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Compendium (software)
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<h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <p>Compendium <a href="/facts/Diagram/H0PKEUrI">diagrammatically</a> represents thoughts as <a href="/facts/Node_(computer_science)/eYlvVE0z">nodes</a> displayed as labeled <a href="/facts/Icon_(computing)/habCR8KJ">icons</a>—with types such as issues/questions, ideas/answers, arguments, references, and decisions—and represents interconnections between different nodes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> It can be used for applications as varied as: issue mapping in meetings, <a href="/facts/Design_rationale/bwUAQBSU">design rationales</a> and <a href="/facts/Requirements_analysis/fHtWUoMs">requirements analysis</a>, meeting management (<a href="/facts/Agenda_(meeting)/WYQQIUP6">agendas</a> and <a href="/facts/Minutes/HQGHYPH1">minutes</a>), <a href="/facts/Action_item/lenm5Y88">action item</a> and <a href="/facts/Issue_tracking_system/xYr8LTvo">issue tracking</a>, <a href="/facts/Requirements_management/8Ns3J9fP">requirements management</a>, classification, management templates, and reference databases (such as <a href="/facts/Personal_knowledge_base/t2SStk4W">personal knowledge bases</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The software can be used by a group of people in a collaborative manner to document their collective ideas using visual diagrams. A group <a href="/facts/Facilitation_(business)/by72HuYd">facilitation</a> method called <a href="/facts/Dialogue_mapping/C8ozeSAM">dialogue mapping</a> is especially suited for use with Compendium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Compendium templates for critical thinking can be used to create <a href="/facts/Argument_map/odQrA56P">argument maps</a> using the <a href="/facts/Argumentation_scheme/09o0M8T9">argumentation schemes</a> developed by <a href="/facts/Argumentation_theory/9oaSBJSo">argumentation theory</a> scholars such as <a href="/facts/Douglas_N._Walton/rpEBcYxf">Douglas N. Walton</a>, Chris Reed, and Fabrizio Macagno.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Argumentation schemes are pre-defined patterns of reasoning for analysing and constructing arguments; each scheme is accompanied by a list of critical questions that can be used to evaluate whether a particular argument is good or <a href="/facts/Fallacious/IRVuLSef">fallacious</a>. By using these argumentation schemes, users of Compendium can examine claims in more detail to uncover their implicit logical substructure and improve the rigor and depth of discussions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>There are ten default types of node: question, answer, list view, map view, pro, con, note, decision, reference, argument.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> There are three types of relationship between nodes: associative, transclusive, categorical.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Images can be placed directly into a view, assigned to a node, or assigned to the background picture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Features of Compendium include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Drag and drop documents and websites onto a map</li> <li>Complete freedom to arrange icons</li> <li>Keyword tagging</li> <li>Map and label the connections between concepts to illustrate links</li> <li>Create dialogue maps to display links between everyone's ideas in group projects</li> <li>Create <a href="/facts/Argument_map/odQrA56P">argument maps</a> collaboratively, editing each other's writing</li> <li>Create issue/problem templates</li> <li>Share learning pathways</li> <li>Organise large amounts of information</li> <li>Place resources in sequence to develop a learning path</li></ul> <p>Users can choose to use Compendium with either the <a href="/facts/Apache_Derby/vSE2vVtG">Apache Derby</a> (internal) or <a href="/facts/MySQL/QEEDNBDP">MySQL</a> (external) <a href="/facts/Relational_database_management_system/pEKGmJLy">relational database management system</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>The software is networked and supports concurrency and different views when using MySQL. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Compendium is the result of fifteen years of development in collaborative modeling, initiated in the mid-1990s by Al Selvin and Maarten Sierhuis at <a href="/facts/NYNEX/8s6LqFN8">NYNEX</a> Science & Technology; the theory behind the software hails from the 1970s, when IBIS was first conceptualised by Horst Rittel. Selvin and Sierhuis built on Jeff Conklin's earlier hypertext issue mapping software: gIBIS and QuestMap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Many associations have thence contributed ideas to the development of Compendium. These institutions include Blue Oxen Associates, Center for Creative Leadership, <a href="/facts/Open_University/XtKeHXvB">Open University</a>'s Knowledge Media Institute, <a href="/facts/Verizon/8WkoRAUM">Verizon</a>, CogNexus Institute, and Agent iSolutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> In 2012, the Compendium community established CompendiumNG to further advance and develop the software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Free and open-source software portal</li><li>Computer programming portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Argument_map/odQrA56P">Argument map</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Concept_map/f9Dt1LED">Concept map</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Graph_database/WJfPlV3z">Graph database</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Issue_tree/gaNTI1yt">Issue tree</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Knowledge_base/zKXdqQjH">Knowledge base</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software/bdcMsbfN">List of concept- and mind-mapping software</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Buckingham Shum, Simon J (19 February 2007a). <a href="http://compendium.open.ac.uk/news/rostra/news.php@r=55&t=2&id=27.htm">"Argumentation schemes: Compendium templates for critical thinking"</a>. Compendium Institute. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</li> <li>Buckingham Shum, Simon J (2007b). <a href="http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/hyperdiscourse/docs/SBS.ICCS2007.pdf">"Hypermedia discourse: contesting networks of ideas and arguments"</a> (PDF). In Priss, Uta; Polovina, Simon; Hill, Richard (eds.). <i>Conceptual structures: knowledge architectures for smart applications</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4604. New York: Springer. pp. 29–44. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-73681-3_3">10.1007/978-3-540-73681-3_3</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3540736806. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/155834300">155834300</a>.</li> <li>Buckingham Shum, Simon J; Slack, Roger; Daw, Michael; Juby, Ben; Rowley, Andrew; Bachler, Michelle; Mancini, Clara; Michaelides, Danius; Procter, Rob; Roure, David de; Chown, Tim; Hewitt, Terry (2006). <a href="http://kmi.open.ac.uk/publications/pdf/KMI-TR-06-02.pdf">"Memetic: an infrastructure for meeting memory"</a> (PDF). In Hassanaly, Parina (ed.). <i>Cooperative systems design: seamless integration of artifacts and conversations — enhanced concepts of infrastructure for communication</i>. Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications. Vol. 137. Amsterdam; Washington, DC: IOS Press. pp. 71–85. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781586036041. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71214536">71214536</a>.</li> <li>Conklin, E Jeffrey (2006). <i>Dialogue mapping: building shared understanding of wicked problems</i>. Chichester, UK; Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0470017686. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60491946">60491946</a>.</li> <li>Conole, Gráinne (2008). <a href="http://www.e4innovation.com/Papers/Conole_knowledge_cartography.pdf">"Using Compendium as a tool to support the design of learning activities"</a> (PDF). In Okada, Alexandra; Buckingham Shum, Simon J; Sherborne, Tony (eds.). <i>Knowledge cartography: software tools and mapping techniques</i>. Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing. New York: Springer. pp. 199–221. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84800-149-7_10">10.1007/978-1-84800-149-7_10</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781848001480. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/195735592">195735592</a>.</li> <li>Culmsee, Paul; Awati, Kailash (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUgasLvgvdEC"><i>The heretic's guide to best practices: the reality of managing complex problems in organisations</i></a>. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, Inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781462058549. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/767703320">767703320</a>.</li> <li>Kirschner, Paul Arthur; Buckingham Shum, Simon J; Carr, Chad S, eds. (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNijwv-my_kC"><i>Visualizing argumentation: software tools for collaborative and educational sense-making</i></a>. Computer supported cooperative work. New York: Springer. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4471-0037-9">10.1007/978-1-4471-0037-9</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1852336641. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50676911">50676911</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46267938">46267938</a>.</li> <li>McCrickard, Scott (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y9gAQAAQBAJ"><i>Making claims: the claim as a knowledge design, capture, and sharing tool in HCI</i></a>. Synthesis lectures on human-centered informatics. Vol. 15. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2200%2FS00423ED1V01Y201205HCI015">10.2200/S00423ED1V01Y201205HCI015</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781608459056. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/847741769">847741769</a>.</li> <li>Ohl, Ricky (2008). "Computer supported argument visualisation: modelling in consultative democracy around wicked problems". In Okada, Alexandra; Buckingham Shum, Simon J; Sherborne, Tony (eds.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/knowledgecartogr00okad"><i>Knowledge cartography: software tools and mapping techniques</i></a>. Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing. New York: Springer. pp. 267–286. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84800-149-7_13">10.1007/978-1-84800-149-7_13</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781848001480. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/195735592">195735592</a>.</li> <li>Selvin, Al; Buckingham Shum, Simon J (2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8sdBQAAQBAJ"><i>Constructing knowledge art: an experiential perspective on crafting participatory representations</i></a>. Synthesis lectures on human-centered informatics. Vol. 23. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2200%2FS00593ED1V01Y201408HCI023">10.2200/S00593ED1V01Y201408HCI023</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781627052603. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896432029">896432029</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Douglas_N._Walton/rpEBcYxf">Walton, Douglas</a>; Reed, Chris; Macagno, Fabrizio (2008). <a href="https://archive.org/details/argumentationsch0000walt/page/400">"Schemes in Compendium"</a>. <i>Argumentation schemes</i>. Cambridge; New York: <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/argumentationsch0000walt/page/400">400</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780521897907. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181424052">181424052</a>.</li> <li>Zubizarreta, Rosa (2006). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112060731/http://www.diapraxis.com/media/AA/AL/diapraxis/downloads/267023/Chapter-13.pdf">"Practical dialogue: emergent approaches for effective collaboration"</a> (PDF). In Schuman, Sandy (ed.). <i>Creating a culture of collaboration: the International Association of Facilitators handbook</i>. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. pp. 257–278. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0787981168. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70659897">70659897</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.diapraxis.com/media/AA/AL/diapraxis/downloads/267023/Chapter-13.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 January 2015.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/">Official website</a> </li> <li><a href="http://www.graphic.org/mind-mapping-software/compendium-review.html">"Compendium review: detailed look at Compendium mind mapping software"</a>. Graphic.org mind mapping software reviews. 