Windows 1.0

<h2 id="development-history">Development history</h2>

<a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> showed its desire to develop a <a href="/facts/Graphical_user_interface/wBlQFWDP">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) as early as 1981.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> The development of Windows began after <a href="/facts/Bill_Gates/z16t4m7s">Bill Gates</a>, co-founder of Microsoft and the lead developer of Windows, saw a demonstration at <a href="/facts/COMDEX/8xz4Xv8K">COMDEX</a> 1982 of <a href="/facts/VisiCorp/C30hl2IN">VisiCorp</a>'s <a href="/facts/Visi_On/kLLebM1j">Visi On</a>, a GUI software suite for <a href="/facts/IBM_PC_compatible/zGUpl7Sh">IBM PC compatible</a> computers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> A year later, Microsoft learned that <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple</a>'s own GUI software—also bit-mapped, and based in part on research from <a href="/facts/Xerox_PARC/fh2Su0k9">Xerox PARC</a>—was much more advanced; Microsoft decided it needed to differentiate its own offering.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> In August 1983, Gates recruited <a href="/facts/Scott_A._McGregor/4v3BJb7F">Scott A. McGregor</a>, one of the key developers behind PARC's original windowing system, to be the developer team lead for Windows 1.0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
Microsoft first demonstrated a window manager to the press in September 1983. The demonstration featured a user interface similar to <a href="/facts/Multiplan/zs72w59x">Multiplan</a> and other contemporary Microsoft applications with a command bar at the bottom of the screen. It also showed multiple application windows in both <a href="/facts/Stacking_window_manager/JTucga6y">overlapping</a> and <a href="/facts/Tiling_window_manager/mJgYbl73">tiled</a> arrangements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> This user interface concept was soon reworked to only support tiled windows and to change the Multiplan-like command bar into a menu bar under each window's title bar. The redesigned environment ultimately had its public debut at Fall COMDEX 1983 in November 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Initially requiring 192 <a href="/facts/Kilobyte/jIe6t4yv">KB</a> of RAM and two <a href="/facts/Floppy_disk/rShxfuxa">floppy disk</a> drives, Microsoft described the software as a <a href="/facts/Device_driver/rDYnHU1G">device driver</a> for <a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS 2.0</a>. By supporting <a href="/facts/Cooperative_multitasking/svrQ2DMM">cooperative multitasking</a> in <a href="/facts/Tiling_window_manager/mJgYbl73">tiled windows</a> when using well-behaved applications that only used DOS <a href="/facts/System_call/NW44AFJr">system calls</a> and permitting non-well-behaved applications to run in a full screen, Windows differed from both Visi On and Apple Computer's <a href="/facts/Apple_Lisa/PJpJhNRK">Lisa</a> by immediately offering many applications. Unlike Visi On, Windows developers did not need to use <a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a> to develop IBM PC applications; Microsoft planned to encourage other companies, including competitors, to develop programs for Windows by not requiring a Microsoft <a href="/facts/User_interface/e9sPEWVD">user interface</a> in their applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
Manufacturers of MS-DOS computers such as <a href="/facts/Compaq/6LuhWTE7">Compaq</a>, <a href="/facts/Zenith_Data_Systems/06d2olCG">Zenith</a>, and <a href="/facts/Digital_Equipment_Corporation/ztxs6keA">DEC</a> promised to provide support, as did software companies such as <a href="/facts/Ashton-Tate/xFaCIAFC">Ashton-Tate</a> and <a href="/facts/Lotus_Software/8k8vj9x2">Lotus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> After previewing Windows, <a href="/facts/BYTE/xWovF95Q">BYTE</a> magazine stated in December 1983 that it "seems to offer remarkable openness, reconfigurability, and transportability as well as modest hardware requirements and pricing … Barring a surprise product introduction from another company, Microsoft Windows will be the first large-scale test of the <a href="/facts/Desktop_metaphor/kWQQNlxu">desktop metaphor</a> in the hands of its intended users."