Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Goans
open-in-new
<h2 id="language">Language</h2> <p>Goans are generally multilingual, but mainly speak the <a href="/facts/Konkani_language/mjEpS7Ly">Konkani language</a>, a <a href="/facts/Prakrit/8X8AUK2y">Prakrit</a> based language belonging to the <a href="/facts/Southern_Indo-Aryan_languages/hm2N7fYp">Southern group of Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Various dialects of Konkani spoken by the Goans include <i>Bardezkari</i>, <i>Saxtti</i>, <i>Pednekari and</i> <i>Antruz</i>. The Konkani spoken by the Catholics is notably different from those of the Hindus, since it has a lot of <a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a> influence in its vocabulary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Konkani was suppressed for official documentation use only not for unofficial use under the <a href="/facts/Portuguese_India/jeLpNXfc">Portuguese governance</a>, playing a minor part in education of the past generations. All Goans were educated in Portuguese in the past when Goa was an overseas province of Portugal. A small minority of Goans are descendants of the Portuguese (<a href="/facts/Luso-Indian/rlQNs1co">Luso-Indian</a> ethnicity) and speak Portuguese.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> However, a number of native <a href="/facts/Christians/15hE11VR">Christians</a> also used Portuguese as their first language prior to 1961. </p><p>Goans use <a href="/facts/Devanagari/dQvQ3Ufs">Devanagari</a> (official) and <a href="/facts/Latin_script/7EWeJjUV">Latin script</a> (liturgical and historical) for education as well as communication (personal, formal and religious). However the entire liturgy of the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic church</a> is solely in the Latin script, having been influenced by the Portuguese colonial rule. In the past other scripts such as <a href="/facts/Goykanadi/4JwvBGGj">Goykanadi</a>, <a href="/facts/Modi_script/AATLhhHH">Modi</a>, <a href="/facts/Kannada/cooJ3trn">Kannada</a> and <a href="/facts/Persian_script/4DvPdTDe">Persian</a> were also used, but later fell into disuse owing to many social, political and religious reasons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language_in_Goa/YTDjw35t">Portuguese</a> is still spoken as a first language by a number of Goans, though it is mainly restricted to upper-class <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church_in_India/jkLjRneE">Catholic families</a> and the older generation. However, the annual number of Goans learning Portuguese as a second language has been continuously increasing in the 21st century through introduction in schools and the opening of <a href="/facts/Instituto_Cam%C3%B5es/1hy7y6XR">Instituto Camões</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Marathi_language/uIJuwlFW">Marathi</a> language has played a significant role for <a href="/facts/Hindus/8pBQgghs">Hindus</a> near the northern borders of Goa close to <a href="/facts/Maharashtra/4hAVYlb4">Maharashtra</a> and parts of <a href="/facts/Novas_Conquistas/1a6HeGuA">Novas Conquistas</a> (lit. new conquests). This is due to the influx of ethnic <a href="/facts/Marathi_people/6NNqkj3G">Marathi people</a> since the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>] </p> <h2 id="religion">Religion</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Christianisation_of_Goa/NEkEv3X9">Christianisation of Goa</a> and <a href="/facts/Goan_Catholics/mD2hyNPE">Goan Catholics</a></p> <p>Ethnic Goans are predominantly <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholics</a> followed by <a href="/facts/Hindus/8pBQgghs">Hindus</a> and a tiny <a href="/facts/Goan_Muslims/g0qQu6RA">Muslim</a> community. </p><p>As per the 1909 statistics, the Catholic population stood at 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Within Goa, there has been a steady decline of Christianity as a percentage of the total population due to Goan emigration to other Indian cities (especially <a href="/facts/Bombay_East_Indians/8ufDkUbJ">Mumbai</a>) and foreign countries,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and a rise of other religions due to non-Goan migration from the other states of India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Religious_conversion/m3QeGpVw">Religious conversion</a> seems to play little role in the demographic change. </p><p>According to the 2011 census, out of the Indian population residing in Goa (1,458,545 persons), 66.1% were <a href="/facts/Hindu/D7TFhcg1">Hindu</a>, 25.1% were <a href="/facts/Christians/15hE11VR">Christian</a>, 8.32% were <a href="/facts/Muslim/W2ukq4pg">Muslim</a>, and 0.1% were <a href="/facts/Sikh/V7yh2L8b">Sikh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Christianity</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Goan_Catholics/mD2hyNPE">Catholics</a> display Portuguese influence, due to over 451 years of direct rule and interaction with the <a href="/facts/Portuguese_people/1nLGh91a">Portuguese people</a> as an overseas province.