2020 Beirut explosion

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>

The <a href="/facts/Economy_of_Lebanon/Rb6pHM0e">economy of Lebanon</a> was in a <a href="/facts/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis/L019HvJW">state of crisis</a> before the explosion, with the <a href="/facts/Politics_of_Lebanon/Y1qVlS5H">government</a> having <a href="/facts/Default_(finance)/tzRGlN51">defaulted</a> on debt, the <a href="/facts/Lebanese_pound/PyUBIk9f">Lebanese pound</a> plunging, and a poverty rate that had risen past 50%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> In addition, the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon/rUQJE9xJ">COVID-19 pandemic</a> had overwhelmed many of the country's hospitals, several of which were already short of medical supplies and unable to pay staff due to the financial crisis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> The morning before the explosion, the head of the <a href="/facts/Rafik_Hariri_University_Hospital/Tv2QAaS7">Rafik Hariri University Hospital</a>, which served as the main COVID-19 medical facility in Lebanon, warned that it was approaching full capacity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The government-owned <a href="/facts/Port_of_Beirut/pm7gdYHs">Port of Beirut</a> serves as the main maritime entry point into Lebanon and a vital piece of infrastructure for the importation of scarce goods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The <a href="/facts/Beirut_Naval_Base/9IjT7L8G">Beirut Naval Base</a> is a part of the port.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The port included four basins, sixteen <a href="/facts/Quays/yg3NRNdE">quays</a>, twelve warehouses,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> a large container terminal,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> and a <a href="/facts/Grain_elevator/MslLyN0c">grain elevator</a> with a total capacity of 120,000 tonnes that served as a strategic reserve of cereals for the country. The grain elevator was built in the 1960s as part of an expansion plan advanced by Palestinian banker <a href="/facts/Yousef_Beidas/U50GRa8z">Yousef Beidas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h3>Iran's involvement</h3>
<a href="/facts/Behnam_Shahriyari/kxfkarGA">Behnam Shahriyari</a> is a senior official within Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), specifically associated with <a href="/facts/Unit_190/jCLzSTJS">Unit 190</a>, a division responsible for clandestine arms transfers and logistical operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> He has been implicated in arms smuggling, money laundering, and oil trafficking on behalf of the IRGC Quds Force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Reports indicate that since 2011, the Iranian shipping company Liner Transport Kish (LTK), managed by Shahriyari and Mojtaba Mousavi Tabar, delivered significant quantities of ammonium nitrate to Hezbollah.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Between 2011 and 2014, multiple shipments were sent to Beirut, including a consignment transported aboard the <a href="/facts/MV_Rhosus/6burgQwS">MV Rhosus</a> vessel in August 2013, carrying approximately 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> This shipment was seized and stored in the port, where it remained until its detonation in 2020, causing widespread casualties and destruction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h3>MV Rhosus</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/MV_Rhosus/6burgQwS">MV Rhosus</a>
On 27 September 2013, the Moldovan-<a href="/facts/Ship_registration/DAebYagB">flagged</a> cargo ship <a href="/facts/MV_Rhosus/6burgQwS">MV Rhosus</a> set sail from <a href="/facts/Batumi/eBVMe6VF">Batumi</a>, <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a>, to <a href="/facts/Beira,_Mozambique/0TcIqxat">Beira</a>, Mozambique, carrying 2,750 <a href="/facts/Tonne/gMymLmWv">tonnes</a> (3,030 <a href="/facts/Short_ton/b2fcrxHq">short tons</a>) of <a href="/facts/Ammonium_nitrate/aSc96wBX">ammonium nitrate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Rhosus was owned by a company based in Panama but was regarded by the captain as under the <a href="/facts/De_facto/3Du6WQKh">de facto</a> ownership of Russian businessman Igor Grechushkin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> The shipment had been ordered by an African explosives manufacturing company for mining in Mozambique.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> However, reporting by <a href="/facts/Der_Spiegel/pjoz3IIF">Der Spiegel</a> has found that it was not Grechushkin who owned Rhosus, but rather Cypriot businessman Charalambos Manoli, who maintained a relationship with the bank used by <a href="/facts/Hezbollah/HRhTo2rI">Hezbollah</a> in Lebanon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
On 21 November 2013, the ship made port in Beirut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Some sources said it was forced to port due to mechanical issues and possibly engine problems,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> while other sources claimed the owner did not have sufficient funds to pay tolls for the <a href="/facts/Suez_Canal/1zYoNryp">Suez Canal</a> and attempted to take on a shipment of heavy machinery in Beirut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> The heavy machinery was stacked on top of the doors to the cargo space containing the ammonium nitrate, causing the doors to buckle, which damaged the ship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> After inspection by <a href="/facts/Port_state_control/9n0SY3cd">port state control</a>, Rhosus was deemed unseaworthy, and was forbidden to set sail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Eight Ukrainians and one or two Russians were aboard,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> and with the help of the Ukrainian <a href="/facts/Consul_(representative)/KBH7xwYY">consul</a>, five Ukrainians were <a href="/facts/Repatriation/qCbTlgeY">repatriated</a>, leaving four crew members to care for the ship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>

Grechushkin reportedly went <a href="/facts/Bankrupt/EAztPnMf">bankrupt</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> and after the charterers lost interest in the cargo he abandoned Rhosus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> The ship soon ran out of provisions, and the remaining crew were unable to disembark due to immigration restrictions. According to <a href="/facts/Lloyd%27s_List/ChHT1tjn">Lloyd's List</a>, port state control seized Rhosus on 4 February 2014 due to <a href="/facts/US$/naEEDUhC">US$</a>100,000 in unpaid bills.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> The ship had accrued port fees and been <a href="/facts/Fine_(penalty)/xgGhyBI0">fined</a> for refusing cargo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> Lawyers argued for the crew's repatriation on compassionate grounds because of the danger posed by the cargo still aboard the ship, and an Urgent Matters judge in Beirut allowed them to return home. They had been forced to live aboard the ship for about a year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
By order of the judge, Rhosus's cargo was brought ashore in 2014 and placed in Warehouse 12 at the port,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> where it remained for the next six years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Rhosus sank in the harbor in February 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>
Lebanese <a href="/facts/Customs/dLBa0dlN">customs</a> officials had sent letters to judges requesting a resolution to the issue of the confiscated cargo, proposing that the ammonium nitrate be either exported, given to the <a href="/facts/Lebanese_Armed_Forces/5rVqm6F8">Lebanese Armed Forces</a> or sold to the private Lebanese Explosives Company.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> Letters had been sent on 27 June and 5 December 2014, 6 May 2015, 20 May and 13 October 2016, and 27 October 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> One of the letters sent in 2016 noted that judges had not replied to previous requests, and pleaded:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>

In view of the serious danger of keeping these goods in the hangar in unsuitable climatic conditions, we reaffirm our request to please request the marine agency to re-export these goods immediately to preserve the safety of the port and those working in it, or to look into agreeing to sell this amount ...
Each time, the requests were procedurally declined due to errors by the customs officials. However, the officials persisted in making the same requests instead of correcting the errors. Legal experts also said that the customs officials could have confiscated the material unilaterally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>

<h2 id="explosion">Explosion</h2>
<h3>Fire and first explosion</h3>
Around 17:45 local time (14:45 <a href="/facts/UTC/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a>) on 4 August 2020, a fire broke out in Warehouse 12 at the Port of Beirut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> Warehouse 12, which was waterside and adjacent to the grain elevator, stored the ammonium nitrate that had been confiscated from Rhosus alongside a stash of <a href="/facts/Fireworks/sPEQcu3h">fireworks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> Around 17:55 local time (14:55 UTC), a team of nine firefighters and one paramedic, known as Platoon 5, was dispatched to fight the fire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> On arrival the fire crew reported over the radio that there was "something wrong" as the fire was immense and produced "a crazy sound."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a>
The initial explosion, at about 18:07 local time (15:07 UTC), likely triggered by the stored fireworks, created a large plume of grey smoke and bright firework flashes, and heavily damaged Warehouse 12 with a force equivalent to around <a href="/facts/TNT_equivalent/nEQ5z8mp">1.5–2.5 tons of TNT</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>

<h3>Final explosion</h3>

The second explosion, 33 to 35 seconds later, was far more substantial<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> and felt in northern Israel and in Cyprus, 240 kilometers (150 miles) away.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> It rocked central Beirut and created a large red-orange cloud, briefly ringed by a white <a href="/facts/Condensation_cloud/8FMBxqPr">condensation cloud</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> The red-orange color of the smoke from the second explosion was caused by <a href="/facts/Nitrogen_dioxide/FoLvApPI">nitrogen dioxide</a>, a byproduct of ammonium nitrate decomposition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>
By the next morning, the main fire that led to the explosion had been extinguished.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>