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> From early in Windows's history, Gates viewed it as Microsoft's future. He told InfoWorld magazine in April 1984 that "our strategies and energies as a company are totally committed to Windows, in the same way that we're committed to operating-system <a href="/facts/Kernel_(operating_system)/uEj4U3Rz">kernels</a> like MS-DOS and <a href="/facts/Xenix/G8sH08Tp">Xenix</a>. We're also saying that only applications that take advantage of Windows will be competitive in the long run."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a> was notably absent from Microsoft's announcement,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> and the corporation rejected Windows in favor of creating its own product called <a href="/facts/IBM_TopView/GSpqan11">TopView</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> By late 1984, the press reported a "War of the Windows" between Windows, IBM's TopView, and <a href="/facts/Digital_Research/9bYQl2pI">Digital Research</a>'s <a href="/facts/Graphics_Environment_Manager/oE8BpWAq">Graphics Environment Manager</a> (GEM).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> <a href="/facts/Steve_Ballmer/8Yrdmxkp">Steve Ballmer</a> replaced McGregor after he left the team in January 1985.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
Microsoft had promised in November 1983 to ship Windows by April 1984,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> although, due to various design modifications, its release date was delayed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> During its development and before its windowing system was developed, it was briefly referred to by the codename "Interface Manager".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> De-emphasizing multitasking, the company stated that Windows' purpose, unlike that of TopView, was to "turn the computer into a <a href="/facts/Graphics/1V76IF8J">graphics</a>-rich environment" while using less memory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> After Microsoft persuaded IBM that the latter needed a GUI,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> the two companies announced in April 1987 the introduction of <a href="/facts/OS/2/uVBl6ItP">OS/2</a> and its graphical OS/2 <a href="/facts/Presentation_Manager/YT8RhzKU">Presentation Manager</a>, which were supposed to ultimately replace both MS-DOS and Windows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h3>Release versions</h3>
On November 20, 1985 (39 years ago) (1985-11-20), the first retail release, Windows 1.01, was released in the United States at a cost of US$99 (equivalent to about $289.00 in 2024).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> In May 1986, the next release, 1.02, was published mainly for the European market, also introducing non-English versions of Windows 1.0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The version 1.03, released in August 1986, included enhancements that made it consistent with the international release like <a href="/facts/Device_driver/rDYnHU1G">drivers</a> for non-U.S. keyboards and additional screen and printer drivers, and superseded both version 1.01 in the US and version 1.02 in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Version 1.04, released in April 1987, added support for the new <a href="/facts/IBM_PS/2/G299srDC">IBM PS/2</a> computers, although no support for PS/2 mice or new <a href="/facts/VGA/8GGsGTSc">VGA</a> graphics modes was provided.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> However, on May 27, 1987, an OEM version was released by IBM, which added VGA support, PS/2 mouse support, <a href="/facts/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array/a4kYbCTX">MCGA</a> support, and support for the <a href="/facts/8514/asw524Tn">8514</a>/A display driver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> IBM released this version on three 3.5-inch 720k floppies and offered it as part of their "Personal Publishing System" and "Collegiate Kit" bundles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Microsoft ended its support for Windows 1.0 on December 31, 2001, making it the longest-supported version out of all versions of Windows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h2 id="features">Features</h2>

