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Benrishi
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The benrishi profession was adopted from <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">German</a> <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> law, which Japan duplicated during the <a href="/facts/Meiji_era/Ajr5VCQ5">Meiji era</a>. The Benrishi Law (弁理士法 <i>benrishi-hō</i>) was passed in 1921<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> and remained almost unchanged through the end of the 20th century. </p><p>In 2001, after a decade of economic stagnation, the Benrishi Law was changed, and the role of the benrishi in the patent system was changed significantly. Benrishi were allowed to represent clients in adversarial proceedings before <a href="/facts/Customs_(tax)/dLBa0dlN">customs</a> courts and in <a href="/facts/Arbitration/LukKEywe">arbitration</a>. The law was revised again in 2002 to allow benrishi to represent clients in <a href="/facts/Court/QuVoTFmh">courtroom</a> <a href="/facts/Litigation/gFeKr9ra">litigation</a>, either independently of or in cooperation with attorneys. Benrishi has been qualified to be a legal representative for appealing to the <a href="/facts/Intellectual_Property_High_Court/Vksjcv1U">Intellectual Property High Court</a> (the exclusive jurisdiction) representing the client against the adverse decision of Trial Board (consisting of three administrative trial judges) of Japan Patent Office, and even up to the <a href="/facts/Supreme_court/fBeVqM3u">Supreme Court</a> (The Benrishi Law Article 6). Benrishi can also represent the infringement cases if it meets the criteria (The Benrishi Law Article 6bis). </p> <h2 id="business">Business</h2> <p>The main duties of a Benrishi are as follows. </p> <ul><li>Representation to the Patent Office about patents, designs, trademarks, etc.</li> <li>Representation of arbitration cases about intellectual property rights</li> <li>Representation of negotiating and entering into contracts about patent and copyrighted rights, confidential technical sales contracts and licenses</li> <li>Counsel for litigation under the Patent Law, etc.</li></ul> <h2 id="qualification-regimes">Qualification regimes</h2> <p>A person qualified to be a Benrishi is: </p> <ul><li>a person who has passed the Japanese patent attorney examination;</li> <li>a person qualified to become a lawyer</li> <li>a person who has been engaged in the affairs of examination or trial as an examiner or trial examiner of the Patent Office for a total of 7 years or more</li></ul> <p>(Article 7 of the Act). </p><p>However, a person qualified to become a BENRISHI needs to register as a patent attorney with the Japan Patent Attorneys Association (Article 17 of the Act). </p> <h2 id="the-benrishi-examination">The benrishi examination</h2> <h3>Test Contents</h3> <p>The purpose of the patent attorney examination is to determine whether a person who intends to become a patent attorney has the necessary knowledge and applied skills to become a patent attorney. Those who have passed the patent attorney examination and completed practical training are qualified to become patent attorneys. </p><p>The patent attorney examination consists of a written examination and an oral examination, and only those who have passed the written examination may take the oral examination. The written examination consists of a mark-sheet examination and essay-based examination, and only those who have passed the mark-sheet examination may take the essay-based examination. </p> <h3>Mark-sheet examination</h3> <p>The following examination subjects are given in a short-answer (multiple-choice) format. </p> <ul><li>Patent Law and Utility Model Law</li> <li>Design Law</li> <li>Trademark Law</li> <li>Industrial property treaties (Paris Convention, Patent Cooperation Treaty, etc.)</li> <li>Copyright Law and Unfair Competition Prevention Law</li></ul> <h3>Essay-based examination</h3> <p>Only those who have passed the mark-sheet examination may take the essay-based examination. The examination is given in the form of a paper, and the required subjects are laws and regulations concerning industrial property rights (Patent Law, Utility Model Law, Design Law, and Trademark Law), and the following elective subjects. </p> <ol><li>Science and Engineering I (Mechanics) Mechanics of materials, Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Soil Engineering</li> <li>Science and Engineering II (Mathematics and Physics) physics, electromagnetism, circuit theory</li> <li>Science and Engineering III (Chemistry) Physical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry</li> <li>Science and Engineering IV (Biology) General biology, biochemistry</li> <li>Science and Engineering V (Information) Information theory, computer engineering</li> <li>Law (Laws relating to the practice of patent attorneys) Civil law</li></ol> <h3>Oral examination</h3> <p>This examination is taken by those who have passed the written paper examination. The examination will cover laws and regulations related to industrial property rights. </p> <h3>Difficulty level</h3> <p>The trend of the passing rate is as follows. </p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="11">Trends in Patent Attorney Examination Pass Rates</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2010</td><td>2011</td><td>2012</td><td>2013</td><td>2014</td><td>2015</td><td>2016</td><td>2017</td></tr><tr><td>Number of Applicants</td><td>10,494</td><td>10,384</td><td>9,950</td><td>8,735</td><td>7,930</td><td>7,528</td><td>6,216</td><td>5,340</td><td>4,679</td><td>4,352</td></tr><tr><td>Number of Test Takers</td><td>9,727</td><td>9,517</td><td>9,152</td><td>7,948</td><td>7,231</td><td>6,784</td><td>5,599</td><td>4,798</td><td>4,211</td><td>3,912</td></tr><tr><td>Number of Passer of Mark-sheet Examination</td><td>2,865</td><td>1,420</td><td>899</td><td>1,934</td><td>1,374</td><td>434</td><td>550</td><td>604</td><td>557</td><td>287</td></tr><tr><td>Number of Passer of Essay-based examination</td><td>601</td><td>944</td><td>822</td><td>715</td><td>837</td><td>490</td><td>358</td><td>248</td><td>288</td><td>229</td></tr><tr><td>Number of Final Passers</td><td>574</td><td>813</td><td>756</td><td>721</td><td>773</td><td>715</td><td>385</td><td>319</td><td>296</td><td>255</td></tr><tr><td>Passing Rate</td><td>5.9%</td><td>8.5%</td><td>8.3%</td><td>9.1%</td><td>10.7%</td><td>10.5%</td><td>6.9%</td><td>6.6%</td><td>7.0%</td><td>6.5%</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="11">Composition of Successful Candidates in the Patent Attorney Examination by Gender</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2010</td><td>2011</td><td>2012</td><td>2013</td><td>2014</td><td>2015</td><td>2016</td><td>2017</td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>83.1%</td><td>83.6%</td><td>80.3%</td><td>83.5%</td><td>79.8%</td><td>80.4%</td><td>76.9%</td><td>79.6%</td><td>80.7%</td><td>72.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Female</td><td>16.9%</td><td>16.4%</td><td>19.7%</td><td>16.5%</td><td>20.2%</td><td>19.6%</td><td>23.1%</td><td>20.4%</td><td>19.3%</td><td>27.1%</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="11">Composition of Successful Candidates in the Patent Attorney Examination by School Background or Major</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2008</td><td>2009</td><td>2010</td><td>2011</td><td>2012</td><td>2013</td><td>2014</td><td>2015</td><td>2016</td><td>2017</td></tr><tr><td>Science and Engineering Background</td><td>87.3%</td><td>86.5%</td><td>83.1%</td><td>82.8%</td><td>84.6%</td><td>85.0%</td><td>82.9%</td><td>82.4%</td><td>86.5%</td><td>78.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Law and Humanities Background</td><td>10.1%</td><td>10.3%</td><td>13.5%</td><td>13.9%</td><td>12.3%</td><td>11.3%</td><td>14.5%</td><td>13.5%</td><td>10.1%</td><td>15.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>3.1%</td><td>3.6%</td><td>2.6%</td><td>4.1%</td><td>3.4%</td><td>5.5%</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="6">Breakdown of Successful Candidates in the Patent Attorney Examination by School of Origin<p>(Number in parentheses indicates the number of successful candidates)</p></td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td><a href="/facts/University_of_Tokyo/Td0xnQDF">University of Tokyo</a> (52)</td><td><a href="/facts/Kyoto_University/fxhusvuc">Kyoto University</a> (44)</td><td><a href="/facts/Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology/kqdLTkto">Tokyo Institute of Technology</a> (37)</td><td><a href="/facts/Waseda_University/c5SNJr4r">Waseda University</a> (37)</td><td><a href="/facts/Osaka_University/rcFrxvSY">Osaka University</a> (32)</td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td>Kyoto University (51)</td><td>University of Tokyo (47)</td><td>Waseda University (47)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (36)</td><td>Osaka University (30)</td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>University of Tokyo (73)</td><td>Kyoto University (62)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (47)</td><td>Osaka University (42)</td><td>Waseda University (38)</td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>Kyoto University (59)</td><td>University of Tokyo (57)</td><td>Osaka University (44)</td><td>Waseda University (41)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (38)</td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>Kyoto University (54)</td><td>University of Tokyo (53)</td><td>Osaka University (50)</td><td>Waseda University (37)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (25)</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>University of Tokyo (61)</td><td>Osaka University (42)</td><td>Kyoto University (41)</td><td>Waseda University (39)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (33)</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>University of Tokyo (75)</td><td>Kyoto University (67)</td><td>Osaka University (45)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (42)</td><td>Waseda University (39)</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>University of Tokyo (65)</td><td>Kyoto University (55)</td><td>Waseda University (42)</td><td>Osaka University (37)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (36)</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>University of Tokyo (69)</td><td>Kyoto University (55)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (40)</td><td>Waseda University (36)</td><td>Keio University (34)</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>University of Tokyo (70)</td><td>Kyoto University (55)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (48)</td><td>Osaka University (48)</td><td>Waseda University (39)</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>University of Tokyo (65)</td><td>Kyoto University (51)</td><td>Osaka University (38)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (35)</td><td>Waseda University (28)</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>Kyoto University (27)</td><td>University of Tokyo (26)</td><td>Waseda University (25)</td><td>Osaka University (19)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (17)</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>Kyoto University (32)</td><td>University of Tokyo (25)</td><td>Osaka University (20)</td><td>Keio University (13)</td><td>Waseda University (12)</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>University of Tokyo (36)</td><td>Kyoto University (27)</td><td>Tohoku University (15)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (13)</td><td>Tokyo University of Science (13)</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>University of Tokyo (37)</td><td>Kyoto University (29)</td><td>Tohoku University (16)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (15)</td><td>Tokyo University of Science (12)</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>University of Tokyo (36)</td><td>Kyoto University (29)</td><td>Osaka University (16)</td><td>Keio University (11)</td><td>Hokkaido University (11)</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>Kyoto University (30)</td><td>University of Tokyo (25)</td><td>Tokyo Institute of Technology (19)</td><td>Osaka University (18)</td><td>Keio University (16)</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bengoshi/Ty1f5Kta">Bengoshi</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060304194049/http://www.jpo.go.jp/torikumi_e/hiroba_e/hourei_e/patent_attorney_law.htm">Review of Patent Attorney (Benrishi) Law</a>, Japan Patent Office</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325145653/http://www.jpaa.or.jp/english/aboutus/history.html">History of the Japan Patent Attorneys Association</a>, Japan Patent Attorneys Association</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Membership Breakdown of the Japan Patent Attorneys Association (PDF), Japan Patent Attorney Association, February 29, 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2013 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626033431/http://www.jpaa.or.jp/english/aboutus/pdf/DistributionMap.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130626033431/http://www.jpaa.or.jp/english/aboutus/pdf/DistributionMap.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"History of the Japan Patent Attorneys Association". Japan Patent Attorneys Association. Archived from the original on 2014-03-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325145653/http://www.jpaa.or.jp/english/aboutus/history.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140325145653/http://www.jpaa.or.jp/english/aboutus/history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>