<h3>Yield</h3>

Despite inefficient transmission of the shock waves into the ground,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> the <a href="/facts/United_States_Geological_Survey/nVaGtMjl">United States Geological Survey</a> measured the event as a 3.3 <a href="/facts/Richter_magnitude_scale/UDhqkAX1">local magnitude</a> <a href="/facts/Earthquake/NGjIzagw">earthquake</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> while the Jordan Seismological Observatory reported that it was equivalent to a 4.5 <a href="/facts/Seismic_magnitude_scales/g5uSHyQe">ML</a> earthquake.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> A study of seismic signatures of the explosion by the <a href="/facts/Federal_Institute_for_Geosciences_and_Natural_Resources/ItGs7Yw4">Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources</a> in Germany produced a yield estimate between 0.5 and 1.1 <a href="/facts/Kiloton_of_TNT/nEQ5z8mp">kt of TNT</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> Experts from the Blast and Impact Research Group at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Sheffield/YBEItxSg">University of Sheffield</a> estimated that the explosion was one of the <a href="/facts/Largest_artificial_non-nuclear_explosions/DXj8nBto">largest artificial non-nuclear explosions</a> ever recorded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> Later, they were able to quantitatively support this rapid estimate as they compiled more distance versus time of arrival data as new videos of the explosion became available on <a href="/facts/Social_media/kUIkfpIA">social media</a> platforms. Their study found that the best estimate and upper bound prediction of the yield of the explosion are 0.5 and 1.12 kt of TNT, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> This is equal to around 1 <a href="/facts/Kilowatt-hour/qvVkEmPH">GWh</a> of energy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> Another study used several videos of the explosion to describe the evolution of the fireball size and estimated the Beirut explosion yield to be 0.6 ± 0.3 kt of TNT.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> The Beirut explosion was similar to explosions of large amounts of ammonium nitrate in <a href="/facts/Texas_City_disaster/voLWX2IJ">Texas City, United States</a>, in 1947; in <a href="/facts/Toulouse_chemical_factory_explosion/swMULvGk">Toulouse, France</a>, in 2001; and <a href="/facts/2015_Tianjin_explosions/I0bhbcRJ">Tianjin, China</a>, in 2015.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>
An independent estimate by the International Monitoring System of the <a href="/facts/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization/twPgTRtx">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization</a> based on infrasonic data obtained an explosive yield equivalent to 0.5–1.1 kt of TNT,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> making it the sixth-largest accidental artificial non-nuclear explosion in human history.
Aouad et al. (2021) derived the kinematics of the fireball from publicly available videos. Considering a time of separation between the fireball and the <a href="/facts/Shock_wave/CqrG1Xm5">shock wave</a> at about 170 <a href="/facts/Millisecond/xHCyv235">milliseconds</a>, they concluded a TNT equivalent mass of 0.2 ± 0.08 kt of TNT or 520 ± 200 tons of ammonium nitrate at a distance of 130 meters from the explosion center.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> This result is consistent with Dewey 2021 that suggests that the Beirut explosion TNT equivalence is an increasing function of distance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a>
Temsah et al. 2021 estimated the magnitude of the explosion. The research was based on a structural engineering approach with numerical non-linear finite element modeling of the grain elevator facing Warehouse 12 where the explosion took place. The numerical study model was based on silos data (geometrical and material properties) and the use of the Conventional Weapons Effects Blast Loading (CONWEP), and the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) methods to generate the blast load. The analysis results proved that an amount equivalent to 564 t of AN (or 220 t of TNT) was adequate to generate damages similar to those resulting from the explosion. This amount represents 20.5% of the original stored amount (2750 t). As for the state of the grain elevator, results showed it was structurally unstable and should be demolished or properly strengthened.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>
Kim and Pasyanos (2021) put the yield between 0.62–1.25 kt, with the best and most likely estimate at 0.9 kt of TNT, with a likely depth of 2 m.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>
It has been suggested that not all of the ammonium nitrate was still in the warehouse at the time of the explosion. Some experts estimated that there were only 700 to 1,000 tonnes remaining out of the original 2,750, with the rest having been removed or stolen since 2014. The US <a href="/facts/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation/UY93jwX6">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> estimated there were about 500 tonnes left, a number which was later cited by Prime Minister Hassan Diab. However, there were also two experts who concluded that most or all of the ammonium nitrate exploded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>

<h3>Cause</h3>
Warehouses at the Port of Beirut were used to store explosives and chemicals including <a href="/facts/Nitrate/5AnVlYnL">nitrates</a>, which are common components of <a href="/facts/Fertilizer/ysh3r6NJ">fertilizers</a> and explosives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> The <a href="/facts/General_Directorate_of_General_Security/8aMETJ4N">General Director of General Security</a>, Major General <a href="/facts/Abbas_Ibrahim_(Lebanese_officer)/GpkChvaf">Abbas Ibrahim</a>, said the ammonium nitrate confiscated from Rhosus had exploded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> The 2,750 tonnes (3,030 short tons) of ammonium nitrate was the equivalent to around 1,155 <a href="/facts/TNT_equivalent/nEQ5z8mp">tonnes of TNT</a> (4,830 gigajoules).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> The failure to remove the materials from the warehouse and relocate them was attributed to mismanagement of the port, corruption of the government, and inaction of the flag registry's country and ship owner.
The <a href="/facts/Lebanese_Broadcasting_Corporation_International/S7eGj3cJ">Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International</a> (LBCI) reported that, according to attendees of a Higher Defence Council briefing, the fire was ignited by workers <a href="/facts/Welding/6EJ62mYV">welding</a> a door at a warehouse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> A former port worker said that "[t]here were 30 to 40 nylon bags of fireworks inside warehouse 12" that he had personally seen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> An American <a href="/facts/Diplomatic_cable/HTpP4mDr">diplomatic cable</a> on 7 August said it "remains unclear ... whether fireworks, ammunition or something else stored next to the ammonium nitrate might have been involved" in worsening the warehouse fire and igniting the ammonium nitrate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> A port worker said Warehouse 12 was "not in regular use", and that "those in charge only used to open the warehouse to stack inside it materials confiscated upon judicial orders or perilous products", though he had not seen this to include any <a href="/facts/Armament/fV9QfoBh">armaments</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a>

<h2 id="casualties">Casualties</h2>
Confirmed casualties of foreign nationals<table><tbody><tr><th>Nationality</th><th>Dead</th><th>Injured</th><th>Ref.</th></tr><tr><td>Syria</td><td>43</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a></td></tr><tr><td>Armenia (<a href="/facts/Armenians_in_Lebanon/3kgPAUII">Lebanese-Armenians</a>)</td><td>13</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a></td></tr><tr><td>Bangladesh</td><td>5</td><td>108</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a></td></tr><tr><td>Philippines</td><td>4</td><td>42</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a></td></tr><tr><td>Egypt</td><td>3</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a></td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a></td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>2</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a></td></tr><tr><td>Palestine</td><td>2</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a></td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>1</td><td>24</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a></td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>1</td><td>10</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ethiopia</td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a></td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a></td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a></td></tr><tr><td>Pakistan</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a></td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>1</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a></td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>1</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a></td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>1</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a></td></tr><tr><td>Sri Lanka</td><td></td><td>16</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a></td></tr><tr><td>Jordan</td><td></td><td>7</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a></td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td></td><td>6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a></td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td></td><td>5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a></td></tr><tr><td>Sudan</td><td></td><td>5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a></td></tr><tr><td>Kenya</td><td></td><td>3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a></td></tr><tr><td>Algeria</td><td></td><td>2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a></td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td></td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a></td></tr><tr><td>Indonesia</td><td></td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a></td></tr><tr><td>Kazakhstan</td><td></td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a></td></tr><tr><td>Morocco</td><td></td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a></td></tr><tr><td>Nigeria</td><td></td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a></td></tr><tr><td>Vietnam</td><td></td><td>1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
A total of 218 people were confirmed dead from the explosion, with over 7,000 injured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> Foreigners from at least 22 countries were among the casualties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> Several <a href="/facts/United_Nations_peacekeeping/pfhrl5Wq">United Nations naval peacekeepers</a> who were members of the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon/nAMXeY2b">UN Interim Force in Lebanon</a> (UNIFIL) were injured by the blast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> The <a href="/facts/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees/n02xPguc">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR) reported that 34 refugees were among the dead and missing, and an additional 124 refugees were injured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> At least 150 people were left permanently disabled as a result of the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a>

<h3>Notable casualties</h3>
All ten members of Platoon 5, a team of nine firefighters and a paramedic, died at the scene of the blast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> <a href="/facts/Nazar_Najarian/0BAjh7Y4">Nazar Najarian</a>, the secretary-general of the <a href="/facts/Kataeb_Party/t5LyNplE">Kataeb Party</a>, died after sustaining severe head injuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> French architect <a href="/facts/Jean-Marc_Bonfils/5juWJ7Tf">Jean-Marc Bonfils</a> died after sustaining serious injuries at his apartment in the East Village building in <a href="/facts/Mar_Mikha%C3%ABl/nXmJc2hN">Mar Mikhaël</a>. He had been <a href="/facts/Live_streaming/rsFwFXrD">live-streaming</a> the fire at the warehouse on <a href="/facts/Facebook/0IhXFR6u">Facebook</a> at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> <a href="/facts/Lady_Cochrane_Sursock/CQ2sS5un">Lady Cochrane Sursock</a>, <a href="/facts/Philanthropy/Xep5s0gd">philanthropist</a> and member of the <a href="/facts/Sursock_family/SJokArdp">Sursock family</a>, died on 31 August from injuries sustained from the blast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a>

<h2 id="damage">Damage</h2>

The explosion overturned cars and stripped steel-framed buildings of their <a href="/facts/Cladding_(construction)/unSXcCeI">cladding</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a> Within the port area, the explosion destroyed a section of shoreline and left a <a href="/facts/Blast_crater/osrI1LS1">blast crater</a> roughly 124 m (407 ft) in diameter and 43 m (141 ft) in depth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a> Homes as far as 10 kilometers (6 miles) away were damaged by the blast,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> and up to 300,000 people were left <a href="/facts/Homelessness/uqVV2c5R">homeless</a> by the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> The grain elevator was largely destroyed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> exacerbating food shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the financial crisis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a> About 15,000 tonnes (14,800 long tons; 16,500 short tons) of grain were lost, leaving the country with less than a month's worth of grain in reserve.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> However, part of the elevator's sturdy structure survived, shielding a large area of western Beirut from greater destruction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>
The damage from the blast affected over half of Beirut, with the likely cost above US$15 billion and <a href="/facts/Insured/06VP8I3B">insured</a> losses at around US$3 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> Approximately ninety percent of the city's hotels were damaged and three hospitals completely destroyed, while two more suffered damage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> Dozens of injured people brought to nearby hospitals could not be admitted because of the damage to the hospitals. Windows and other installations of glass across the city were shattered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a>
<a href="/facts/Saint_George_Hospital_University_Medical_Center/pp2cc9V1">Saint George Hospital</a>, one of the city's largest medical facilities, was less than 1 kilometer (5⁄8 mile) from the explosion, and was so badly damaged that staff were forced to treat patients in the street.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> Four nurses died from the initial blast, fifteen patients died after their <a href="/facts/Ventilator/6zXnEMlB">ventilators</a> stopped working, and several child cancer patients were injured by flying glass.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> Within hours, after discharging all its patients and sending some to other facilities, Saint George Hospital was forced to close.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> The hospital's director of intensive care, Dr. Joseph Haddad, was quoted as saying: "There is no Saint George Hospital anymore. It's fallen, it's on the floor ... It's all destroyed. All of it."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a>
The <a href="/facts/Sursock_Museum/tWhBuPqv">Sursock Museum</a> was severely damaged, as was much of its artwork, and some ceramics were completely destroyed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> The atelier for the fashion house <a href="/facts/Sandra_Mansour/wgw471UN">Sandra Mansour</a> was heavily damaged by the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> <a href="/facts/Sursock_Palace/Vt95YeST">Sursock Palace</a>, a 160-year-old Beirut landmark that was listed as a cultural heritage site, also sustained heavy damage, as did its many works of art.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> Some glass artifacts in the <a href="/facts/Archaeological_Museum_of_the_American_University_of_Beirut/8uBrTCvc">Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut</a> were also destroyed, and the huge 118-year-old door which opened onto the main exhibition space was blown off its hinges.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> <a href="/facts/Bustros_Palace/sMqjoECD">Bustros Palace</a>, which hosts the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Emigrants_(Lebanon)/R9YVJhoP">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants</a>, was severely damaged. The <a href="/facts/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_the_Great_House_of_Cilicia/FChogbyl">Armenian Catholicosate in Antelias</a> sustained great damage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> All the <a href="/facts/Stained_glass/oUCut2Mc">stained glass</a> windows of the <a href="/facts/National_Evangelical_Church_of_Beirut/17Rm7daj">National Evangelical Church</a> were blown out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> The <a href="/facts/FIBA_Asia/l7Ax9Tq7">FIBA Asia</a> headquarters was also heavily damaged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> <a href="/facts/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Lebanon/3lyCMwE1">Embassies in and around Beirut</a> reported varying degrees of damage to their buildings; the embassies of Argentina,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a> Australia,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> Finland,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> Cyprus,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a> and the Netherlands,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> which were close to the blast, sustained heavy damage, while minor damage was reported from the South Korean,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a> Hungarian,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a> Kazakh,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a> Russian,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a> Bulgarian,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> Romanian,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a> and Turkish<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> embassies.