Windows 1.0 was built on the MS-DOS <a href="/facts/Kernel_(operating_system)/uEj4U3Rz">kernel</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> while it runs as a <a href="/facts/16-bit/bTGS44Ne">16-bit</a> <a href="/facts/Operating_system_shell/Sa67elS7">shell</a> program known as the <a href="/facts/MS-DOS_Executive/QG3MUJh7">MS-DOS Executive</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> and it offers limited multitasking of existing MS-DOS programs and concentrates on creating an interaction <a href="/facts/Paradigm/HXpK3X7a">paradigm</a> (cf. <a href="/facts/Message_loop_in_Microsoft_Windows/G2LJtpgA">message loop</a>), an execution model and a stable <a href="/facts/Application_programming_interface/GMlN4vUr">API</a> for <a href="/facts/Native_mode/yNez4jAK">native</a> programs for the future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> The <a href="/facts/Operating_environment/j5I5cnR5">operating environment</a> supports the use of a <a href="/facts/Computer_mouse/fJpa1tUE">mouse</a>, which allows users to perform click-and-drag operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Contrary to modern Windows operating systems, the mouse button had to be kept pressed to display the selected menu.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>
Opening <a href="/facts/EXE/xgRXf4rt">.exe</a> files in the <a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a> Executive would open an application window.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Windows 1.0 also includes programs such as the <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Calculator/JGxIKHgh">Calculator</a>, <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Paint/axJPM2mx">Paint</a> (then known as Paintbrush), <a href="/facts/Notepad_(Windows)/TCDv4wvX">Notepad</a>, <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Write/hSgVtXlS">Write</a>, <a href="/facts/Terminal_emulator/yNfevBJd">Terminal</a>, and Clock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Paint only supports <a href="/facts/Monochrome/CMCsjH2N">monochrome</a> graphics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> The operating environment also has the <a href="/facts/Cardfile/2y1M4CCL">Cardfile</a> manager, a Clipboard, and a Print Spooler program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> Initially, Puzzle and Chess were supposed to appear as playable <a href="/facts/Video_game/vmTdNASJ">video games</a>, although Microsoft scrapped the idea; instead, it introduced Reversi as a commercially published video game. It was included in Windows 1.0 as a built-in application, and it relies on mouse control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> The operating environment also introduced the <a href="/facts/Control_Panel_(Windows)/WEfhKClH">Control Panel</a>, which was used to configure the features of Windows 1.0. The operating environment does not allow <a href="/facts/Stacking_window_manager/JTucga6y">overlapping windows</a>, and instead, the windows are tiled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> When a program gets minimized, its icon would appear on a horizontal line at the bottom of the screen, which resembles the <a href="/facts/Taskbar/uLQUAwz6">modern-day Windows taskbar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
It also consists of three <a href="/facts/Dynamic-link_library/vySyC1dz">dynamic-link libraries</a>, which are located as files in the system under the names KERNEL.EXE, USER.EXE, and GDI.EXE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> The <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows_SDK/8otR4u2w">Windows 1.0 SDK</a> contains debugging versions of these files, which can be used to replace the corresponding files on the setup disks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>: 13, 200  The setup program combines multiple system files into one, so that Windows boots faster. Using the debugging KERNEL.EXE provided by the Windows 1.0 SDK one can create a "slow boot" version of Windows, where the files are separate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Windows 1.0 includes a kernel, which performs functions such as task handling, <a href="/facts/Memory_management/vthLkUpz">memory management</a>, and input and output of files, while the two other dynamic-link libraries are the <a href="/facts/User_interface/e9sPEWVD">user interface</a> and <a href="/facts/Graphics_Device_Interface/C8yuXxtL">Graphics Device Interface</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> The operating environment could also move the program code and data segments in memory, to allow programs to share code and data that are located in dynamic-link libraries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Windows 1.0 implemented the use of code segment swapping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>
Version 1.02 introduced drivers for European keyboards, as well as screen and print drivers. The last Windows 1.0 release, 1.04, introduced support for IBM PS/2 computers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Due to Microsoft's extensive support for <a href="/facts/Backward_compatibility/FbHFBu5y">backward compatibility</a>, it is not only possible to execute Windows 1.0 <a href="/facts/Executable/VSst9eLA">binary</a> programs on current versions of Windows to a large extent but also to recompile their <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a> into an equally functional "modern" application with limited modifications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
In March 2022, it was discovered that the operating environment also includes an <a href="/facts/Easter_egg_(media)/PCgPa56G">easter egg</a> that lists the developers who worked on the operating environment along with a message that says "Congrats!".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>

