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Cryptomonas
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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p><i>Cryptomonas</i> has the meaning of hidden small flagellates from “crypto” and “monas”.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="genome-structure">Genome structure</h2> <p>Species within <i>Cryptomonas</i> contain four genomes: the <a href="/facts/Cell_nucleus/D7sFRa3c">nuclear</a>, the <a href="/facts/Nucleomorph/6VlbSU2Y">nucleomorph</a>, the <a href="/facts/Plastid/INesmXK7">plastid</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mitochondrial/ErHqrdJ1">mitochondrial</a> genomes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The plastid genome contains 118 <a href="/facts/Base_pair/xmPpPQ9W">kilobase pairs</a> and is a result of one <a href="/facts/Endosymbiosis/eWvSS8ID">endosymbiosis</a> event of ancient <a href="/facts/Red_alga/jCeIc7Kq">red alga</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The study of genome structures of the genus has contributed to the life-history dependent dimorphism of <i>Cryptomonas</i>, which is discussed in details later in the section Dimorphism. </p> <h2 id="functions">Functions</h2> <p><i>Cryptomonas</i> are also <a href="/facts/Photolithotroph/1CboHMzX">photolithotrophs</a> that contribute to oxygenic carbon fixation making them greatly critical to the carbon levels of fresh water environments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h2> <p>Replication of <i>Cryptomonas</i> occurs in early summer when fresh water species are also reproducing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <i>Cryptomonas</i> replicates via <a href="/facts/Mitosis/ExxrSUs8">mitosis</a> that only takes about ten minutes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Sexual reproduction is not observed in this genus as many other genera of Cryptophytes also do not reproduce sexually.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cell-structure">Cell structure</h2> <p>Organisms are asymmetric with a transparent <a href="/facts/Cell_membrane/vAXSD0DT">membrane</a> on the outside.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The membrane is not ciliated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> <i>Cryptomonas</i> cells are fairly large; they average about 40 micrometers in size and often take the shape of an oval or ovoid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> There are two <a href="/facts/Flagella/nvQRcbgJ">flagella</a> present, yet the two flagella are not equally sized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> One is shorter and curled and the other one is longer and straight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The two flagella are fixed to the cell by four unique <a href="/facts/Microtubule/ENL1TxSe">microtubular</a> roots.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> In addition, the flagella are lined with small hairs that allow for better movement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> There are also <a href="/facts/Contractile_vacuole/4xTX9pM4">contractile vacuoles</a> that control the flow of water in and out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>Two boat-shaped plastids are observed in the cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> In a secondary endosymbiosis event, the <a href="/facts/Phagotroph/eBrv2XKV">phagotrophic</a> ancestor of the <i>Cryptomonas</i> presumably captured a red alga and reduced it to a complex plastid with four envelope membranes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Phycobilisome/Ur1Cbbh7">phycobilisomes</a> of the former red algae were reduced until only <a href="/facts/Phycoerythrin/jBkereKY">phycoerythrin</a> remained.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Phycoerythrobilin/X2HJMcNG">Phycoerythrobilin</a>, a type of red <a href="/facts/Phycobilin/YD9TdjoB">phycobilin</a> pigment, is a <a href="/facts/Chromophore/9RykVkek">chromophore</a> discovered in cyanobacteria, chloroplasts of red algae and some Cryptomonads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Phycoerythrobilin is present in the <a href="/facts/Phycobiliprotein/DPw6N454">phycobiliprotein</a> phycoerythrin, the terminal acceptor of energy during the process of photosynthesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The phycoerythrin was translocated into the <a href="/facts/Thylakoid/d9PEe649">thylakoid</a> lumen with its chromophore composition altered; subsequently, phycobiliproteins with at least seven different absorption spectra evolved.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> <i>Cryptomonas</i> is distinguished by the purple phycoerythrin 566 as an accessory pigment, which gives the organisms a brownish color in appearance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="behaviour">Behaviour</h2> <p><i>Cryptomonas</i> are large in size, grow rather slowly, and are limited in nutrients.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> It also migrates between depths of water in order to reach depths that are ideal for photosynthesis and bacteriograzing, as well avoiding organisms that are their predators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Typically, they are found at depths of up to 102 meters and in a temperature range of -1.4 to 1.5 degrees Celsius. <i>Cryptomonas</i> seem to grow and survive with little competition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> <i>Cryptomonas</i> swim actively, and they rotate while moving and sometimes swim in helical motion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="dimorphism">Dimorphism</h2> <p>Life history-dependent dimorphism was first described in organisms in 1986.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> In <i><a href="/facts/Proteomonas/dnWNGDaW">Proteomonas</a></i>, another genus of Cryptophyceae, the two morphs revealed large differences in cell size which apparently led to its discovery and subsequent recognition. <i>Cryptomonas</i> has been discovered to be another genus that possesses the characteristic of dimorphism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>Traditionally, <i>Cryptomonas</i> was considered to be 3 separate genera: <i><a href="/facts/Chilomonas/B8ld0tMI">Chilomonas</a>,</i> <i>Cryptomonas</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Campylomonas/SlM1B5kN">Campylomonas</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Before further molecular analysis, <i>Cryptomonas</i> have been characterized by mainly morphological characters, such as cell size, cell shape, number and color of plastids. However, it was still difficult to define <i>Cryptomonas</i> due to insufficient understanding of morphological characters and less-than adequate visibility of living cells using light microscopy alone to observe the cell structures. Also, laboratories had lacked the condition to detect the different stages of particular organisms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>The furrow-gullet system was used as a standard for organization of genera for many years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Most other Cryptophyte genera have either furrow or gullet, but <i>Cryptomonas</i> is one of the genera that possess a combination of the two, creating a furrow-gullet complex.