History of knowledge

<h2 id="the-history-of-the-field">The history of the field</h2>
Foundations of the history of knowledge have been traced by academics such as historian <a href="/facts/Peter_Burke_(historian)/yKacQ3GC">Peter Burke</a> in works including "What is the History of Knowledge?".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The book identifies the 15th century "Advancement of Learning" in which Francis Bacon writes on the circulation of knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The concept of "circulation" has been used in the field of history since the 2000s and outlines the transfer of knowledge through actors or spaces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> In the 19th century, academics expressed a want to historicise knowledge and look at the developments of knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> This is similar to the emergence of the history of natural sciences in the 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> The scientific philosopher <a href="/facts/Auguste_Comte/Jr0EkS1q">Auguste Comte</a> was one of the first to try to implement it in the university system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The philosopher illustrates the growing academic interest towards historicising knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Following Comte, the 1960s second movement of the <a href="/facts/Sociology_of_knowledge/6sYx7KnC">sociology of knowledge</a> introduced ideas from <a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Michel Foucault</a> and <a href="/facts/Pierre_Bourdieu/ngVCCRre">Pierre Bourdieu</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Both authorities analogously impacted the history of knowledge evidenced by Foucault's work on knowledge production sites and Bourdieu's work on situated knowledge in Homo Academicus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
The inception of the history of knowledge follows the <a href="/facts/History_of_science/pdBLPwP0">history of science</a> developments as an academic discipline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> <a href="/facts/George_Sarton/rhAkYlKf">George Sarton</a>, in the early years of the 20th century, advocated for a new practice to study the progress on the <a href="/facts/Science/IJoaD7rs">scientific</a> and foresaw <a href="/facts/Humanities/nErauGkd">humanities</a> use to <a href="/facts/Science/IJoaD7rs">science</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> By the 1950s and 60s, the history of science had implemented itself as an academic discipline in universities across America and Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> The shift from the history of science to the German Wissenschaftsgeschichte (history of <a href="/facts/Academy/Q1cenQyr">academic</a> knowledge) involved the inclusion of the <a href="/facts/Humanities/nErauGkd">humanities</a> and <a href="/facts/Social_science/hAbm1xtD">social sciences</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> The 2000s began the movement towards the German Wissensgeschichte, meaning the history of knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Following the establishment of the history of knowledge, arguments occurred over whether the <a href="/facts/History_of_science/pdBLPwP0">history of science</a> should be absorbed by the history of knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
The history of knowledge's relevancy has coincided with the discussion of the academic term "knowledge society" as reflected in the need for knowledge management since the 1960s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> It has also coincided with the study of the digital revolution which is seen as part of a series of knowledge revolutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The age of the digital revolution has produced questions at how past knowledge has been circulated and generated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Peter Burke documents that the scholarship being increasingly globalized influenced the growth of the discipline, seen in the independent research in the 1990s with books like "Fields of Knowledge" (1992) and "Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge" (1996).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Thereafter the history of knowledge discipline became institutionalized in the 2000s throughout <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> (<a href="/facts/Erfurt/tTSyuWpj">Erfurt</a> and <a href="/facts/Kiel/d08pBvnm">Kiel</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h2 id="scope">Scope</h2>
The history of knowledge is known for its amplitude of areas to study.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Despite this academics are not in consensus on what research the discipline does include.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Areas that have been researched include knowledge in non-western contexts, <a href="/facts/Elite/8ceFK8LD">elite</a> knowledge, knowledge in everyday practices, implicit knowledge and religious, social, political or cultural knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Topics can range from medical recipes written by women, 18th century crop failures to the history of American "wisdom" such as pop psychology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>  
Knowledge is a formative concept to the field, however, its definition from Wissensgechichte academics is, as Suzanne Marchand writes, "inconsistent".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Scholars concede a general idea that <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a> is defined as to what has been accepted in the <a href="/facts/Past/egb5NWmA">past</a> as <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> In opposition <a href="/facts/Lorraine_Daston/XDyrKHKN">Lorraine Daston</a> views this definition as detrimental to the field, writing it as too expansive and argues for the definition of  "systemised knowing".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Daston also states in the "History of Science and the History of Knowledge" that there is no single definition of knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
The definitions of knowledge that are used diverge and interdisciplinary measures from areas like <a href="/facts/Epistemology/NsDwpcYH">epistemology</a> are used in order to provide a clearer notion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> This has been contended, as <a href="/facts/Epistemology/NsDwpcYH">epistemological</a> definitions ignore knowledge that can be applied.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Knowledge is variable and what is defined as worth knowing, accepted as knowledge or evidence is dependent on "place, time and social group".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Moreover <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a> is conceptualized differently in languages (<a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>; scientia "knowing that" compared to ars "knowing how"), complicating scholars' work to define <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a> or the discipline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> This is because the understanding of knowledge is affected by language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Relative to the topic, it has been pointed out that knowledge as a concept risks becoming progressively vague and unable for the use of analysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>
The discipline and <a href="/facts/Transdisciplinarity/JWbFqav3">transdisciplinary</a> movement overlaps with numerous academic fields.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> The Geschichte des Wissens incorporates researchers from various areas including philosophy, literary history and predominantly social history among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> In geography, an overlap with the history of knowledge can be seen with its recent epistemological shift and its studies on knowledge production sites i.e. the study of scientific knowledge and its geographical environments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> Lorraine Daston's definition includes religious knowledge, for confessional knowledge is systemised.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
In the history of knowledge, the idea that knowledge and history should be plural is based on <a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Michel Foucault's</a> pluralisation of savoir 'to know'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> It is also founded in the anthropology field which pluralises culture in the concept "cultures of knowledge".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> This is to do with the many forms of knowledge such as the abstract or concrete.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> This contrasts with the 19th century belief that history is a singular narrative.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> This view is known as the Die Geschichte and was deconstructed in the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> In addition, one scholar asks if the history of knowledge can remove the need for concepts such as "social" and "cultural history".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> The same scholar goes on to describe the way <a href="/facts/Peter_Burke_(historian)/yKacQ3GC">Peter Burke</a> uses knowledge as a replacement for culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>