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Portuguese_name/vba0sh9X">Portuguese names</a> are common among the Goan Catholics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> A variation of the <a href="/facts/Caste/J2qr75PV">caste system</a> is followed, but not rigidly due to Portuguese efforts to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenise them into a single entity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> There are some distinct <i><a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Brahmin/8arPdozH">Bamonn</a>, <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Kshatriya/MB6JfgpN">Chardó</a>, Gauddo</i> and <i>Sudir</i> communities in Goa that are mainly <a href="/facts/Endogamy/RvgR5Rke">endogamous</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Most Catholic families also share <a href="/facts/Luso-Asians/YxDWLReV">Portuguese</a> ancestry, and some openly count themselves as '<i>mestiço</i>' (lit. mixed-race).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Hinduism</h3> <p>Goan Hindus refer to themselves as "<i>Konkane"</i> (<a href="/facts/Devanagari/dQvQ3Ufs">Devanagari Konkani</a>: कोंकणे), meaning the residents of an area broadly identified as <a href="/facts/Konkan/M2lA8LJH">Konkan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Hindus in Goa are divided into many different castes and sub-castes, known as <i><a href="/facts/J%C4%81ti/FFH07CTF">Jatis</a></i>. They use their village names to identify their clans, some of them use titles. Some are known by the occupation their ancestors have been practising; <i>Nayak, Borkar, Raikar, Keni, Prabhu, Kamat, Lotlikar, Chodankar, Mandrekar, Naik, Bhat, Tari, Gaude</i> are some examples. </p> <h3>Islam</h3> <p>Only a small number of native Muslims remain and are known as <i><a href="/facts/Goan_Muslims/g0qQu6RA">Moir</a>,</i> the word is derived from the Portuguese <i>Mouro</i>, which means <a href="/facts/Moors/VBylj2uj">Moor</a>. Muçulmano was the word later used in Portuguese to identify them, which is still the world used in today's Portuguese.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geographical-distribution">Geographical distribution</h2> <p>Goans have been migrating all along the <a href="/facts/Konkan/M2lA8LJH">Konkan region</a> and across the <a href="/facts/Anglosphere/mRuTW7Y5">Anglosphere</a>, <a href="/facts/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers/zoMk1aGY">Lusosphere</a> and <a href="/facts/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf/tpxkypCs">Persian Gulf countries</a> for the last six centuries because of socio-religious and economic reasons. The Indian diaspora have been assimilated with other <a href="/facts/Konkani_people/YWnSCubP">Konkani people</a> of <a href="/facts/Maharashtra/4hAVYlb4">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/facts/Karnataka/NhJAc4t9">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/facts/Kerala/DMP5u40q">Kerala</a>. Goans across the globe refer to the publication, <a href="http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/">Goan Voice</a> for news about members from their community. </p><p>Many overseas Goans have settled in the erstwhile <a href="/facts/British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> mainly in south-west town of <a href="/facts/Swindon/lxued87p">Swindon</a>, <a href="/facts/Leicester/zcSBswu3">Leicester</a> in the <a href="/facts/East_Midlands/2ATUueLX">East Midlands</a> and in <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a> (especially <a href="/facts/Wembley/zp8L530o">Wembley</a> and <a href="/facts/Southall/ayoHrw9l">Southall</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Many Goans have migrated to the UK on Portuguese passports due to the UK being an <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">EU member country</a> up until the <a href="/facts/Brexit/M80B3fIg">Brexit</a>. According to the <a href="/facts/Office_for_National_Statistics/6cAQI9zH">Office for National Statistics</a>, as of June 2020, the population of EU Nationals (Indian-born Portuguese citizens) in UK was about 35,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>Many Goans have also chosen to migrate to the former Portuguese territories (especially <a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a>) and to <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a> itself. </p> <h3>Pre-Portuguese migrations</h3> <p>There are no definitive records of Goan migration prior to the Portuguese conquests in the region corresponding to nowadays Goa. One reason being that the Goan people were not a distinct ethnic group as yet. </p> <h3>Migrations from 1510–1700s (first phase)</h3> <p>The first recorded instances of significant emigrations of Goans could be traced back to the <a href="/facts/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa/ENpRfQPg">Portuguese conquest of Goa</a> in 1510 and the subsequent flight of the surviving Muslim residents to the territories ruled by the <a href="/facts/Adil_Shahi_dynasty/lk2lPwva">Sultanate of Bijapur</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Sizable numbers of Hindus also later fled to <a href="/facts/Mangalore/oqcXEAyV">Mangalore</a> and <a