<h3>Shipping</h3>
The cruise ship <a href="/facts/Orient_Queen_(1989)/IUDX0lRe">Orient Queen</a>, <a href="/facts/Berth_(moorings)/Ggg7BMMe">berthed</a> near Warehouse 12, suffered extensive damage and <a href="/facts/Capsizing/GAwI95P2">capsized</a> overnight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a> Two members of the crew were killed, and seven crew members were injured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a> On 7 August, the first lawsuit related to the explosions was filed by the ship's owners, Abou Merhi Cruises, whose offices were also destroyed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a> The <a href="/facts/Bangladesh_Navy/UhTgJfEg">Bangladesh Navy</a> <a href="/facts/Corvette/KrdbemWU">corvette</a> <a href="/facts/BNS_Bijoy/xYxaP8Xz">BNS Bijoy</a>, which participated in UNIFIL, was also damaged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a>

The <a href="/facts/Cooking_oil/FwHp4QXg">edible-oil</a> tanker ship Amadeo II, being used as a <a href="/facts/Bunkering/ERJSFQxn">bunker barge</a> at the port, was nearest to the explosion, which deposited the mangled remains of the ship on a nearby quay. The ship's crew died in the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a> Two large <a href="/facts/Livestock_carrier/AHfJClka">livestock carriers</a>, Abou Karim I and Abou Karim III, laid up at the end of Berth 09, very close to Warehouse 12, were heavily damaged. Abou Karim I became unstable, keeled over onto the adjacent Abou Karim III and shortly afterwards capsized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> The livestock carrier Jouri and the <a href="/facts/Cargo_ship/G7JSpeMc">cargo ships</a> Mero Star and Raouf H were also close to the blast and suffered serious damage; <a href="/facts/Automatic_identification_system/9yyPSH9p">AIS</a> from these ships stopped broadcasting at the time of the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a>
<a href="/facts/Hapag-Lloyd/NtTEkx3I">Hapag-Lloyd</a>'s offices in Beirut were destroyed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> <a href="/facts/CMA_CGM/gTGyLIoF">CMA CGM</a>'s offices, located a few hundred meters away from the site of the explosion, were severely damaged. One employee died and two were severely injured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a>

<h3>Airport</h3>
<a href="/facts/Beirut%E2%80%93Rafic_Hariri_International_Airport/DJYEka8F">Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport</a>, the city's main airport, about 10 km (6 mi) from the site of the blast, sustained moderate damage to the terminal buildings during the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a> Doors and windows were destroyed, and ceiling tiles were shaken loose by the shockwave, severing electrical wires. Despite the damage, flights continued.

<h3>Subsequent collapses</h3>
In July 2022, grains remaining in the silo caught fire due to a combination of fermentation and summer heat. On 31 July, the northern part of the silo collapsed. Two further collapses occurred in August.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> The government had ordered the demolition of the silos in April 2022, but families of blast victims objected, saying it should be preserved as a memorial site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a>

<h2 id="investigation">Investigation</h2>
The government formed an investigative committee led by <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon/xXaK59vl">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/facts/Hassan_Diab/f4LCcFeH">Hassan Diab</a>, which announced it would submit its findings to the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon/VMV4Ue7D">Council of Ministers of Lebanon</a> by 11 August 2020. The committee includes the justice, interior and defence ministers, and the head of the top four security agencies: the <a href="/facts/Lebanese_Armed_Forces/5rVqm6F8">Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/facts/General_Directorate_of_General_Security/8aMETJ4N">General Security</a>, <a href="/facts/Internal_Security_Forces/k7jvdVe2">Internal Security Forces</a>, and <a href="/facts/Lebanese_State_Security/71FwcjsJ">State Security</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a> The investigation was to examine whether the explosion was an accident or due to negligence, and if it was caused by a bomb or another external interference.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a> <a href="/facts/President_of_Lebanon/n7pEf7IJ">President</a> <a href="/facts/Michel_Aoun/9yFEdfTB">Michel Aoun</a> rejected calls for an international probe despite demands from world leaders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a>
On 5 August, the Council agreed to place sixteen Beirut port officials who had overseen storage and security since 2014 under <a href="/facts/House_arrest/HarhtA21">house arrest</a>, overseen by the army, pending the investigation into the explosions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> In addition, the general manager of the port, Hassan Koraytem, and the former director general of Lebanon's customs authority, Shafiq Merhi, were arrested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a> Later, on 17 August, the incumbent director-general of Lebanon's customs authority, Badri Daher, was also arrested. Also, former ministers of both finance and public works were due to be interrogated by a judge appointed by the council.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a> In the meantime, state prosecutor Ghassan Oueidat ordered a travel ban on seven individuals, including Koraytem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> While Acting Justice Minister <a href="/facts/Marie-Claude_Najm/gBrKVVF9">Marie-Claude Najm</a> unsuccessfully demanded an international investigation into the blast,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a> she also noted that "...this case is a chance for the Lebanese judiciary to prove they can do their jobs and win back the confidence of the people".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a> On 19 August, a Lebanon judge ordered the arrests of more suspects over the explosion, making the total number of accused 25.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a>
The Lebanese judge <a href="/facts/Fadi_Sawan/IGkg7dSN">Fadi Sawan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> who has been responsible for the investigation, summoned former Minister of Transportation and Public Works <a href="/facts/Ghazi_Aridi/KQIRpFG9">Ghazi Aridi</a>, Labor Ministers <a href="/facts/Ghazi_Zaiter/JjosFj2r">Ghazi Zaiter</a>, Youssef Fenianos, and <a href="/facts/Michel_Najjar/ubRjKtPt">Michel Najjar</a>, General Director of the <a href="/facts/Lebanese_State_Security/71FwcjsJ">Lebanese State Security</a> Tony Saliba, Director General of Lebanon's Land and Maritime Transport division, Abdul-Hafeez Al-Qaisi, and General Director of General Security, Major General <a href="/facts/Abbas_Ibrahim_(Lebanese_officer)/GpkChvaf">Abbas Ibrahim</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a>
In September, Lebanon's state prosecution asked <a href="/facts/Interpol/qdrbruQe">Interpol</a> to <a href="/facts/Detention_(imprisonment)/KtYfqDrP">detain</a> two Russian citizens, the captain and the owner of Rhosus, as its cargo of ammonium nitrate was blamed for the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> In January 2021, Interpol issued <a href="/facts/Interpol_notice/QAJme4Gg">Red Notices</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a> against the two <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russians</a> as well as a <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portuguese</a> man.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a>
In December 2020, Lebanon's outgoing Prime Minister Diab and three former ministers were charged with negligence over the Beirut port explosion. The former ministers were former finance minister <a href="/facts/Ali_Hassan_Khalil/0uY41J8E">Ali Hassan Khalil</a>, Ghazi Zeiter, and Youssef Fenianos, both former ministers of public works. Zeitar was transport and public works minister in 2014, followed by Fenianos in 2016, who held the job until the beginning of 2020. Khalil was finance minister in 2014, 2016, and until 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a>
On 28 January 2021, Syrian-Russian businessman <a href="/facts/George_Haswani/cqhWIUSY">George Haswani</a> denied any links to the Beirut explosion. He told <a href="/facts/Reuters/tDd1EUrd">Reuters</a> he did not know anything about a company linked to the process of buying a shipment of chemicals that exploded. In an interview with Reuters at his home in <a href="/facts/Damascus/IL0Qwt6R">Damascus</a>, Haswani said that he had resorted to the Cypriot company Interstatus to register his company, which is the same agent that registered the Savaro company, and that the agent company had moved the registration site of the two companies to the same address on the same day. However, Haswani said that he did not know anything about Savaro and that any links between it and his company are just a coincidence because the two companies have the same agent. As stated in previous reports, Reuters was unable to determine whether Haswani had anything to do with Savaro. Haswani said, "I don't know what other companies are registered by this Cypriot company, five or three or 70 or more... It is a fabricated media whirlwind. We don't know Savaro and we hadn't heard about them before this." Interstatus did not respond to a request for comment. Marina Psyllou, the director of the "Interstatus" company, was listed in the registration documents of the company (Savaro) as the only owner and director of the company, but she denied that she was the real manager of the company. She told Reuters in mid-January 2021 that the beneficial owner of the company was another person, whom she refused to identify. She added that Savaro was a dormant company that had never conducted business. Haswani said that he was not contacted by any investigators from Lebanon or any other country regarding the explosion and that he will soon work to file a legal case in <a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a> against media reports linking him to the explosion. He continued, "I am living my life normally and laughing because I am someone who knows well that I have nothing to do with this matter at all. Why would I worry?"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a>
On 15 April 2021, six detained people were released, including two officers, although they were not allowed to travel out of Lebanon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a>
In September 2021, <a href="/facts/Organized_Crime_and_Corruption_Reporting_Project/YQedbhFw">OCCRP</a> published an investigation, that linked Savaro Limited to a Ukrainian company trading chemicals, directed by Ukrainian citizen Volodymyr Verbonol. The report also mentions that only 20% of the nitrate originally stored in the warehouse was actually left when it exploded, raising questions about what happened with the rest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a>
On 14 October 2021, six people were killed and at least 30 injured in a <a href="/facts/2021_Beirut_clashes/KAaMahDY">gunfire exchange in Beirut</a> during protests by members of the Shia <a href="/facts/Amal_Movement/yNfIHl5q">Amal</a> and <a href="/facts/Hezbollah/HRhTo2rI">Hezbollah</a> outside the Justice Palace, which demanded an end to the investigations led by Judge <a href="/facts/Tarek_Bitar/jwz8N5QX">Tarek Bitar</a>, for they deemed him as too much centered on their political allies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a>
On 21 November 2021, the <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a> reported that legal groups representing victims of the blast had sent letters on three occasions to <a href="/facts/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations/2nNU9WMu">UN Secretary General</a> <a href="/facts/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres/j7h4N7z9">Antonio Guterres</a> requesting more information from UNIFIL, but had received no acknowledgment from the UN.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> A day later, the Lebanese Foreign Minister Abdallah Bouhabib announced that Lebanon received satellite images from Russia of the port from the day of the blast in 2020. These were the first official images made available from any foreign government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a>
Throughout 2022, the investigation stalled. As of 8 June, parliamentary immunity, as well as outstanding complaints and other procedural roadblocks initiated by two members of Parliament and former ministers (namely, Ali Hassan Khalil and Ghazi Zaiter), continued to prevent significant progress in the case.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a>
On 16 January 2025, the investigation was resumed following the nomination of <a href="/facts/Nawaf_Salam/h36bfy1S">Nawaf Salam</a> as prime minister and the <a href="/facts/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)/QNALX2x2">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a>. Ten people were sentenced, including security, customs and military personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a>