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> The furrow-gullet complex is used by the cells to digest food for smaller organisms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Also, ejectisomes are found to be surrounding the complex.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Previously, different textures of furrow plates are used to classify genera. For example, a furrow plate (extending posteriorly along one side of the ventral furrow-gullet complex) has been described as “scalariform” in <i>Campylomonas</i> yet “fibrous” in <i>Cryptomonas</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> In addition, in <i>Cryptomonas</i>, the inner periplast component consists of polygonal plates. In contrast, in <i>Campylomonas</i>, the inner periplast component is a continuous sheet-like layer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>However, during later research, more evidence of both <a href="/facts/Molecular_phylogeny/FysplHP5">molecular phylogeny</a> and morphology has been found to support the claim that the three genera should be considered one single dimorphic genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Characters previously used to distinguish <i>Cryptomonas</i> from <i>Campylomonas</i> were found to occur together in dimorphic strains, such as the type of periplast (polygonal periplast plates versus a continuous periplast sheet), indicating that periplast types relate to different life-history stages of a single taxon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> To evaluate the taxonomic significance of the type of periplast and other characters previously used to distinguish genera and species, molecular phylogenetic analyses have been used to study two nuclear <a href="/facts/Ribosomal_DNA/r0Ah7R7L">ribosomal DNA</a> regions (ITS2, partial LSU rDNA) and a nucleomorph ribosomal gene (SSU rDNA).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> The results of the phylogenetic study provide molecular evidence for a life history-dependent dimorphism in the genus <i>Cryptomonas</i>: the genus <i>Campylomonas</i> represents the alternate morph of <i>Cryptomonas</i>. <i>Campylomonas</i> and <i>Chilomonas</i> are reduced to synonyms of <i>Cryptomonas</i>. </p> <h2 id="further-research">Further research</h2> <p>In addition to plastids containing phycoerythrobilin, campylomorphs, formerly genera <i>Campylomonas</i> and <i>Chilomonas</i>, also contain a colorless plastid that lacks photosynthetic pigment: <a href="/facts/Leucoplast/9bb4VSnT">leucoplast</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p><p>Since the complete loss of photopigments clearly distinguishes the leukoplastidious cryptophytes from <i>Cryptomonas</i>, the incorporation of “<i>Chilomonas</i>” with <i>Cryptomonas</i> has been highly debatable. Scientists have not yet found out an explanation of how leucoplasts disappear during later life stage and when they disappear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <ul><li><i>Cryptomonas ampulla</i> Playfair</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas anomala</i> F.E.Fritsch, 1914</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas appendiculata</i> Schiller, 1957</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas baltica</i> (G.Karsten) Butcher, 1967</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas borealis</i> Skuja, 1956</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas brevis</i> J.Schiller</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas commutata</i> (Pascher) Hoef-Emden, 2007</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas compressa</i> Pascher, 1913</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas croatanica</i> P.H.Campbell, 1973</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas curvata</i> Ehrenberg, 1831</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas cylindracea</i> Skuja, 1956</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas czosnowskii</i> Kisselev</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas erosa</i> Ehrenberg, 1832</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas gemma</i> Playfair</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas gracilis</i> Skuja</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas gyropyrenoidosa</i> Hoef-Emden & Melkonian, 2003</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas marssonii</i> Skuja, 1948</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas maxima</i> Playfair</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas mikrokuamosa</i> R.E.Norris, 1964</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas nasuta</i> Pascher</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas oblonga</i> Playfair</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas obovata</i> Czosnowski, 1948</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas obovoidea</i> Pascher, 1913</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas ovata</i> Ehrenberg, 1832</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas paramaecium</i> (Ehrenberg) Hoef-Emden & Melkonian, 2003</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas parapyrenoidifera</i> Skuja</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas pelagica</i> H.Lohmann</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas phaseolus</i> Skuja, 1948</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas platyuris</i> Skuja, 1948</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas profunda</i> R.W.Butcher, 1967</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas prora</i> W.Conrad & H.Kufferath</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas pyrenoidifera</i> Geitler, 1922</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas rhynchophora</i> (W.Conrad) Butcher</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas richei</i> F.E.Fritsch, 1914</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas rostrata</i> Skuja, 1948</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas splendida</i> J.Czosnowski</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas tenuis</i> Pascher</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas testacea</i> P.H.Campbell, 1973</li> <li><i>Cryptomonas tetrapyrenoidosa</i> Skuja, 1948</li></ul> <p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://tolweb.org/Cryptomonas/97214">Tree of Life: Cryptomonas</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Lee, JJ (2000). Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Choi, Bomi; Son, Misun; Kim, Jong Im; Shin, Woongghi (2013). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae, Cryptophyta) from Korea". Algae. 28 (4): 307–330. doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.4.307. <a href="http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307" target="_blank">http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Choi, Bomi; Son, Misun; Kim, Jong Im; Shin, Woongghi (2013). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae, Cryptophyta) from Korea". Algae. 28 (4): 307–330. doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.4.307. <a href="http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307" target="_blank">http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Choi, Bomi; Son, Misun; Kim, Jong Im; Shin, Woongghi (2013). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae, Cryptophyta) from Korea". Algae. 28 (4): 307–330. doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.4.307. <a href="http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307" target="_blank">http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (August 16, 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–13629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989. <a href="/wiki/Laura_Wegener_Parfrey" target="_blank">/wiki/Laura_Wegener_Parfrey</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Hoef-Emden, Kerstin; Melkonian, Michael (2003). "Revision of the Genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): a Combination of Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology Provides Insights into a Long-Hidden Dimorphism". Protist. 154 (3–4): 371–409. doi:10.1078/143446103322454130. PMID 14658496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Choi, Bomi; Son, Misun; Kim, Jong Im; Shin, Woongghi (2013). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae, Cryptophyta) from Korea". Algae. 28 (4): 307–330. doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.4.307. <a href="http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307" target="_blank">http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hill, D. R. A. (1991-03-01). "A revised circumscription of Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae) based on examination of Australian strains". Phycologia. 30 (2): 170–188. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-30-2-170.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Medical Definition of MONAS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-04-28. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/Monas" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/Monas</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Definition of CRYPTO". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-04-28. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crypto" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crypto</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (August 16, 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–13629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989. <a href="/wiki/Laura_Wegener_Parfrey" target="_blank">/wiki/Laura_Wegener_Parfrey</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (August 16, 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–13629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989. <a href="/wiki/Laura_Wegener_Parfrey" target="_blank">/wiki/Laura_Wegener_Parfrey</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Hoef-Emden, Kerstin; Melkonian, Michael (2003). "Revision of the Genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): a Combination of Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology Provides Insights into a Long-Hidden Dimorphism". Protist. 154 (3–4): 371–409. doi:10.1078/143446103322454130. PMID 14658496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Hoef-Emden, Kerstin; Melkonian, Michael (2003). "Revision of the Genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): a Combination of Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology Provides Insights into a Long-Hidden Dimorphism". Protist. 154 (3–4): 371–409. doi:10.1078/143446103322454130. PMID 14658496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Hoef-Emden, Kerstin; Melkonian, Michael (2003). "Revision of the Genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): a Combination of Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology Provides Insights into a Long-Hidden Dimorphism". Protist. 154 (3–4): 371–409. doi:10.1078/143446103322454130. PMID 14658496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hoef-Emden, Kerstin; Melkonian, Michael (2003). "Revision of the Genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): a Combination of Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology Provides Insights into a Long-Hidden Dimorphism". Protist. 154 (3–4): 371–409. doi:10.1078/143446103322454130. PMID 14658496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Choi, Bomi; Son, Misun; Kim, Jong Im; Shin, Woongghi (2013). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae, Cryptophyta) from Korea". Algae. 28 (4): 307–330. doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.4.307. <a href="http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307" target="_blank">http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Lee, JJ (2000). Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Hoef-Emden, Kerstin; Melkonian, Michael (2003). "Revision of the Genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): a Combination of Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology Provides Insights into a Long-Hidden Dimorphism". Protist. 154 (3–4): 371–409. doi:10.1078/143446103322454130. PMID 14658496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Lee, JJ (2000). Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Lee, JJ (2000). Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Lee, JJ (2000). Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Roberts, Keith R. (1984-12-01). "Structure and Significance of the Cryptomonad Flagellar Apparatus. I. Cryptomonas Ovata (cryptophyta)1". Journal of Phycology. 20 (4): 590–599. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1984.00590.x. ISSN 1529-8817. S2CID 84268839. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Choi, Bomi; Son, Misun; Kim, Jong Im; Shin, Woongghi (2013). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae, Cryptophyta) from Korea". Algae. 28 (4): 307–330. doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.4.307. <a href="http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307" target="_blank">http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=JORHBK&py=2013&vnc=v28n4&sp=307</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Lee, JJ (2000). Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed. 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