href="/facts/Kanara/eJv5PhNS">Kanara</a> during the 16th–17th centuries due to the increasing <a href="/facts/Christianization_of_Goa/NEkEv3X9">Christianization of Goa</a>. They were soon followed by some newly-converted Catholics, who fled the <a href="/facts/Goa_Inquisition/P8bEGzvl">Goa Inquisition</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> There were also emigrations from Goa to Kanara to escape the <a href="/facts/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies/rdKGaLl5">War of the League of the Indies</a>, the <a href="/facts/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War/x9VuJ4Gf">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>, the <a href="/facts/Maratha%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1683%E2%80%931684)/XxI0N1br">Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683)</a>, taxation as well as epidemics during the same time period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Goan Catholics also started traveling overseas during the latter part of this time period. There were migrations of Goan Catholics to other parts of the global <a href="/facts/Portuguese_Empire/nxn2wnHj">Portuguese Empire</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a>, <a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ormus/zLnBDnKM">Ormuz</a>, <a href="/facts/Muscat/hudxK0oh">Muscat</a>, <a href="/facts/Portuguese_Timor/MAGMsEXP">Timor</a>, <a href="/facts/Colonial_Brazil/I2oS7JRV">Brasil</a>, <a href="/facts/Portuguese_Malacca/332Ndn3f">Malaca</a>, <a href="/facts/Bago,_Myanmar/K4lFJJlL">Pegu</a>, and <a href="/facts/Portuguese_Ceylon/5fVXCT9u">Colombo</a>. 48 Goan Catholics permanently migrated to Portugal during the 18th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Goan involvement in Portuguese trade around the Indian Ocean involved both Hindu and Catholic Goan communities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> However, upper-caste Goan Hindus did not travel to foreign countries due to the <a href="/facts/Kala_pani_(taboo)/0bNDSU32">religious prohibition</a> imposed by the <a href="/facts/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra/wVKjkI0h">Dharmaśāstras</a>, which states that crossing salt water would corrupt oneself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h3>Migrations from 1800s–1950s (second phase)</h3> <p>During the <a href="/facts/Napoleonic_Wars/jo0MdaTD">Napoleonic Wars</a> Goa was occupied by the <a href="/facts/British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">British Raj</a>, and many of their vessels were anchored in the <a href="/facts/Mormugao_Port_Authority/xSJTPWmj">Morumugão harbour</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> These ships were serviced by native Goans, who then left for <a href="/facts/British_Raj/hBe6wvPS">British India</a> once the ships had moved on.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Anglo-Portuguese_Treaty_of_1878/e0vzo2xj">Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878</a> played an important role in speeding the emigration of Goans in the latter half of the 19th Century, since it gave the British the authority to construct the <a href="/facts/Guntakal%E2%80%93Vasco_da_Gama_section/usCTIGYB">West of India Portuguese Railway</a>, which connected the <a href="/facts/Velhas_Conquistas/2Pp067JA">Velhas Conquistas</a> to the <a href="/facts/Bombay_Presidency/V0FRawxf">Bombay Presidency</a>. They primarily moved to the cities of <a href="/facts/History_of_Bombay_under_British_rule_(1661%E2%80%931947)/4vrlNzWG">Bombay</a> (now <a href="/facts/Mumbai/BdoEc10R">Mumbai</a>), <a href="/facts/History_of_Pune/YPLE5ENQ">Poona</a> (now <a href="/facts/Pune/MCeWSVBF">Pune</a>), <a href="/facts/History_of_Kolkata/XxNsWEAW">Calcutta</a> (now <a href="/facts/Kolkata/k0HVgEYm">Kolkata</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Karachi/pz65ABkw">Karachi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Goans who moved to mainland India were of both, Christian as well as Hindu, origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>A small number of Goans moved to <a href="/facts/British_rule_in_Burma/FmlWE7Ax">Burma</a>, to join the already established community in Pegu (now Bago). Another destination for mainly the Catholic community, was <a href="/facts/Portuguese_Africa_(disambiguation)/oj3rr4zn">Africa</a>. Most of the emigrants hailed from the province of <a href="/facts/Bardez/LaD8bJdw">Bardes</a>, due to their <a href="/facts/Literacy_in_India/0Tdr5mLo">high literacy rate</a>, and the Velhas Conquistas region in general.