<h2 id="relief-operations">Relief operations</h2>

The <a href="/facts/Lebanese_Red_Cross/5XJqCsT2">Lebanese Red Cross</a> said every available ambulance from <a href="/facts/North_Governorate/0PnKPPeB">North Lebanon</a>, <a href="/facts/Beqaa_Valley/IbJFFqHn">Bekaa</a>, and <a href="/facts/Southern_Lebanon/Fsvkn9l4">South Lebanon</a> was being dispatched to Beirut to help patients.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a> According to the agency, a total of 75 ambulances and 375 medics were activated in response to the explosions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> <a href="/facts/President_of_Lebanon/n7pEf7IJ">Lebanese President</a> <a href="/facts/Michel_Aoun/9yFEdfTB">Michel Aoun</a> said the government would make up to 100 billion <a href="/facts/Lebanese_pound/PyUBIk9f">pounds</a> (US$66 million) in aid available to support recovery operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a> The ride-sharing app <a href="/facts/Careem/7cR8JG8V">Careem</a> offered free rides to and from hospitals and blood donation centers to anyone willing to donate blood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a> Volunteers removed debris while local business owners offered to repair damaged buildings for free in the absence of a state-sponsored cleanup operation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a> A temporary hospital was established in the city by the <a href="/facts/Iranian_Red_Crescent_Society/l3QES304">Iranian Red Crescent Society</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a>
Health Minister <a href="/facts/Hamad_Hasan/2VC6msDx">Hamad Hasan</a> requested that international aid be sent to Lebanon;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a> a number of countries sent in food, medical supplies, field hospitals, medical workers, and <a href="/facts/Rescue_team/pdLTUPgl">rescue teams</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a> On 9 August, a multinational summit hosted by France raised 253 million euros in aid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a> The money pledged was not to be given to the Lebanese government, but rather to the people of Lebanon through the United Nations, other international organizations, and <a href="/facts/Non-governmental_organization/qxQSsxsI">non-governmental organizations</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> On 14 August, a $565 million appeal for Lebanon was launched by the United Nations, including initial recovery efforts, as well as immediate humanitarian aid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a>
In the first week after the explosion, civilians gathered in hundreds to volunteer to clean up the debris on the streets and inside homes and businesses in <a href="/facts/Rue_Gouraud/JuXqC1BV">Gemmayze</a>, <a href="/facts/Achrafieh/MxNK34PM">Achrafieh</a>, and <a href="/facts/Karantina/SrhpGT4P">Karantina</a> neighbourhoods. Many civil society organizations offered equipment and food to the volunteers, while many residents and businesses opened their homes and hotels for free to those who lost their homes in the blast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a>
<a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> played a leading role in the rescue and reconstruction of historic buildings, with <a href="/facts/Blue_Shield_International/ktSc3v3X">Blue Shield International</a> assessing the damage to houses, museums and libraries, and the <a href="/facts/International_Council_of_Museums/MB154jej">International Council of Museums</a> providing expertise. Blue Shield International, the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon/nAMXeY2b">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a> and the <a href="/facts/Lebanese_Armed_Forces/5rVqm6F8">Lebanese Armed Forces</a> put together a project to secure and protect cultural assets. According to <a href="/facts/Karl_von_Habsburg/ek83xpK4">Karl von Habsburg</a>, founding president of Blue Shield International, the protection of cultural property in Beirut was not only about securing buildings, but also about preventing <a href="/facts/Looting/7utcsI9z">looting</a> and <a href="/facts/Water_damage/gho7fN6z">water damage</a>, taking dangerous <a href="/facts/Chemical_substance/EWcXU41d">chemical substances</a> into account. The efforts also included the restoration of schools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a>
On 6 August 2020, the <a href="/facts/Lebanese_Forces/uIfWEt83">Lebanese Forces Party</a>'s executive chairman <a href="/facts/Samir_Geagea/ft0oGu6n">Samir Geagea</a> was the first politician to visit <a href="/facts/Beirut/0sxJRAqW">Beirut</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a> and launched from there a relief committee, Ground-0, under the leadership of the former minister <a href="/facts/May_Chidiac/Pzop7QAI">Dr. May Chidiac</a> to support in rebuilding Beirut. In December 2020, the committee achieved repairing 709 houses, assisted 5300 individuals and 2300 families, distributed 14000 food rations, made 2540 medical consultations, and provided 2030 individuals with medicine. In addition, the committee distributed more than 150 scholarships for Beirut schools' students.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a>

<h2 id="reactions">Reactions</h2>
<h3>Domestic</h3>
Prime Minister Hassan Diab announced that 5 August, the day after the explosion, would be a national day of mourning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a> The Lebanese government declared a two-week <a href="/facts/State_of_emergency/YYWgKFPq">state of emergency</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a> President Aoun said the government would provide support to displaced people, and the Ministry of Health would meet the expense of treatment for the wounded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a> <a href="/facts/Marwan_Abboud/t4Wt33g8">Marwan Abboud</a>, the <a href="/facts/Governor_of_Beirut/PVksVp1p">governor of Beirut</a>, said he arrived at the scene to search for firefighters who were on the site attempting to control the fire that was raging before the second explosion. He broke down in tears on television, calling the event "a national catastrophe".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a> "It resembles to what happened in Japan, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. That's what [it] reminds me of. In my life, I haven't seen destruction on this scale," he said.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a> Lebanese civilians from every region in Lebanon came to help by offering food, cleaning the streets, and helping NGOs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a>
Multiple members of the <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_Lebanon/foQzRBT7">Lebanese parliament</a> resigned in protest, including <a href="/facts/Marwan_Hamadeh/LpnI1qLQ">Marwan Hamadeh</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a> <a href="/facts/Paula_Yacoubian/qmDTULts">Paula Yacoubian</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a> all three <a href="/facts/Kataeb_Party/t5LyNplE">Kataeb Party</a> MPs,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a> <a href="/facts/Neemat_Frem/WkLI3WbU">Neemat Frem</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a> <a href="/facts/Michel_Moawad/68MuF2b3">Michel Moawad</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> <a href="/facts/Dima_Jamali/cFk9JeHg">Dima Jamali</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a> and <a href="/facts/Henri_Helou/UXYkvXjN">Henri Helou</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a> The Lebanese ambassador to Jordan, <a href="/facts/Tracy_Chamoun/j742tY2u">Tracy Chamoun</a>, also resigned on live television.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a> On the night of 6 August, the protests against the government that had been <a href="/facts/2019%E2%80%9320_Lebanese_protests/Ku3aK57p">ongoing since the previous October</a> resumed, with dozens of protestors near the parliament building calling for the resignation of Lebanese government officials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a> On 8 August, Diab called for early elections, saying it would be the only way for the country to exit the crisis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a>
On 9 August, the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Information_(Lebanon)/VK0NvQQX">information minister of Lebanon</a>, <a href="/facts/Manal_Abdel_Samad/RFVkU8vy">Manal Abdel Samad</a>, and then the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Environment_(Lebanon)/mQc61WRY">environment minister</a>, <a href="/facts/Damianos_Kattar/9Y0zeFaG">Damianos Kattar</a>, resigned, the first government resignations since the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a> On 10 August, the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Justice_(Lebanon)/dJ8XGKFq">justice minister</a>, <a href="/facts/Marie-Claude_Najm/gBrKVVF9">Marie-Claude Najm</a>, also resigned, followed by the resignation of <a href="/facts/Lebanese_government_of_January_2020/xjMXvWRT">the entire Lebanese cabinet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a> Shortly after the resignation of the cabinet, <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon/xXaK59vl">Lebanese Prime Minister</a> <a href="/facts/Hassan_Diab/f4LCcFeH">Hassan Diab</a> stepped down from office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a> President <a href="/facts/Michel_Aoun/9yFEdfTB">Michel Aoun</a> accepted the resignation of the government and the Prime Minister, and asked the government to stay on in a <a href="/facts/Caretaker_government/mgxVH8P1">caretaker</a> capacity until a new cabinet is formed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a>
The Ground-0 Relief Committee, an initiative by the <a href="/facts/Lebanese_Forces/uIfWEt83">Lebanese Forces Party</a>, launched a petition for an international investigation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a> The petition was signed by the relatives of the victims and the missing, by the injured as well as by those whose homes, businesses, or establishments have been damaged. The document was sent to the <a href="/facts/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations/2nNU9WMu">UN Secretary General</a>, <a href="/facts/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres/j7h4N7z9">Antonio Guterres</a>, through his special coordinator for Lebanon, <a href="/facts/J%C3%A1n_Kubi%C5%A1/C9KyAvRq">Ján Kubiš</a>, in order to take the necessary steps to appoint an international commission of inquiry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a>
The Lebanese Forces Party MPs called for an international investigation into the causes of the double explosion at the port of Beirut on 4 August 2020. They asked the <a href="/facts/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations/2nNU9WMu">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>, <a href="/facts/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres/j7h4N7z9">António Guterres</a>, on 22 February 2021 for the creation of an international commission to be established under the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a>, which would be responsible for carrying out the investigations. The Members of Parliament, Georges Okais, <a href="/facts/Imad_Wakim/SJg77CQK">Imad Wakim</a>, <a href="/facts/Eddy_Abillammaa/FqPG3tVY">Eddy Abillammaa</a>, and <a href="/facts/Fady_Saad/w6fSP07u">Fady Saad</a>, presented a petition to this effect to the United Nations Special Coordinator in Lebanon, Najat Rochdi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a>

