Phrase structure grammar

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<p>In 1956, Chomsky wrote, "A phrase-structure grammar is defined by a finite vocabulary (alphabet) Vp, and a finite set Σ of initial strings in Vp, and a finite set F of rules of the form: X → Y, where X and Y are strings in Vp."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a>
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<h2 id="constituency-relation">Constituency relation</h2>
<p>In <a href="/facts/Linguistics/oQuamvf2">linguistics</a>, phrase structure grammars are all those grammars that are based on the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation associated with dependency grammars; hence, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>  Any of several related theories for the <a href="/facts/Parsing_of_natural_language/nRKB01S3">parsing of natural language</a> qualify as constituency grammars, and most of them have been developed from Chomsky's work, including
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<ul><li><a href="/facts/Government_and_binding_theory/2DTpSetS">Government and binding theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Generalized_phrase_structure_grammar/RuMYkqI2">Generalized phrase structure grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Head-driven_phrase_structure_grammar/MW1TXsca">Head-driven phrase structure grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lexical_functional_grammar/UqAfrL1G">Lexical functional grammar</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Minimalist_program/K6YhIlAz">minimalist program</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nanosyntax/UN6u8Kjo">Nanosyntax</a></li></ul>
<p>Further grammar frameworks and formalisms also qualify as constituency-based, although they may not think of themselves as having spawned from Chomsky's work, e.g.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Arc_pair_grammar/ung2zXuf">Arc pair grammar</a>, and</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Categorial_grammar/6Khw8slx">Categorial grammar</a>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Catena_(linguistics)/fx9YEuU4">Catena</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li>Allerton, D. 1979. Essentials of grammatical theory. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</li>
<li>Borsley, R. 1991. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUtpAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Phrase+structure+grammar%22as">Syntactic theory: A unified approach</a>. London: Edward Arnold.</li>
<li>Chomsky, Noam 1957. <a href="/facts/Syntactic_Structures/t1YdoLTP">Syntactic structures</a>. The Hague/Paris: Mouton.</li>
<li>Matthews, P. Syntax. 1981. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521297097.</li>
<li>McCawley, T. 1988. The syntactic phenomena of English, Vol. 1. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</li>
<li>Mel'cuk, I. 1988. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=diq29vrjAa4C&q=%22phrase+structure+grammar%22">Dependency syntax: Theory and practice</a>. Albany: SUNY Press.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ivan_Sag/Smf8A0v1">Sag, I.</a> and T. Wasow. 1999. Syntactic theory: A formal introduction. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.</li>
<li>Tesnière, Lucien 1959. Éleménts de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Klincksieck.</li>
<li>van Valin, R. 2001. An introduction to syntax. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Chomsky, Noam (1956). "Three models for the description of language" (PDF). IRE Transactions on Information Theory: 117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-05-03. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503111934/https://chomsky.info/wp-content/uploads/195609-.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230503111934/https://chomsky.info/wp-content/uploads/195609-.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Matthews (1981:71ff.) provides an insightful discussion of the distinction between constituency- and dependency-based grammars. See also Allerton (1979:238f.), McCawley (1988:13), Mel'cuk (1988:12-14), Borsley (1991:30f.), Sag and Wasow (1999:421f.), van Valin (2001:86ff.). <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
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Phrase structure grammar open-in-new

Phrase structure grammar