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Immigration into Africa came to end after the <a href="/facts/Decolonisation_of_Africa/Ie9f1Axc">Decolonisation of Africa</a>, during the 1950-60s. </p><p>In 1880, there were already 29,216 Goans living outside of Goa. By 1954, the number had risen to 180,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Migration from 1960s–present (current phase)</h3> <p>After the <a href="/facts/Annexation_of_Goa/bCH5dphw">Annexation of Goa</a> in 1961 by the <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">Republic of India</a>, there has been a steep rise in the number of emigrants of Goan origin. Many had applied and were granted <a href="/facts/Portuguese_passport/mRemCDyH">Portuguese passports</a> in order to obtain a European residence. The educated class found it difficult to get jobs within Goa due to the high influx of non-Goans into Goa, and this encouraged many of them to move to the Gulf states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Until the early 1970s there were substantial populations of Goans in the Middle East, Africa and Europe. There have also, historically, been Goans in former British colonies of <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a>, <a href="/facts/Uganda/PabdegRm">Uganda</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a>, and Portuguese colonies of <a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/facts/Angola/PQrYRHMd">Angola</a>. The end of colonial rule brought a subsequent process of <a href="/facts/Africanization/lLducDA9">Africanisation</a> and a wave of expulsion of <a href="/facts/South_Asian_ethnic_groups/nvc6Xh7m">South Asians</a> from <a href="/facts/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda/Ip3EqUpP">Uganda</a> (1972) and <a href="/facts/Malawi/HTj5q7Wc">Malawi</a> (1974) forced the community to migrate elsewhere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>In 2000, it was estimated that there are around 600,000 Goans living outside India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h3>Professions</h3> <p>Since the Second Phase of migrations, Goans have had a variety of professions. In British India they were personal butlers or physicians to the <a href="/facts/English_people/IeI9c7BK">English</a> and <a href="/facts/Parsis/lbYeGlrl">Parsi</a> elite in India. On the Ships and Cruise liners they were sailors, stewards, chefs, musicians and dancers. Many have also been working on oil rigs. Many Goan doctors worked in African colonies of Portugal, as well as being also active in British India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Goan_Catholics/mD2hyNPE">Goan Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Goan_Muslims/g0qQu6RA">Goan Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hinduism_in_Goa/HXpyyQM0">Hinduism in Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Goan_literature/Q01I9Pkd">Goan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Goan_cuisine/m9luQFIW">Goan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Konkani_people/YWnSCubP">Konkani people</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_people_from_Goa/JCEnqhGh">List of people from Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Goans_in_cricket/xX0jtEnG">Goans in cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Goans_in_football/gWfL6N9s">Goans in football</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Luso-Asians/YxDWLReV">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Norteiro_people/Wd8nrAYb">Norteiro people</a></li></ul> Look up <i>Goan</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Pereira, José (2000). Song of Goa: mandos of yearning. Aryan Books International. pp. 234 pages. ISBN 9788173051661. <a href="9788173051661" target="_blank">9788173051661</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cabral e Sá, Mário (1997). Wind of fire: the music and musicians of Goa. Promilla & Co. pp. 373 pages(see page 62). ISBN 9788185002194. <a href="9788185002194" target="_blank">9788185002194</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Pinto, Cecil (2003-11-07). "Goanese & non-Goans". Goa Today magazine. Goa Publications. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2008-07-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507045727/http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2003-November/thread&post_id=007022" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210507045727/http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2003-November/thread&post_id=007022</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Anvita Abbi; R. S. Gupta; Ayesha Kidwai (2001). Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable. Motilal Banarsidass, 2001 – Language Arts & Disciplines -. pp. 409 pages (Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax). ISBN 9788120817654. <a href="9788120817654" target="_blank">9788120817654</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Publications". COSPAR Information Bulletin. 2003 (156): 106. April 2003. Bibcode:2003CIBu..156..106.. doi:10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3. ISSN 0045-8732. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>National Archives of India. Vol. 34. National Archives of India. p. 1985. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kamat, Krishnanand Kamat. "The origin and development of Konkani language". www.kamat.com. Retrieved 31 August 2011. <a href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm" target="_blank">http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa". Revista MACAU. 