<h3>International</h3>

Representatives of multiple countries, as well as the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a> (UN),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a> offered condolences. In addition to those countries which provided aid, others offered to do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a> Notably, <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a> offered aid via UN channels, as Israel and Lebanon have <a href="/facts/Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations/REumMMqx">no diplomatic ties</a> and are technically at war;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a> the offer was refused by the Lebanese government. Former Israeli Member of Knesset <a href="/facts/Moshe_Feiglin/ypnfWbjV">Moshe Feiglin</a> hailed the tragedy as a gift from God, celebrating the incident and describing it as a "spectacular firework show."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a> Despite years of <a href="/facts/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict/Jwy5tRXx">conflict</a>, including the <a href="/facts/2006_Lebanon_War/fBLLu3GN">2006 Lebanon War</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a> both Israel and senior <a href="/facts/Hezbollah/HRhTo2rI">Hezbollah</a> officials ruled out Israeli involvement in the explosion, despite claims and allegations spread via <a href="/facts/Social_media/kUIkfpIA">social media</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a>
The <a href="/facts/International_Charter_on_Space_and_Major_Disasters/uNGlcbHo">International Charter on Space and Major Disasters</a> was activated on 5 August, thus providing for widespread usage of various corporate, national, and international <a href="/facts/Satellite/PTX8c68t">satellite</a> assets on a <a href="/facts/Humanitarianism/lq8n2I4x">humanitarian</a> basis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a> Several countries expressed solidarity by lighting up landmarks and monuments in the colors of the <a href="/facts/Lebanese_flag/AaaexmBt">Lebanese flag</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Tel_Aviv_City_Hall/LMEBgrh2">Tel Aviv City Hall</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> whereas the <a href="/facts/Eiffel_Tower/IptQeofK">Eiffel Tower</a> in <a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a> went dark at midnight,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> and the <a href="/facts/Arab_League/15f9WWWM">Arab League</a> flew its flag at its headquarters in <a href="/facts/Cairo/dXjj60ar">Cairo</a> at <a href="/facts/Half-mast/zjKhvcaU">half-mast</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a> Some figures from the <a href="/facts/Israeli_right-wing/bo3s5jx4">right-wing</a> criticized the display of the <a href="/facts/Flag_of_Lebanon/AaaexmBt">flag of Lebanon</a>, an "enemy state", in <a href="/facts/Tel_Aviv/cQ8X3WVd">Tel Aviv</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a> There was also backlash inside Lebanon against the Israeli <a href="/facts/Gesture/fs7HV1Y6">gesture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a>
Following the explosion, the Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom sent <a href="/facts/Search_and_rescue/pdLTUPgl">search and rescue</a> teams.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a> Egypt sent several planes with tons of medical aid and food to Lebanon. The Egyptian embassy also established a <a href="/facts/Field_hospital/7v7u2HD1">field hospital</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> On 5 August 2020, Qatar started providing urgent medical aid. The <a href="/facts/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force/p2Ntk9CI">Qatari Emiri Air Force</a> delivered field hospitals, <a href="/facts/Respirator/rYFJThhR">respirators</a>, and <a href="/facts/Electric_generator/5sATsUGX">generators</a> to Beirut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a> In addition, Qatar's Emir <a href="/facts/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani/cge99avz">Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a> donated US$50 million to Lebanon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a> On 6 August 2020, <a href="/facts/Kuwait/HJLFQ59s">Kuwait</a> provided 36 tonnes of urgent humanitarian and medical aid to Lebanon including <a href="/facts/Wheelchair/C9e8o0xT">wheelchairs</a>, <a href="/facts/Whole_blood/vcoBYMSr">blood bags</a>, and 10 <a href="/facts/Ambulance/zqqK9Nkh">ambulances</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a>
As a result of the explosion, concerns were raised about the storage of ammonium nitrate in other ports across the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a> Large quantities of the <a href="/facts/Chemical_compound/37FXqqtv">chemical compound</a> were removed from storage in <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>, <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a>, and <a href="/facts/Senegal/PPaRNYJH">Senegal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a>
On April 30, 2021, German firm Combi Lift which had loaded its ship with 59 containers of hazardous substances left Beirut port for disposal in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a>
In August 2021, a memorial event marking the one-year-anniversary of the explosion was held in tribute to the victims at the Port of Beirut, joined by UN officials and International Labour Organization Regional Director Ruba Jaradat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a>
In December 2021, the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe/lh6cCdqk">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>, <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction/4fUFF6Mk">United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction</a>, <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs/lf3Eldbe">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>, <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Environment_Programme/2P9vPoSU">United Nations Environment Programme</a>, <a href="/facts/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development/CI9W2zGv">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, <a href="/facts/International_Labour_Organization/Lek9y8b6">International Labour Organization</a>, and <a href="/facts/International_Maritime_Organization/7mzxd3B5">International Maritime Organization</a> held a seminar in follow-up to the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a> National governments of Lebanon, Estonia, France, South Africa, and others shared lessons learned from the explosion. The seminar called for action to better manage the risks of chemicals in ports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a>

<h3>Conspiracy theories</h3>
Numerous <a href="/facts/Conspiracy_theory/sNr2Kmh8">conspiracy theories</a> emerged on social media in the days following the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a> The main themes were that there was a significant weapons cache belonging to <a href="/facts/Hezbollah/HRhTo2rI">Hezbollah</a> stored at the <a href="/facts/Port_of_Beirut/pm7gdYHs">Port of Beirut</a>, and that Israel wished to destroy those weapons. The theories said that Israel launched an attack and the level of destruction took them by surprise. Israel, Lebanon, and Hezbollah all denied this theory, and blame the ammonium nitrate stored in the port.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_21st-century_explosions/MVPfRIFT">List of 21st-century explosions</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Largest_artificial_non-nuclear_explosions/DXj8nBto">Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_industrial_disasters/KswvNGuY">List of industrial disasters</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Halifax_Explosion/cpmCB13D">Halifax Explosion</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Texas_City_disaster/voLWX2IJ">Texas City disaster</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/2015_Tianjin_explosions/I0bhbcRJ">2015 Tianjin explosions</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/2022_Sitakunda_fire/ETW79HQ1">2022 Sitakunda fire</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Majzoub, Aya (3 August 2021). <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/08/03/they-killed-us-inside/investigation-august-4-beirut-blast">"'They Killed Us from the Inside': An Investigation into the August 4 Beirut Blast"</a>. Human Rights Watch.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2020 Beirut explosions.