<h2 id="system-requirements">System requirements</h2>
The official system requirements for Windows 1.0 include the following.

Minimum system requirements<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Windows 1.01<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a></th><th>Windows 1.02<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a></th><th>Windows 1.03<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></th><th>Windows 1.04<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a></th></tr><tr><th>CPU</th><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Intel_8088/DdWKfyBp">8088</a> processor</td></tr><tr><th>Random Access Memory</th><td colspan="2">256 KB of memory</td><td colspan="2">320 KB of memory</td></tr><tr><th>Storage</th><td colspan="4">Two double-sided floppy disk drives or a hard disk</td></tr><tr><th>Video</th><td colspan="3">CGA, HGC, or EGA adapters</td><td>CGA, HGC, EGA, or VGA adapters</td></tr><tr><th>OS</th><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a> 2.0 through <a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a> 3.31</td></tr><tr><th>Mouse</th><td colspan="4">A Microsoft-compatible pointing device is recommended, but not required</td></tr></tbody></table>
Besides the minimum system requirements, Microsoft has also published a note in which it recommended additional memory when using multiple applications or DOS 3.3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>

<h2 id="reception">Reception</h2>
Windows 1.0 was released to lukewarm and mixed reviews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> Critics considered the platform to have future potential but felt that Windows 1.0 had not fulfilled expectations and that it could not compete with Apple's GUI operating system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> It was also criticized for its slowness and compatibility with very little software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> Reviews criticized its demanding system requirements, especially noting the poor performance experienced when running multiple applications at once, and that Windows encouraged the use of a mouse for navigation, a relatively new concept at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a> compared the performance of Windows on a system with 512 KB of RAM to "pouring <a href="/facts/Molasses/N8kE2HfI">molasses</a> in the Arctic" and that its design was inflexible for keyboard users due to its dependency on a mouse-oriented interface. In conclusion, the Times felt that the poor performance, lack of dedicated software, uncertain compatibility with DOS programs, and the lack of tutorials for new users made DOS-based software such as <a href="/facts/Borland_Sidekick/3nsakole">Borland Sidekick</a> (which could provide a similar assortment of accessories and multitasking functionality) more desirable for most PC users.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>
According to <a href="/facts/Computerworld/fEvubHhX">Computerworld</a> magazine, Windows 1.0 received 500,000 sales from its release in 1985 up to April 1987.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> In retrospect, Windows 1.0 was regarded as a flop by contemporary technology publications, who, however, still acknowledged its overall importance to the history of the <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows line</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> <a href="/facts/Nathaniel_Borenstein/FIh9Vyk2">Nathaniel Borenstein</a> (who went on to develop the <a href="/facts/MIME/P8PDYuts">MIME</a> standards) and his IT team at <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a> were also critical of Windows when it was first presented to them by a group of Microsoft representatives. Underestimating the future impact of the platform, he believed that in comparison to an in-house window manager, "these guys came in with this pathetic and naïve system. We just knew they were never going to accomplish anything."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> <a href="/facts/The_Verge/GNkdYcJe">The Verge</a> considered the poor reception towards the release of <a href="/facts/Windows_8/eRtw96T3">Windows 8</a> in 2012 as a parallel to Microsoft's struggles with early versions of Windows. In a similar fashion to Windows 1.0 running atop MS-DOS as a layer, Windows 8 offered a new type of interface and software geared towards an emerging form of <a href="/facts/Human_interface_device/TTmGQz0Y">human interface device</a> on PCs, in this case, a <a href="/facts/Touchscreen/zpSKDFpe">touchscreen</a>, running atop the <a href="/facts/Legacy_system/YvYjMcCz">legacy</a> <a href="/facts/Windows_shell/QG3MUJh7">Windows shell</a> used by previous versions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>
A mock version of Windows 1.0 was created by Microsoft as an app for <a href="/facts/Windows_10/be9IHehJ">Windows 10</a> as part of a tie-in with the <a href="/facts/Netflix/TKtlFVY9">Netflix</a> show, <a href="/facts/Stranger_Things/nNFByTRv">Stranger Things</a>, aligned with the release of the show's <a href="/facts/Stranger_Things_(season_3)/7BpaXjG5">third season</a>, which takes place during 1985.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/System_1/I0cCfckN">System 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/IBM_TopView/GSpqan11">IBM TopView</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft Windows 1.0.

<ul><li><a href="https://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=ItuymzxNUYM">Demo of Windows 1.04</a> running on an original IBM PC/XT, on <a href="/facts/YouTube/db276jst">YouTube</a> archived at <a href="http://ghostarchive.org/varchive/ItuymzxNUYM">Ghostarchive.org</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.pcjs.org/disks/pcx86/windows/1.01/">Windows 1.01 emulator</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Alsop, Stewart II (January 18, 1988). "Microsoft Windows: Eclectism in UI" (PDF). P.C. Letter. 4 (2): 6–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2017. <a href="http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf" target="_blank">http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Hollister, Sean (November 20, 2012). "Revisiting Windows 1.0: how Microsoft's first desktop gracefully failed". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on December 1, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2017. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/20/3671922/windows-1-0-microsoft-history-desktop-gracefully-failed" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/20/3671922/windows-1-0-microsoft-history-desktop-gracefully-failed</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Alsop, Stewart II (January 18, 1988). "Microsoft Windows: Eclectism in UI" (PDF). P.C. Letter. 4 (2): 6–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2017. <a href="http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf" target="_blank">http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Wallace, James; Erickson, Jim (June 1, 1993). Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire. Harper Business. ISBN 978-0-88730-629-7. <a href="978-0-88730-629-7" target="_blank">978-0-88730-629-7</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Hey, Tony; Pápay, Gyuri (December 8, 2014). The Computing Universe: A Journey Through a Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-316-12322-5. <a href="978-1-316-12322-5" target="_blank">978-1-316-12322-5</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Caruso, Denise (May 7, 1984). "An Update on Windows: Developers to get package later this month". InfoWorld. Vol. 6, no. 19. p. 52. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ti4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ti4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Windows 1.0 open-in-new

Windows 1.0