2 June 2014. <a href="https://www.revistamacau.com/2014/06/02/1-500-pessoas-estudam-portugues-em-goa/" target="_blank">https://www.revistamacau.com/2014/06/02/1-500-pessoas-estudam-portugues-em-goa/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Lusa, Agência. "Fundação Oriente quer valorização de língua portuguesa em Goa e apoia 800 alunos". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-24. <a href="https://observador.pt/2023/03/26/fundacao-oriente-quer-valorizacao-de-lingua-portuguesa-em-goa-e-apoia-800-alunos/" target="_blank">https://observador.pt/2023/03/26/fundacao-oriente-quer-valorizacao-de-lingua-portuguesa-em-goa-e-apoia-800-alunos/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Goa - Universidade de Goa - Camões - Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua". www.instituto-camoes.pt. Retrieved 2024-02-24. <a href="https://www.instituto-camoes.pt/en/?view=article&id=16890:leitorado-india-goa&catid=1149" target="_blank">https://www.instituto-camoes.pt/en/?view=article&id=16890:leitorado-india-goa&catid=1149</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Malkarnekar, Gauree (14 August 2019). "After Karnataka & Maha, UP gives Goa the most migrants". Times of India. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-ktaka-maha-up-gives-goa-the-most-migrants/articleshow/70666598.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-ktaka-maha-up-gives-goa-the-most-migrants/articleshow/70666598.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Hull, Ernest (1909). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Saldhana, Arun (2007). Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4994-5. <a href="978-0-8166-4994-5" target="_blank">978-0-8166-4994-5</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Rajesh Ghadge (2015). The story of Goan Migration. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"India's religions by numbers". The Hindu (published 26 August 2015). 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017. <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece" target="_blank">http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>da Silva Gracias, Fatima (1997). "The Impact of Portuguese Culture in Goa: A Myth or Reality". In Charles J. Borges (ed.). Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 41–51. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi. p. 24. ISBN 81-7201-664-6. <a href="81-7201-664-6" target="_blank">81-7201-664-6</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Boxer, C. R. (1963). Race Relations in the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1825. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 75. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Gomes, Olivinho (1987). Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change. S. Chand. pp. 78–79. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>McPherson, Kenneth (1987). "A Secret People of South Asia. The Origins, Evolution and Role of the Luso-Indian Goan Community from the Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries" (PDF). Itinerario. 11 (2): 72–86. doi:10.1017/S016511530001545X. S2CID 162400316. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/53C0D77001555C398E7F917131B4302F/S016511530001545Xa.pdf/secret_people_of_south_asia_the_origins_evolution_and_role_of_the_lusoindian_goan_community_from_the_sixteenth_to_twentieth_centuries.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/53C0D77001555C398E7F917131B4302F/S016511530001545Xa.pdf/secret_people_of_south_asia_the_origins_evolution_and_role_of_the_lusoindian_goan_community_from_the_sixteenth_to_twentieth_centuries.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Kulakarṇī, A. Rā (2006). Explorations in the Deccan history Volume 9 of Monograph series. Pragati Publications in association with Indian Council of Historical Research. pp. 217 pages(see page 129). ISBN 9788173071089. <a href="9788173071089" target="_blank">9788173071089</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Śiroḍakara, Pra. Pā; Mandal, H. K. (1993). People of India: Goa Volume 21 of People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Volume 21 of State Series, Kumar Suresh Singh. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 283 pages. ISBN 9788171547609. <a href="9788171547609" target="_blank">9788171547609</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>S.A, Priberam Informática. "Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa". Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-24. <a href="https://dicionario.priberam.org/mu%C3%A7ulmano" target="_blank">https://dicionario.priberam.org/mu%C3%A7ulmano</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Sonwalkar, Prasun. "The long read: Britain's Goan flavour". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 2022-08-06. <a href="https://www.khaleejtimes.com/long-reads/the-long-read-britains-goan-flavour" target="_blank">https://www.khaleejtimes.com/long-reads/the-long-read-britains-goan-flavour</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Mergulhao, Marcus (August 22, 2021). "All for tradition: Goans pack coconuts to UK to break them | Goa News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2022-08-06. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/all-for-tradition-goans-pack-coconuts-to-uk-to-break-them/articleshow/85528574.