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</li> <li><a href="http://www.cognexus.org/relevant_online_content.htm">"Relevant online content"</a>. CogNexus Institute links to places where issue mapping, dialogue mapping, IBIS, Compendium, wicked problems and many other related topics are discussed online. 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Compendium project". Knowledge Media Institute, Open University. 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <a href="http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/" target="_blank">http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Compendium Institute (archived)". projects.buckinghamshum.net. Retrieved 26 August 2018. <a href="http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/" target="_blank">http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Compendium project". Knowledge Media Institute, Open University. 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <a href="http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/" target="_blank">http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Compendium project". Knowledge Media Institute, Open University. 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <a href="http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/" target="_blank">http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Buckingham Shum, Simon J (13 February 2009). "Compendium released open source". Compendium Institute. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122140838/http://compendium.open.ac.uk/news/rostra/news.php@r=55&t=2&id=41.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190122140838/http://compendium.open.ac.uk/news/rostra/news.php@r=55&t=2&id=41.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Compendium Institute (archived)". projects.buckinghamshum.net. Retrieved 26 August 2018. <a href="http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/" target="_blank">http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Introduction to Compendium: Tutorial, Version 1.3.4, June 2006" (PDF). projects.buckinghamshum.net. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf" target="_blank">http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Introduction to Compendium: Tutorial, Version 1.3.4, June 2006" (PDF). projects.buckinghamshum.net. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf" target="_blank">http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Selvin, Albert M; Buckingham Shum, Simon J; Seirhuis, Maarten; Conklin, E Jeffrey; Zimmerman, Beatrix; Palus, Charles J; Drath, Wilfred H; Horth, David Magellan; Domingue, John; Motta, Enrico (March 2001). Compendium: making meetings into knowledge events (PDF) (Technical report). Milton Keynes: Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University. KMI-TR-103. <a href="https://kmi.open.ac.uk/publications/pdf/kmi-01-6.pdf" target="_blank">https://kmi.open.ac.uk/publications/pdf/kmi-01-6.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Conklin 2006; Zubizarreta 2006 - Conklin, E Jeffrey (2006). Dialogue mapping: building shared understanding of wicked problems. Chichester, UK; Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470017686. OCLC 60491946. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60491946" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60491946</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>As described in Walton, Reed & Macagno 2008; to download the templates, see: "Argumentation schemes: compendium templates for critical thinking". compendium.open.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2018. - Walton, Douglas; Reed, Chris; Macagno, Fabrizio (2008). "Schemes in Compendium". Argumentation schemes. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 400. ISBN 9780521897907. OCLC 181424052. <a href="https://archive.org/details/argumentationsch0000walt/page/400" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/argumentationsch0000walt/page/400</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Buckingham Shum 2007a; Walton, Reed & Macagno 2008 - Buckingham Shum, Simon J (19 February 2007a). "Argumentation schemes: Compendium templates for critical thinking". Compendium Institute. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <a href="http://compendium.open.ac.uk/news/rostra/news.php@r=55&t=2&id=27.htm" target="_blank">http://compendium.open.ac.uk/news/rostra/news.php@r=55&t=2&id=27.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Introduction to Compendium: Tutorial, Version 1.3.4, June 2006" (PDF). projects.buckinghamshum.net. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf" target="_blank">http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Introduction to Compendium: Tutorial, Version 1.3.4, June 2006" (PDF). projects.buckinghamshum.net. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf" target="_blank">http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Introduction to Compendium: Tutorial, Version 1.3.4, June 2006" (PDF). projects.buckinghamshum.net. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf" target="_blank">http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Introduction to Compendium: Tutorial, Version 1.3.4, June 2006" (PDF). projects.buckinghamshum.net. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf" target="_blank">http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Compendium project". Knowledge Media Institute, Open University. 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <a href="http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/" target="_blank">http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Compendium project". Knowledge Media Institute, Open University. 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <a href="http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/" target="_blank">http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Participating institutions". Compendium Institute. 2007. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702120921/http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institutions.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200702120921/http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institutions.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"CompendiumNG wiki". CompendiumNG. 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017. <a href="https://github.com/CompendiumNG/CompendiumNG/wiki" target="_blank">https://github.com/CompendiumNG/CompendiumNG/wiki</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>