<ul><li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2020/aug/04/beirut-explosion-in-pictures">Beirut Explosion – in Pictures</a> by <a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/04/middleeast/gallery/beirut-explosion/index.html">In Pictures: Huge Explosion Rocks Beirut</a> by <a href="/facts/CNN/kEYsUQqr">CNN</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2020/08/04/899084152/photos-explosion-leaves-beirut-in-shatters">Photos: Explosion Leaves Beirut in Shatters</a> by <a href="/facts/NPR/BohIW9Xg">NPR</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/04/world/middleeast/beirut-lebanon-explosions-photos.html">The Lebanon Explosions in Photos</a> by <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></li>
<li><a href="https://time.com/5875675/photos-lebanon-aftermath-explosion-beirut/">Explosion in Beirut: Photos From a City Still Reeling From the Blast</a> by <a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/05/world/satellite-images-beirut-explosion-before-after-trnd/index.html">Before and after satellite photos</a> from CNN</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.today/20200810014807/http://www.portdebeyrouth.com/media/k2/items/cache/51a3864ed3ad604d2340c3f8fe249f94_XL.jpg">Map of the Port of Beirut</a> with several warehouses numbered, including Warehouse 12 next to the silos</li>
<li><a href="https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/beirut-port-explosion">Forensic Architecture overview</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s54_MF2XPk">Slow-motion footage of the blast</a></li>
<li>The <a href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/">International Seismological Centre</a> has a <a href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=618708494">bibliography</a> and/or <a href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?event_id=618708494&out_format=IMS1.0&request=COMPREHENSIVE">authoritative data</a> for this event.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:25">""شهريار الفيلق" - أحمد الأيوبي". نداء الوطن. 11 February 2025. Retrieved 12 March 2025. <a href="https://www.nidaalwatan.com/article/306711-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%82" target="_blank">https://www.nidaalwatan.com/article/306711-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%82</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Dagher, Charbel; Maksoud, Christine (October 2015). "m/v Rhosus – Arrest and Personal Freedom of the Crew" (PDF). The Arrest News (11). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://shiparrested.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Arrest-News-11th-issue.pdf#page=3" target="_blank">https://shiparrested.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Arrest-News-11th-issue.pdf#page=3</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Azhari, Timour (5 August 2020). "Beirut blast: Tracing the explosives that tore the capital apart". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/officials-knew-danger-beirut-port-years-200805032416684.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/officials-knew-danger-beirut-port-years-200805032416684.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"How ship's deadly cargo ended up at Beirut port". BBC News. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53683082" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53683082</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Holroyd, Matthew (6 August 2020). "How did so much ammonium nitrate make it to Port of Beirut? | #TheCube". euronews. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/06/how-did-2-750-tonnes-of-ammonium-nitrate-make-it-to-the-port-of-beirut-thecube" target="_blank">https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/06/how-did-2-750-tonnes-of-ammonium-nitrate-make-it-to-the-port-of-beirut-thecube</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Russian captain recalls journey that led to deadly cargo being impounded". BBC News. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-53690582?pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:b181045d-1090-48c3-b6d2-c5d2db9c0bfa" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-53690582?pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:b181045d-1090-48c3-b6d2-c5d2db9c0bfa</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Vasilyeva, Maria; Barrington, Lisa; Saul, Jonathan (11 August 2020). "Who owned the chemicals that blew up Beirut? No one will say". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2020. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-ship-insight/who-owned-the-chemicals-that-blew-up-beirut-no-one-will-say-idUSKCN2571CP" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-ship-insight/who-owned-the-chemicals-that-blew-up-beirut-no-one-will-say-idUSKCN2571CP</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Polglase, Katie (7 August 2020). "Ammonium nitrate that exploded in Beirut bought for mining, Mozambican firm says". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/07/middleeast/beirut-lebanon-ammonium-nitrate-explosion/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/07/middleeast/beirut-lebanon-ammonium-nitrate-explosion/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Fritz Schaap; Christoph Reuter; Maximilian Popp (21 August 2020). "Shipowner Linked to Hezbollah's Bank: Questions Swirl around the Cargo that Destroyed Beirut". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2020. <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/ties-to-hezbollah-questions-swirl-around-the-cargo-that-destroyed-beirut-a-668b79f4-c4f1-49da-a764-172cc17f162b" target="_blank">https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/ties-to-hezbollah-questions-swirl-around-the-cargo-that-destroyed-beirut-a-668b79f4-c4f1-49da-a764-172cc17f162b</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">*Voytenko, Mikhail (23 July 2014). "Crew kept hostages on a floating bomb – m/v Rhosus, Beirut". fleetmon. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
"Rhosus". Fleetmon [vessel tracker database]. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
 <a href="https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2014/4194/crew-kept-hostages-floating-bomb-mv-rhosus-beirut/" target="_blank">https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2014/4194/crew-kept-hostages-floating-bomb-mv-rhosus-beirut/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"How ship's deadly cargo ended up at Beirut port". BBC News. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53683082" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53683082</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Holroyd, Matthew (6 August 2020). "How did so much ammonium nitrate make it to Port of Beirut? | #TheCube". euronews. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/06/how-did-2-750-tonnes-of-ammonium-nitrate-make-it-to-the-port-of-beirut-thecube" target="_blank">https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/06/how-did-2-750-tonnes-of-ammonium-nitrate-make-it-to-the-port-of-beirut-thecube</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Jørgensen, Lars Bach (5 August 2020). "Ekspert forklarer, hvad der sandsynligvis skete i Beirut" [Expert explains what probably happened in Beirut]. TV 2 (in Danish). Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. The large amount of potentially dangerous fertilizer has been there since 2014, when the Moldavian ship Rhosus had to port due to engine problems. <a href="https://nyheder.tv2.dk/udland/2020-08-05-ekspert-forklarer-hvad-der-sandsynligvis-skete-i-beirut" target="_blank">https://nyheder.tv2.dk/udland/2020-08-05-ekspert-forklarer-hvad-der-sandsynligvis-skete-i-beirut</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">*Voytenko, Mikhail (23 July 2014). "Crew kept hostages on a floating bomb – m/v Rhosus, Beirut". fleetmon. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
"Rhosus". Fleetmon [vessel tracker database]. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
 <a href="https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2014/4194/crew-kept-hostages-floating-bomb-mv-rhosus-beirut/" target="_blank">https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2014/4194/crew-kept-hostages-floating-bomb-mv-rhosus-beirut/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"De waarschuwingen in Beiroet waren er, maar de gedoemde lading bleef liggen" [Warnings in Beirut were there, but the doomed shipment was left in storage]. NOS (in Dutch). 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020. <a href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2343120-de-waarschuwingen-in-beiroet-waren-er-maar-de-gedoemde-lading-bleef-liggen.html" target="_blank">https://nos.nl/artikel/2343120-de-waarschuwingen-in-beiroet-waren-er-maar-de-gedoemde-lading-bleef-liggen.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Daria Litvinova (6 August 2020). "Captain astonished that his ship delivered Beirut explosive". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/captain-astonished-that-his-ship-delivered-beirut-explosive/2020/08/06/2ad8f824-d825-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/captain-astonished-that-his-ship-delivered-beirut-explosive/2020/08/06/2ad8f824-d825-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Vasilyeva, Maria (6 August 2020). "Beirut's accidental cargo: how an unscheduled port visit led to disaster". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-ship/beiruts-accidental-cargo-how-an-unscheduled-port-visit-led-to-disaster-idUSKCN25225M" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-ship/beiruts-accidental-cargo-how-an-unscheduled-port-visit-led-to-disaster-idUSKCN25225M</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">*Voytenko, Mikhail (23 July 2014). "Crew kept hostages on a floating bomb – m/v Rhosus, Beirut". fleetmon. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
"Rhosus". Fleetmon [vessel tracker database]. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
 <a href="https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2014/4194/crew-kept-hostages-floating-bomb-mv-rhosus-beirut/" target="_blank">https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2014/4194/crew-kept-hostages-floating-bomb-mv-rhosus-beirut/</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Jørgensen, Lars Bach (5 August 2020). "Ekspert forklarer, hvad der sandsynligvis skete i Beirut" [Expert explains what probably happened in Beirut]. TV 2 (in Danish). Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. The large amount of potentially dangerous fertilizer has been there since 2014, when the Moldavian ship Rhosus had to port due to engine problems. <a href="https://nyheder.tv2.dk/udland/2020-08-05-ekspert-forklarer-hvad-der-sandsynligvis-skete-i-beirut" target="_blank">https://nyheder.tv2.dk/udland/2020-08-05-ekspert-forklarer-hvad-der-sandsynligvis-skete-i-beirut</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"First pictures emerge of a Russian man whose ammonium nitrate cargo detonated in the port of Beirut". The Siberian Times. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020. <a href="https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/first-pictures-emerge-of-a-russian-businessman-whose-ammonium-nitrate-cargo-detonated-in-the-port-of-beirut" target="_blank">https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/first-pictures-emerge-of-a-russian-businessman-whose-ammonium-nitrate-cargo-detonated-in-the-port-of-beirut</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Untila, Stela (5 August 2020). "Substanța care a provocat explozia din Beirut a fost adusă de nava unui rus sub pavilionul R. Moldova". NewsMaker (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://newsmaker.md/ro/presa-substanta-care-a-provocat-explozia-din-beirut-a-fost-adusa-de-nava-unui-rus-sub-pavilionul-r-moldova" target="_blank">https://newsmaker.md/ro/presa-substanta-care-a-provocat-explozia-din-beirut-a-fost-adusa-de-nava-unui-rus-sub-pavilionul-r-moldova</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"First pictures emerge of a Russian man whose ammonium nitrate cargo detonated in the port of Beirut". siberiantimes.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020. <a href="https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/first-pictures-emerge-of-a-russian-businessman-whose-ammonium-nitrate-cargo-detonated-in-the-port-of-beirut/" target="_blank">https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/first-pictures-emerge-of-a-russian-businessman-whose-ammonium-nitrate-cargo-detonated-in-the-port-of-beirut/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">The captain, Boris Prokoshev, wrote that Grechushkin had told him he had gone bankrupt, but noted that he did not believe Grechushkin.[35] <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Untila, Stela (5 August 2020). "Substanța care a provocat explozia din Beirut a fost adusă de nava unui rus sub pavilionul R. Moldova". NewsMaker (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://newsmaker.md/ro/presa-substanta-care-a-provocat-explozia-din-beirut-a-fost-adusa-de-nava-unui-rus-sub-pavilionul-r-moldova" target="_blank">https://newsmaker.md/ro/presa-substanta-care-a-provocat-explozia-din-beirut-a-fost-adusa-de-nava-unui-rus-sub-pavilionul-r-moldova</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">"Beirut blast: The Inferno and the Mystery Ship". BBC News. 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/extra/x2iutcqf1g/beirut-blast" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/extra/x2iutcqf1g/beirut-blast</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"Captain Boris Prokoshev on Why Rhosus was in Beirut". BBC News. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-53701648/" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-53701648/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Vasilyeva, Maria (6 August 2020). "Beirut's accidental cargo: how an unscheduled port visit led to disaster". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-ship/beiruts-accidental-cargo-how-an-unscheduled-port-visit-led-to-disaster-idUSKCN25225M" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-ship/beiruts-accidental-cargo-how-an-unscheduled-port-visit-led-to-disaster-idUSKCN25225M</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Dagher, Charbel; Maksoud, Christine (October 2015). "m/v Rhosus – Arrest and Personal Freedom of the Crew" (PDF). The Arrest News (11). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://shiparrested.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Arrest-News-11th-issue.pdf#page=3" target="_blank">https://shiparrested.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Arrest-News-11th-issue.pdf#page=3</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Untila, Stela (5 August 2020). "Substanța care a provocat explozia din Beirut a fost adusă de nava unui rus sub pavilionul R. Moldova". NewsMaker (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://newsmaker.md/ro/presa-substanta-care-a-provocat-explozia-din-beirut-a-fost-adusa-de-nava-unui-rus-sub-pavilionul-r-moldova" target="_blank">https://newsmaker.md/ro/presa-substanta-care-a-provocat-explozia-din-beirut-a-fost-adusa-de-nava-unui-rus-sub-pavilionul-r-moldova</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Ruhayem, Rami; Adams, Paul (5 August 2020). "Rescue workers search rubble after deadly Beirut blast". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53659282" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53659282</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Dagher, Charbel; Maksoud, Christine (October 2015). "m/v Rhosus – Arrest and Personal Freedom of the Crew" (PDF). The Arrest News (11). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://shiparrested.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Arrest-News-11th-issue.pdf#page=3" target="_blank">https://shiparrested.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Arrest-News-11th-issue.pdf#page=3</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Azhari, Timour (5 August 2020). "Beirut blast: Tracing the explosives that tore the capital apart". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/officials-knew-danger-beirut-port-years-200805032416684.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/officials-knew-danger-beirut-port-years-200805032416684.html</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">*Voytenko, Mikhail (23 July 2014). "Crew kept hostages on a floating bomb – m/v Rhosus, Beirut". fleetmon. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