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/all-for-tradition-goans-pack-coconuts-to-uk-to-break-them/articleshow/85528574.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. Random House. ISBN 978-0-571-29090-1. <a href="978-0-571-29090-1" target="_blank">978-0-571-29090-1</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>da Silva Gracias, Fatima (1997). "The Impact of Portuguese Culture in Goa: A Myth or Reality". In Charles J. Borges (ed.). Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 41–51. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>de Souza, Teotónio (1979). Medieval Goa. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 116. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>McPherson, Kenneth (1987). "A Secret People of South Asia. The Origins, Evolution and Role of the Luso-Indian Goan Community from the Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries" (PDF). Itinerario. 11 (2): 72–86. doi:10.1017/S016511530001545X. S2CID 162400316. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/53C0D77001555C398E7F917131B4302F/S016511530001545Xa.pdf/secret_people_of_south_asia_the_origins_evolution_and_role_of_the_lusoindian_goan_community_from_the_sixteenth_to_twentieth_centuries.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/53C0D77001555C398E7F917131B4302F/S016511530001545Xa.pdf/secret_people_of_south_asia_the_origins_evolution_and_role_of_the_lusoindian_goan_community_from_the_sixteenth_to_twentieth_centuries.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Disney, Anthony (1996). The Gulf Route from India to Portugal in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Actas do XII Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa. p. 532. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Sequeira Anthony, Philomena (2008). "Hindu dominance of Goa-based Long Distance Trade during the Eighteenth Century". In Stephen S. Jeyaseela (ed.). The Indian Trade at the Asian Frontier. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. pp. 225–256. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>da Silva Gracias, Fatima (2000). "Goans Away From Goa: Migration to the Middle East". Lusotopie. 7: 423–432. <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1386" target="_blank">https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1386</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Fernandes, Paul (2017). "Dona Paula's forgotten British cemetery gets a new lease of life". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 September 2020. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dona-paulas-forgotten-british-cemetery-gets-a-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/58485876.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dona-paulas-forgotten-british-cemetery-gets-a-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/58485876.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>da Silva Gracias, Fatima (2000). "Goans Away From Goa: Migration to the Middle East". Lusotopie. 7: 423–432. <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1386" target="_blank">https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1386</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Pinto, J. B. (1962). J. B. Pinto (1962), Goan Emigration. Panjim.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Khan, Haward R. (1980). Haward, R. Khan, 1980, 'An Urban Minority: The Goan Christian Community in Karachi'. London: University of London. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>De Souza, Teotonio R. (1989). Essays in Goan history. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 219 pages(see pages 187–190). ISBN 9788170222637. <a href="9788170222637" target="_blank">9788170222637</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Pinto, J. B. (1962). J. B. Pinto (1962), Goan Emigration. Panjim.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Paco Patriarcal (Patriarchal Archives), Rois de Cristandade : Rois de Ilhas, 1870-1889. Rois de Ilhas. 1870–1889.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>da Silva Gracias, Fatima (1997). "The Impact of Portuguese Culture in Goa: A Myth or Reality". In Charles J. Borges (ed.). Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 41–51. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>De Souza, Teotonio R. (1989). Essays in Goan history. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 219 pages(see pages 187–190). ISBN 9788170222637. <a href="9788170222637" target="_blank">9788170222637</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Pereira, José (2000). Song of Goa: mandos of yearning. Aryan Books International. pp. 234 pages. ISBN 9788173051661. <a href="9788173051661" target="_blank">9788173051661</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Fatima da Silva Gracias (1994). Health and Hygiene in Colonial Goa, 1510-1961. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 199, 225–226. ISBN 978-81-7022-506-5. <a href="978-81-7022-506-5" target="_blank">978-81-7022-506-5</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>