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Ceded and Conquered Provinces
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<h2 id="ceded-provinces">Ceded Provinces</h2> <p>At the start of the 19th century, only the <a href="/facts/Varanasi_division/qTAcgC2p">Benares division</a> and the fort of <a href="/facts/Allahabad/XA7MYXWb">Allahabad</a> in present-day <a href="/facts/Uttar_Pradesh/vXDwM9Df">Uttar Pradesh</a> were under British rule.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In 1801, the <a href="/facts/Nawab_of_Awadh/fGTSCQEf">Nawab of Awadh</a>, <a href="/facts/Saadat_Ali_Khan_II/lSMlmnI9">Saadat Ali</a>, ceded some territory to the British in return for protection against a threat of attack from the north-west by <a href="/facts/Zaman_Shah_Durrani/XRqcsSC1">Zaman Shah Durrani</a>, the grandson of <a href="/facts/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani/ytqgxhqz">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The territory included the <a href="/facts/Gorakhpur_division/0PbM9AC7">Gorakhpur</a> and <a href="/facts/Bareilly_division/5G6UL0AM">Rohilkhand</a> divisions; the districts of <a href="/facts/Allahabad_district/loeRGyug">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/facts/Fatehpur_district/F7x4tGPy">Fatehpur</a>, <a href="/facts/Kanpur_Nagar_district/qGS8IsFG">Cawnpore</a>, <a href="/facts/Etawah_district/Gl5Kthwn">Etawah</a>, <a href="/facts/Mainpuri_district/5wJVIdYG">Mainpuri</a>, <a href="/facts/Etah_district/QNo73N6N">Etah</a>; the southern part of <a href="/facts/Mirzapur_district/vCHx5uFv">Mirzapur</a>; and the <a href="/facts/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district/sMvPHewT">terai parganas</a> of <a href="/facts/Kumaon_division/gow3nSgj">Kumaun</a>, and came to be known as the <i>Ceded Provinces</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> A year later the <a href="/facts/Nawab_of_Farrukhabad/lU0Y2uAP">Nawab of Farrukhabad</a> ceded <a href="/facts/Farrukhabad_district/29qwMs7C">Farrukhabad district</a> to the British.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="conquered-provinces">Conquered Provinces</h2> <p>With the outbreak the <a href="/facts/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War/glebsqv9">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a>, <a href="/facts/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake/u2hps4Sh">General Lake</a>, took the <a href="/facts/Meerut_division/unPrJajL">Meerut division</a> (including <a href="/facts/Aligarh/Korpktb2">Aligarh</a>, after the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Ally_Ghur/uHH9sEWP">Battle of Ally Ghur</a>), and soon, the rest of the <a href="/facts/Agra_division/uhjuX2tr">Agra division</a> (including <a href="/facts/Agra/4BJxz5eG">Agra</a> city), and the districts around <a href="/facts/Delhi/Xa6CKgnf">Delhi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> In addition, most of the <i>trans-Jamuna districts</i> of <a href="/facts/Banda_district_(India)/JHYYaAl3">Banda</a> and <a href="/facts/Hamirpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh/002mXpU8">Hamirpur</a> were added, as well as a small area in <a href="/facts/Jalaun_district/aw0k0s1p">Jalaun district</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In 1816, under the <a href="/facts/Sugauli_Treaty/56WImgTX">Treaty of Sugauli</a> signed at the conclusion of the <a href="/facts/Anglo-Nepalese_War/P00vSGmF">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> (1814–1816), the <a href="/facts/Kumaon_division/gow3nSgj">Kumaon division</a> and <a href="/facts/Dehradun_district/8S8Meflr">Dehradun district</a> of present-day <a href="/facts/Uttarakhand/n3juS1z4">Uttarakhand</a> state were annexed as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="administration">Administration</h2> <p>The <i>Ceded and Conquered Provinces</i> were a part of the <a href="/facts/Bengal_Presidency/YXqP1CF0">Bengal Presidency</a> of <a href="/facts/British_rule_in_India/hBe6wvPS">British India</a> under the administration of the <a href="/facts/Company_rule_in_India/Y4EqFHr0">Governor-General-in-Council</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The great distance of the newly acquired territory from the capital of the presidency in <a href="/facts/Calcutta/k0HVgEYm">Calcutta</a> created administrative hitches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> In response, a number of temporary arrangements were attempted, but proved to be less than optimal; finally, in 1831, an independent Board of Revenue and a separate <i>Sadr Diwani</i> and <i>Nizamat Adalat</i> (Chief Civil and Criminal Courts) were created for these provinces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In 1833, an <a href="/facts/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)/apqk8I13">act of the British Parliament</a>, the <a href="/facts/Government_of_India_Act_1833/5j0trvl0">Government of India Act 1833</a> (<a href="/facts/3_%26_4_Will._4/vADfy64m">3 & 4 Will. 4</a>. c. 85) concurrently promulgated the division of the <a href="/facts/Bengal_Presidency/YXqP1CF0">Bengal Presidency</a>, the elevation the <i>Ceded and Conquered Provinces</i> to the new <i>Presidency of Agra</i>, and the appointment of a new Governor for the latter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> However, the plan was never carried out, and in 1835 another act of Parliament, the <a href="/facts/India_(North-West_Provinces)_Act_1835/C9gou7HD">India (North-West Provinces) Act 1835</a> (<a href="/facts/5_%26_6_Will._4/P1oM5TTK">5 & 6 Will. 4</a>. c. 52) renamed the region the <i>North Western Provinces</i>, this time to be administered by a Lieutenant-Governor, the first of whom, Sir <a href="/facts/Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe/06LcPY5B">Charles Metcalfe</a>, would be appointed in 1836.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Company_rule_in_India/Y4EqFHr0">Company rule in India</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh/zVcHb9Xv">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/British_Raj/hBe6wvPS">British Raj</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Alavi, Seema (1993), "The makings of Company power: James Skinner in the Ceded and Conquered Provinces, 1802–1840", <i>Indian Economic and Social History Review</i>, 30 (4): 437–466, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946469303000403">10.1177/001946469303000403</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143864350">143864350</a></li> <li>Bayly, C. A. (2002), <i>Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870</i>, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 530, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-566345-4</li> <li>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V (1908), <i>Abāzai to Arcot ("Agra Province" pp. 71–72)</i>, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. viii, 1 map, 437.</li> <li>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), <i>Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276)</i>, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437.</li> <li>Mann, Michael (1995), "A permanent settlement for the Ceded and Conquered provinces: Revenue administration in north India, 1801-1833", <i>Indian Economic and Social History Review</i>, 32 (2): 245–269, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946469503200205">10.1177/001946469503200205</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143460002">143460002</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>It included the districts of Chamoli, Pauri, Dehradun, and Rudraprayag in present-day Garhwal division of Uttarakhand state; the Haridwar district of Uttarakhand had become a part of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces in 1805. The two remaining districts, Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi, of present-day Garhwal division of Uttarakhand state were part of the princely state of Tehri, and never a part of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces. <a href="/wiki/Chamoli_district" target="_blank">/wiki/Chamoli_district</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V 1908, p. 72 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V (1908), Abāzai to Arcot ("Agra Province" pp. 71–72), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. viii, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V 1908, p. 72 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V (1908), Abāzai to Arcot ("Agra Province" pp. 71–72), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. viii, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V 1908, p. 72 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V (1908), Abāzai to Arcot ("Agra Province" pp. 71–72), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. viii, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V 1908, p. 72 - Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V (1908), Abāzai to Arcot ("Agra Province" pp. 71–72), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. viii, 1 map, 437. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>