"Rhosus". Fleetmon [vessel tracker database]. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
 <a href="https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2014/4194/crew-kept-hostages-floating-bomb-mv-rhosus-beirut/" target="_blank">https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2014/4194/crew-kept-hostages-floating-bomb-mv-rhosus-beirut/</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Nakhoul, Samia; Francis, Ellen (5 August 2020). "Toll expected to rise in blast that shook Beirut, killing 78 and injuring thousands". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast/toll-expected-to-rise-in-blast-that-shook-beirut-killing-78-and-injuring-thousands-idUSKCN25107B" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast/toll-expected-to-rise-in-blast-that-shook-beirut-killing-78-and-injuring-thousands-idUSKCN25107B</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Koettl, Christoph (7 August 2020). "Ship Cited in Beirut Blast Hasn't Sailed in 7 Years. We Found It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/world/middleeast/lebanon-explosion-ship.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/world/middleeast/lebanon-explosion-ship.html</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Ammonium nitrate has a long history of industrial disasters globally, and thus has been gradually phased out over concerns for misuse and safety.[42] <a href="/wiki/List_of_ammonium_nitrate_disasters" target="_blank">/wiki/List_of_ammonium_nitrate_disasters</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Azhari, Timour (5 August 2020). "Beirut blast: Tracing the explosives that tore the capital apart". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/officials-knew-danger-beirut-port-years-200805032416684.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/officials-knew-danger-beirut-port-years-200805032416684.html</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Azhari, Timour (5 August 2020). "Beirut blast: Tracing the explosives that tore the capital apart". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/officials-knew-danger-beirut-port-years-200805032416684.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/officials-knew-danger-beirut-port-years-200805032416684.html</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:254">"Lebanon Asks Interpol to Arrest Russian Ship Captain, Owner Over Port Explosion". U.S.News. Reuters. 1 October 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020. <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-10-01/lebanon-asks-interpol-to-arrest-russian-ship-captain-owner-over-port-explosion" target="_blank">https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-10-01/lebanon-asks-interpol-to-arrest-russian-ship-captain-owner-over-port-explosion</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:255">A Red Notice seeks the location and arrest of wanted persons wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence.[204] <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:277">Countries that sent aid or offered to send aid include: Armenia,[223] Australia,[224] Azerbaijan,[225] Bangladesh,[226] Brazil,[227] Canada,[228] China,[229] Cyprus,[227] Czech Republic,[230] Denmark,[231] France,[232] Germany,[233] Greece,[234] Hungary,[227] Iran,[235] Iraq,[227] Israel,[227] Italy,[236] Jordan,[237] Kuwait,[238] Morocco,[239] Netherlands,[240][241] Norway,[227] Pakistan,[242] Poland,[227] Qatar,[237] Romania,[243] Russia,[244][245] Saudi Arabia,[246] Syria,[247] Tunisia,[227] Turkey,[227] United Arab Emirates,[248] United Kingdom,[227] and United States.[249] Intergovernmental organizations which sent aid include the European Union,[227] the United Nations,[227] and the World Health Organization.[227] <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:281">Dadouch, Sarah. "They return to homes damaged in Beirut's blast to discover someone has already cleaned them". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/they-return-to-homes-damaged-in-beiruts-blast-to-discover-someone-has-already-cleaned-them/2020/08/10/85c3bda0-db04-11ea-b4f1-25b762cdbbf4_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/they-return-to-homes-damaged-in-beiruts-blast-to-discover-someone-has-already-cleaned-them/2020/08/10/85c3bda0-db04-11ea-b4f1-25b762cdbbf4_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:282">"Der "Beirut Blast" und "Blue Helmet – Blue Shield"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020. <a href="http://www.peacekeeper.at/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Beirut-Blast.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.peacekeeper.at/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Beirut-Blast.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:283">"Unesco, Icom and Louvre rally to help Beirut as museums tackle extensive explosion damage". www.theartnewspaper.com. 17 August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020. <a href="http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/beirut-museums-size-up-the-explosion-damage" target="_blank">http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/beirut-museums-size-up-the-explosion-damage</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:285">""Beirut: Habsburg koordiniert Kulturgüterschutz" (German: Beirut – Habsburg coordinates the protection of cultural property)". 23 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020. <a href="https://www.krone.at/2216068" target="_blank">https://www.krone.at/2216068</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:286">"UNIFIL concludes heritage protection mission in Beirut". 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020. <a href="https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-concludes-heritage-protection-mission-beirut" target="_blank">https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-concludes-heritage-protection-mission-beirut</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:306">"Anti-government protests break out in Beirut". BBC. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53688975" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53688975</a> <a href="#fnref:306" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:308">Hubbard, Ben; El-Naggar, Mona (8 August 2020). "Clashes Erupt in Beirut at Blast Protest as Lebanon's Anger Boils Over". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/world/middleeast/Beirut-explosion-protests-lebanon.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/world/middleeast/Beirut-explosion-protests-lebanon.html</a> <a href="#fnref:308" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:309">Ben Wedeman; Luna Safwan; Ghazi Balkiz; Tamara Qiblawi. "Lebanon protesters storm ministries as violent protests grip Beirut". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/08/middleeast/beirut-judgment-day-protests-intl/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/08/middleeast/beirut-judgment-day-protests-intl/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:309" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:311">"Lebanon information minister quits in first cabinet resignation". The Guardian. 9 August 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2020. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/09/lebanon-information-minister-manal-abdel-samad-quits-in-first-cabinet-resignation-explosion" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/09/lebanon-information-minister-manal-abdel-samad-quits-in-first-cabinet-resignation-explosion</a> <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:312">Regencia, Ted; Ibrahim, Arwa; Najja, Farah (9 August 2020). "Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/hundreds-protesters-injured-anger-simmers-beirut-live-200808234355971.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/hundreds-protesters-injured-anger-simmers-beirut-live-200808234355971.html</a> <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:313">Ted Regencia; Linah Alsaafin; Ramy Allahoum. "'Endemic corruption' caused Beirut blast, says Diab: Live updates". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/beirut-police-fire-tear-gas-protesters-regroup-live-updates-200810010528285.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/beirut-police-fire-tear-gas-protesters-regroup-live-updates-200810010528285.html</a> <a href="#fnref:313" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:314">"Lebanese cabinet resigns amid political fallout from Beirut explosion". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/third-lebanese-minister-resigns-amid-political-fallout-from-beirut-explosion-1.9060949" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/third-lebanese-minister-resigns-amid-political-fallout-from-beirut-explosion-1.9060949</a> <a href="#fnref:314" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:315">"Beirut blast: Lebanese government resigns over explosion". euronews. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/10/beirut-blast-lebanese-government-resigns-over-explosion-says-health-minister" target="_blank">https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/10/beirut-blast-lebanese-government-resigns-over-explosion-says-health-minister</a> <a href="#fnref:315" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:316">"Lebanese PM steps down in wake of Beirut explosion, protests". AP NEWS. 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. <a href="https://apnews.com/598da05d3907aa58399c86ff85a9babc" target="_blank">https://apnews.com/598da05d3907aa58399c86ff85a9babc</a> <a href="#fnref:316" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:317">"Lebanon's president accepts gov't resignation after Beirut blast". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/lebanon-pm-hassan-diab-resigns-anger-beirut-blast-200810135202076.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/lebanon-pm-hassan-diab-resigns-anger-beirut-blast-200810135202076.html</a> <a href="#fnref:317" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:318">"May Chidiac lance une pétition pour une enquête internationale" Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, L'Orient-Le Jour, Lebanon, 29 August 2020 <a href="https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1230833/may-chidiac-lance-une-petition-pour-une-enquete-internationale.html" target="_blank">https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1230833/may-chidiac-lance-une-petition-pour-une-enquete-internationale.html</a> <a href="#fnref:318" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:319">"عريضة من "Ground-0" لكوبيش للمطالبة بتحقيق دولي في انفجار المرفأ" Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Lebanese Forces Website Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Lebanon, 16 September 2020 <a href="https://www.lebanese-forces.com/2020/09/17/may-chidiac-214/" target="_blank">https://www.lebanese-forces.com/2020/09/17/may-chidiac-214/</a> <a href="#fnref:319" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:320">"Les FL présentent une pétition pour la création d'une commission internationale d'établissement des faits" Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, L'Orient-Le Jour, Lebanon, 23 February 2021 <a href="https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1252917/les-fl-presentent-une-petition-pour-la-creation-dune-commission-denquete-internationale.html" target="_blank">https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1252917/les-fl-presentent-une-petition-pour-la-creation-dune-commission-denquete-internationale.html</a> <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:321">"Lebanon: UN 'actively assisting' in response to huge explosions at Beirut port". UN News. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1069542" target="_blank">https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1069542</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:322">"UNIFIL statement on the explosion in Beirut". UNIFIL. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-statement-explosion-beirut" target="_blank">https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-statement-explosion-beirut</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:323">Sri Lanka donated 1,675 kilos of Ceylon tea to those affected by the Beirut blast; however, the gift was distributed to the families of the soldiers in the Presidential Guard Brigade.[287] In addition, 12 tons of fish donated by Mauritania were not distributed to the public, as the army only mentioned that they "stored it according to public safety standards".[288] Iraq has sent 13,000 tons of wheat/flour to Lebanon;[289] however, 7,000 tons of them were poorly stockpiled in the Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium.[290] <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" target="_blank">/wiki/Sri_Lanka</a> <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:324">"'Stay strong, Lebanon': Global support over deadly Beirut blast". Al Jazeera English. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/strong-lebanon-global-support-deadly-beirut-blast-200805100421240.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/strong-lebanon-global-support-deadly-beirut-blast-200805100421240.html</a> <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:325">"Israel not behind Beirut blast, sources on both sides say; at least 10 killed". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-august-4-2020/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-august-4-2020/</a> <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:326">"Prominent Israelis are angry at a solidarity gesture for Beirut victims". TRT World. