfI">gravel</a> to reinforce the shell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a></li></ol>
The machine that is used for this process is called a shell molding machine. It heats the pattern, applies the sand mixture, and bakes the shell.

<h2 id="details">Details</h2>
Setup and production of shell mold patterns takes weeks, after which an output of 5–50 pieces/hr-mold is attainable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Common materials include <a href="/facts/Cast_iron/lASt55k2">cast iron</a>, <a href="/facts/Aluminum/7wmR8jYE">aluminum</a> and <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a> alloys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Aluminum and <a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">magnesium</a> products average about 13.5 kg (30 lb) as a normal limit, but it is possible to cast items in the 45–90 kg (100–200 lb) range. The small end of the limit is 30 g (1 oz). Depending on the material, the thinnest cross-section castable is 1.5 to 6 mm (0.06 to 0.24 in). The minimum <a href="/facts/Draft_(engineering)/L2knn9Px">draft</a> is 0.25 to 0.5 degrees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
Typical <a href="/facts/Engineering_tolerance/zRrj34dF">tolerances</a> are 0.005 mm/mm or in/in because the sand compound is designed to barely shrink and a metal pattern is used. The cast <a href="/facts/Surface_finish/URUzkL9u">surface finish</a> is 0.3–4.0 <a href="/facts/Micrometer_(unit)/7eDFxD2L">micrometers</a> (50–150 μin) because a finer sand is used. The resin also assists in forming a very smooth surface. The process, in general, produces very consistent castings from one casting to the next.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The sand-resin mix can be recycled by burning off the resin at high temperatures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h2 id="advantages-and-disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2>
Advantages

<ul><li>Very large parts</li>
<li>Complex, accurate shapes with fine details and good surface finishes</li>
<li>Reduced machining costs</li>
<li>Shell molding can be completely automated for <a href="/facts/Mass_production/31Cmgjuc">mass production</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a></li>
<li>High production rate, low labor costs if automated.</li>
<li>Short lead time possible.</li>
<li>Many material options.</li>
<li>Low tooling and equipment cost.</li>
<li>There are few problems due to gases, because of the absence of moisture in the shell, and the little gas that is still present easily escapes through the thin shell. When the metal is poured some of the resin binder burns out on the surface of the shell, which makes shaking out easy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a></li></ul>
Disadvantages

<ul><li>The gating system must be part of the pattern because the entire mold is formed from the pattern, which can be expensive.</li>
<li>The resin for the sand is expensive, although not much is required because only a shell is being formed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a></li>
<li>Poor material strength.</li>
<li>High porosity possible.</li>
<li>Secondary machining often required.</li>
<li>High labor cost if done manually.</li></ul>
<h2 id="applications">Applications</h2>
Cylinder head, connecting rod, Engine blocks and manifolds, machine bases.

<h3>Notes</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>
<ul><li>Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-471-65653-4.</li>
<li>Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x1smAf_PAcC">Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide</a>. Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-8311-3049-0.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 310. - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 308 - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Recknagel, Ulrich. "The Shell Moulding Process: A German Innovation" (PDF). Huettenes-albertus: 1/7. <a href="https://www.ha-international.com/pdf/CroningShellMoulding.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ha-international.com/pdf/CroningShellMoulding.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Recknagel, Ulrich (2008). "GIESSEREI Rundschau" (PDF). Fachzeitschrift der Österreichischen Giesserei-Vereinigungen: 17/36. <a href="https://www.proguss-austria.at/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Giesserei_11_12_2008.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.proguss-austria.at/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Giesserei_11_12_2008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 308 - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 309. - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Todd, Allen & Alting 1994, p. 267. - Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994). Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide. Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 0-8311-3049-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x1smAf_PAcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6x1smAf_PAcC</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Kalpakjian, Serope (2010). Manufacturing engineering and technology (6th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-13-608168-5. OCLC 305147413. <a href="978-0-13-608168-5" target="_blank">978-0-13-608168-5</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 310. - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 310. - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 309. - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Todd, Allen & Alting 1994, p. 267. - Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994). Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide. Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 0-8311-3049-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x1smAf_PAcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6x1smAf_PAcC</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 308 - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 310. - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 309. - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 309. - Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Shell molding open-in-new

Shell molding