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Fixed-dose procedure
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<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Up-and-down_procedure/dbrvP6HA">Up-and-down procedure</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Whitehead, A.; Curnow, R.N. (April 1992). "Statistical evaluation of the fixed-dose procedure". <i>Food and Chemical Toxicology</i>. 30 (4): 313–324. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-6915%2892%2990009-a">10.1016/0278-6915(92)90009-a</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1628867">1628867</a>.</li> <li>Lipnick, R.L.; Cotruvo, J.A.; Hill, R.N.; Bruce, R.D.; Stitzel, K.A.; Walker, A.P.; Chu, I.; Goddard, M.; Segal, L.; Springer, J.A.; Myers, R.C. (March 1995). "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures". <i>Food and Chemical Toxicology</i>. 33 (3): 223–231. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-6915%2894%2900136-c">10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-c</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7896233">7896233</a>.</li> <li>Yam, J.; Reer, P.J.; Bruce, R.D. (January 1991). "Comparison of the up-and-down method and the fixed-dose procedure for acute oral toxicity testing". <i>Food and Chemical Toxicology</i>. 29 (4): 259–263. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-6915%2891%2990023-Z">10.1016/0278-6915(91)90023-Z</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2040488">2040488</a>.</li> <li>Stallard, Nigel; Whitehead, Anne (9 April 2019). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026119290403202s05">"A Statistical Evaluation of the Fixed Dose Procedure"</a>. <i>Alternatives to Laboratory Animals</i>. 32 (2_suppl): 13–21. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026119290403202s05">10.1177/026119290403202s05</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15601221">15601221</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46160911">46160911</a>.</li> <li>Stallard, N.; Whitehead, A. (2 July 2016). "The fixed-dose procedure and the acute-toxic-class method: a mathematical comparison". <i>Human & Experimental Toxicology</i>. 14 (12): 974–990. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096032719501401206">10.1177/096032719501401206</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8962748">8962748</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:78559">78559</a>.</li> <li>Stallard, Nigel; Whitehead, Anne; Indans, Ian (2 July 2016). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0960327104ht465oa">"Statistical evaluation of an acute dermal toxicity test using the dermal fixed dose procedure"</a>. <i>Human & Experimental Toxicology</i>. 23 (8): 405–412. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0960327104ht465oa">10.1191/0960327104ht465oa</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15346722">15346722</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26925263">26925263</a>.</li> <li>Ellard, GA (November 1999). <a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iuatld/ijtld/1999/00000003/A00311s3/art00010">"The evaluation of rifampicin bioavailabilities of fixed-dose combinations of anti-tuberculosis drugs: procedures for ensuring laboratory proficiency"</a>. <i>The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease</i>. 3 (11 Suppl 3): S322-4, discussion S351-2. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10593711">10593711</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Stallard, N.; Whitehead, A. (2 July 2016). "Reducing animal numbers in the fixed-dose procedure". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 14 (4): 315–323. doi:10.1177/096032719501400401. PMID 7598991. S2CID 37663587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Walum, E (April 1998). "Acute oral toxicity". Environmental Health Perspectives. 106 (Suppl 2): 497–503. doi:10.1289/ehp.98106497. JSTOR 3433801. PMC 1533392. PMID 9599698. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1533392" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1533392</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>van den Heuvel, M.J.; Clark, D.G.; Fielder, R.J.; Koundakjian, P.P.; Oliver, G.J.A.; Pelling, D.; Tomlinson, N.J.; Walker, A.P. (January 1990). "The international validation of a fixed-dose procedure as an alternative to the classical LD50 test". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 28 (7): 469–482. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(90)90117-6. PMID 2210519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Stallard, N; Whitehead, A; Ridgway, P (2 July 2016). "Statistical evaluation of the revised fixed-dose procedure". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 21 (4): 183–196. doi:10.1191/0960327102ht239oa. PMID 12099620. S2CID 45430481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Allergan Receives FDA Approval for First-of-Its-Kind, Fully in vitro, Cell-Based Assay for BOTOX® and BOTOX® Cosmetic (onabotulinumtoxinA)" (Press release). Allergan. June 24, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2020. <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110624005918/en/Allergan-Receives-FDA-Approval-First-of-Its-Kind-Fully-vitro" target="_blank">https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110624005918/en/Allergan-Receives-FDA-Approval-First-of-Its-Kind-Fully-vitro</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gaul, Gilbert M. (12 April 2008). "In U.S., Few Alternatives To Testing On Animals". The Washington Post. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/11/AR2008041103733.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/11/AR2008041103733.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>