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. <a href="https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/prominent-israelis-are-angry-at-a-solidarity-gesture-for-beirut-victims-38694/amp" target="_blank">https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/prominent-israelis-are-angry-at-a-solidarity-gesture-for-beirut-victims-38694/amp</a> <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:327">"Why Israel Is Probably Not Responsible For The Beirut Explosion". Forbes. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelpeck/2020/08/04/was-israel-responsible-for-the-beirut-explosion/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelpeck/2020/08/04/was-israel-responsible-for-the-beirut-explosion/</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:328">"Lübnan'ın başkenti Beyrut'ta patlama" (in Turkish). Anadolu Agency. 4 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020. <a href="https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/lubnanin-baskenti-beyrutta-patlama/1931375" target="_blank">https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/lubnanin-baskenti-beyrutta-patlama/1931375</a> <a href="#fnref:328" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:329">Boxerman, Aaron (4 August 2020). "Israeli involvement in massive Beirut port blast ruled out by both sides". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2020. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-involvement-in-massive-beirut-blast-ruled-out-by-both-sides/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-involvement-in-massive-beirut-blast-ruled-out-by-both-sides/</a> <a href="#fnref:329" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:330">In the meantime, Die Welt reported, according to the intelligence information, that Hezbollah received a total of 270 tons of ammonium nitrate on 16 July 2013, delivered from Iran to Lebanon. On 23 October of the same year, another 270 tons of ammonium nitrate were delivered, in addition to a third delivery, which made the three deliveries equal to a quantity of 630 to 670 tons of ammonium nitrate. The second delivery was transported by plane, probably by Mahan Air, while the other deliveries were made by sea or land, for example across the Syrian border. Mohammad Qasir who has been responsible for Hezbollah's logistics for 20 years was also responsible for paying for the ammonium nitrate deliveries.[296] In September 2020, the U.S. state department's counterterrorism coordinator, Nathan Sales, mentioned in a video appearance at the American Jewish Committee that: "I can reveal that such [Hezbollah weapons] caches have been moved through Belgium to France, Greece, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. I can also reveal that significant ammonium nitrate caches have been discovered or destroyed in France, Greece, and Italy".[297] <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" target="_blank">/wiki/Die_Welt</a> <a href="#fnref:330" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:331">"Industrial accident in Lebanon – Activations – International Disasters Charter". disasterscharter.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://disasterscharter.org/web/guest/activations/-/article/industrial-accident-in-lebanon-activation-664-" target="_blank">https://disasterscharter.org/web/guest/activations/-/article/industrial-accident-in-lebanon-activation-664-</a> <a href="#fnref:331" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:332">Peleg, Bar (5 August 2020). "Tel Aviv Shows Solidarity With Lebanon, Drawing Right-wing Ire". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-mayor-announces-solidarity-with-lebanon-slammed-by-right-wing-lawmakers-1.9049005" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-mayor-announces-solidarity-with-lebanon-slammed-by-right-wing-lawmakers-1.9049005</a> <a href="#fnref:332" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:333">Others include the Belfast City Hall,[299] the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the Great Pyramid near Giza,[300] the King Road Tower in Jeddah,[301] the Kuwait Towers in Kuwait City,[302] the Los Angeles City Hall,[303] the headquarters of the Palestine Broadcasting Corporation in Ramallah,[304] the Sydney Opera House,[305] the Azadi Tower in Tehran,[306] and the National Assembly and Yerevan City Hall in Yerevan.[307] <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" target="_blank">/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall</a> <a href="#fnref:333" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:334">Sedgwick, Justin (6 August 2020). "Eiffel Tower in Paris goes dark in show of solidarity with Beirut after massive explosion". FOX 5. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.fox5dc.com/news/eiffel-tower-in-paris-goes-dark-in-show-of-solidarity-with-beirut-after-massive-explosion" target="_blank">https://www.fox5dc.com/news/eiffel-tower-in-paris-goes-dark-in-show-of-solidarity-with-beirut-after-massive-explosion</a> <a href="#fnref:334" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:335">"الجامعة العربية تنكس علمها حدادا على ضحايا انفجار بيروت". masrawy.com (in Arabic). 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_publicaffairs/details/2020/8/5/1846501/الجامعة-العربية-تنكس-علمها-حدادا-على-ضحايا-انفجار-بيروت" target="_blank">https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_publicaffairs/details/2020/8/5/1846501/الجامعة-العربية-تنكس-علمها-حدادا-على-ضحايا-انفجار-بيروت</a> <a href="#fnref:335" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:336">Peleg, Bar (5 August 2020). "Tel Aviv Shows Solidarity With Lebanon, Drawing Right-wing Ire". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-mayor-announces-solidarity-with-lebanon-slammed-by-right-wing-lawmakers-1.9049005" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-mayor-announces-solidarity-with-lebanon-slammed-by-right-wing-lawmakers-1.9049005</a> <a href="#fnref:336" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:337">"'We'll light up Tel Aviv ... with our rockets': Lebanese rebuff Israeli solidarity". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/theyll-destroy-our-country-lebanese-unmoved-by-tel-aviv-show-of-solidarity/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/theyll-destroy-our-country-lebanese-unmoved-by-tel-aviv-show-of-solidarity/</a> <a href="#fnref:337" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:338">"Factbox: Countries rally round Lebanon after Beirut blast". Reuters. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-reaction-factb-idUSKCN2550CU" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-reaction-factb-idUSKCN2550CU</a> <a href="#fnref:338" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:339">"Egypt's field hospital in Beirut receives wounded of Lebanon's blast". Ahram Online. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/376010/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-field-hospital-in-Beirut-receives-wounded-o.aspx" target="_blank">https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/376010/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-field-hospital-in-Beirut-receives-wounded-o.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:339" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:340">"Factbox: Countries rally round Lebanon after Beirut blast". Reuters. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-reaction-factb-idUSKCN2550CU" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-reaction-factb-idUSKCN2550CU</a> <a href="#fnref:340" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:341">"Countries offer help to Lebanon following massive Beirut explosion". www.al-monitor.com – Al Monitor. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/08/countries-organizations-help-lebanon-explosion-beirut-france.html" target="_blank">https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/08/countries-organizations-help-lebanon-explosion-beirut-france.html</a> <a href="#fnref:341" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:342">"Factbox: Countries rally round Lebanon after Beirut blast". Reuters. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-reaction-factb-idUSKCN2550CU" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-reaction-factb-idUSKCN2550CU</a> <a href="#fnref:342" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:343">"Qatar sends field hospitals to Lebanon". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/08/06/qatar-sends-field-hospitals-to-lebanon.html" target="_blank">https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/08/06/qatar-sends-field-hospitals-to-lebanon.html</a> <a href="#fnref:343" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:344">"Qatar sends field hospitals to Lebanon". France 24. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200805-qatar-sends-field-hospitals-to-lebanon" target="_blank">https://www.france24.com/en/20200805-qatar-sends-field-hospitals-to-lebanon</a> <a href="#fnref:344" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:345">Qarjouli, Asmahan (4 August 2022). "Qatar, Lebanon mull ports cooperation as Beirut marks blast anniversary". Doha News | Qatar. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://dohanews.co/qatar-lebanon-mull-ports-cooperation-as-beirut-marks-blast-anniversary/" target="_blank">https://dohanews.co/qatar-lebanon-mull-ports-cooperation-as-beirut-marks-blast-anniversary/</a> <a href="#fnref:345" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:346">"Qatar Gives $50 Million to Lebanon, Plans to Help Rebuild Beirut". Bloomberg.com. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-09/qatar-gives-50-million-to-lebanon-plans-to-help-rebuild-beirut" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-09/qatar-gives-50-million-to-lebanon-plans-to-help-rebuild-beirut</a> <a href="#fnref:346" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:347">"Kuwait sends 36 tonnes of medical aid to Beirut after horrific explosion". gulfnews.com. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022. <a href="https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-sends-36-tonnes-of-medical-aid-to-beirut-after-horrific-explosion-1.73027391" target="_blank">https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-sends-36-tonnes-of-medical-aid-to-beirut-after-horrific-explosion-1.73027391</a> <a href="#fnref:347" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:348">"Factbox: Countries rally round Lebanon after Beirut blast". Reuters. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-reaction-factb-idUSKCN2550CU" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-reaction-factb-idUSKCN2550CU</a> <a href="#fnref:348" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:349">Giles, Christopher; Menon, Shruti; Ali, Zulfiqar (21 August 2020). "Beirut explosion: Where else is ammonium nitrate being stored?". BBC News (BBC Reality Check). Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53721136" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53721136</a> <a href="#fnref:349" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:350">"Senegal to Move 3,000 Tons of Explosive Chemical From Port". Bloomberg.com. 29 August 2020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-29/beirut-blast-pushes-senegal-to-move-explosive-chemical-from-port" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-29/beirut-blast-pushes-senegal-to-move-explosive-chemical-from-port</a> <a href="#fnref:350" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:351">Taylor, Adam. "After Beirut, ports around the world searched for dangerous chemicals. Some didn't like what they found. ce". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/21/after-beirut-ports-around-world-searched-dangerous-chemicals-some-didnt-like-what-they-found/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/21/after-beirut-ports-around-world-searched-dangerous-chemicals-some-didnt-like-what-they-found/</a> <a href="#fnref:351" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:352">Meanwhile, Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi ordered the formation of a committee to remove hazardous inventories accumulated at the border ports.[323] Subsequently, hazardous material was removed from storage inside Umm Qasr Port.[324] <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi" target="_blank">/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi</a> <a href="#fnref:352" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:353">"Beirut ship soon headed for Germany after port blast". DW. 30 April 2021. <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-beirut-ship-carrying-hazardous-materials-to-soon-depart-for-germany/a-57394538" target="_blank">https://www.dw.com/en/lebanon-beirut-ship-carrying-hazardous-materials-to-soon-depart-for-germany/a-57394538</a> <a href="#fnref:353" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:354">"ILO honours the victims of the Beirut port explosion". www.ilo.org. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021. <a href="http://www.ilo.org/beirut/media-centre/multimedia/WCMS_816032/lang--en/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ilo.org/beirut/media-centre/multimedia/WCMS_816032/lang--en/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:354" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:355">"بعد انفجار مرفأ بيروت في 2020.. كيف يمكن الاستفادة من دروس تخزين ونقل المواد الخطرة؟". www.news.un.org (in Arabic). 14 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://news.un.org/ar/story/2021/12/1089702" target="_blank">https://news.un.org/ar/story/2021/12/1089702</a> <a href="#fnref:355" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:356">"In follow-up to the 2020 Beirut port explosion, UN/OECD seminar calls for action to better manage the risks of hazardous substances in port areas and beyond". www.unece.org. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021. <a href="https://unece.org/environment/press/follow-2020-beirut-port-explosion-unoecd-seminar-calls-action-better-manage-risks" target="_blank">https://unece.org/environment/press/follow-2020-beirut-port-explosion-unoecd-seminar-calls-action-better-manage-risks</a> <a href="#fnref:356" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:357">Spring, Marianna (5 August 2020). "Beirut explosion: How conspiracy theories spread on social media". BBC News Online. Retrieved 4 August 2021. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/53669029" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/53669029</a> <a href="#fnref:357" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:358">Boxerman, Aaron (4 August 2020). "Israeli involvement in massive Beirut port blast ruled out by both sides". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 4 August 2021. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-involvement-in-massive-beirut-blast-ruled-out-by-both-sides/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-involvement-in-massive-beirut-blast-ruled-out-by-both-sides/</a> <a href="#fnref:358" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

2020 Beirut explosion open-in-new

2020 Beirut explosion