<h2 id="concepts">Concepts</h2>
Theories, approaches and concepts have been used to study the history of knowledge and allow researchers to uncover small-scale understandings that are then connected to a wider context.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> For example, concepts that are "political", "social" and "cultural" which are relevant to the field.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> In the employment of relevant measures, historians approach the field internally by evaluating the content in adverse to contextual approaches which focus on concepts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>
Scientification is a concept used in the field and means the transformation of information to knowledge where it is systemised.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> It constitutes practices that are conventional such as <a href="/facts/Observation/NTodmzCo">observation</a> which is then disciplined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> The conception follows closely to Peter Burke's definition of knowledge as a "cooked" form that is transformed from "raw" information.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Similarly the methods of <a href="/facts/Objectivity_(science)/dvNQI5a9">objectivity</a>, demonstration, <a href="/facts/Error/20QgR4EI">error</a> and <a href="/facts/Belief/HbPvkGT6">belief</a> are derived from traditional <a href="/facts/Science/IJoaD7rs">scientific</a> <a href="/facts/Methodology/dk5X9Hxx">methodologies</a> and applied in the research of history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> Reasoned however is the use of science that was defined in the 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> It creates an <a href="/facts/Anachronism/vjnKorAb">anachronism</a> when the concept is applied on knowledge practises prior to the century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>

Michel Foucault's "orders of knowledge" is a concept which defines orders as determined by time or place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> When a <a href="/facts/Culture/c5JgMqpX">culture's</a> <a href="/facts/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)/f2RW9TXW">values</a> intersect with its knowledge practises, it forms a <a href="/facts/Regime/7XaMMm9D">regime</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> The system, seen as centres of knowledge such as a <a href="/facts/University/skaJt2Io">university</a>, is shaped by interactions along with <a href="/facts/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)/f2RW9TXW">values.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> This is the basis of <a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Foucault's</a> theory that a "regime of truth" is inherent within <a href="/facts/Society/PulvrYfa">society</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> Historians look at a time frame in history and ask how people interpreted their contextual world by looking at what knowledge influenced the individual interpretations, and then investigating how their understandings affected the orders of knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> Some practitioners of the field are seen working at the Geschichte Des Wissens through the University of Zurich.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> Publications from the institution's co-founders like Philip Sarasin mirror the work of Michel Foucault.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a>
The studying of <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a> is not just applied to the understanding of knowledge but also the practical, <a href="/facts/Social/twVnad19">social</a> and everyday <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a> practices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> These areas are studied in order to examine the <a href="/facts/Social/twVnad19">social</a> and <a href="/facts/Politics/1gDNy3RP">political</a> structures whilst also extending the research past these dominant pure aspects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> Part of the objective is to study dismissed everyday <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a>, for example the <a href="/facts/Artisan/XNzAT1ua">artisanal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> The research not only deviates from the disciplines focal point on the <a href="/facts/Science/IJoaD7rs">scientific</a> and <a href="/facts/Intellectual/m76pJfCg">intellectual</a> forms of knowledge, it also acknowledges the <a href="/facts/Social/twVnad19">social</a>, <a href="/facts/Politics/1gDNy3RP">political</a> and <a href="/facts/Economy/okLWSsEY">economic</a> realms wherein knowledge is exerted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> Additionally, the social and the cultural are two approaches which study the circumstances and institutions of knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> Both concepts employ a focus on external influences instead of knowledge by itself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> The social and cultural aspects are related to the social method Wissensoziologie 'sociology of knowledge' formed by Karl Mannheim in 1920s Germany.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Mannheim also developed the concept "Sein-sgebundenheit" that argues knowledge is linked with the concept "social".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> It states that individual beliefs and thoughts are determined by their social class.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>

<h2 id="advantages-and-limitations">Advantages and limitations</h2>
The history of knowledge has long been criticized for being “eccentric” yet it has steadfastly grown since its conception as a historical profession.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Scholars have contributed to the growth of knowledge within the field whilst also demonstrating its values and weaknesses as a branch of study.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>
The history of knowledge's subject matter is undefined and critics contend the field's vague scope.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> One reason for this is the specializations of academics working within this discipline are broad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> In contrast, drawing knowledge from other disciplines is considered advantageous to the field as it encourages cooperation between scholars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> Simone Lassig also declares that the profession's expansive view is better equipped to study forgotten knowledge in the past whilst also reminding historians of the open-endedness of history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>
Fields such as the history of science risk being subsumed by the history of knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> History of science has amassed criticisms in academic circles with claims of eurocentrism because it stands on the idea that Europe is the foundation of science.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> The debates towards opting history of knowledge argue it's because of the field's lack of reliance on the “Western” concept.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> Contestably, the history of knowledge is branded as a ‘simple reconceptualization’ of the history of science and intellectual history disciplines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> This is because it has been noted to resemble what the history of science and intellectual history disciplines have already accomplished.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> For example, some topics that have been studied under the history of science are now being researched within the history of knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
Another deemed limitation in the academic sphere is the focus upon knowledge itself that leaves out the study of knowledge production through the individual and micro-worlds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> For example, people with beliefs interpret their believed notions as knowledge. Evidentially, those who contributed to <a href="/facts/Innovation/aa7hadLw">innovations</a> and the discovery of <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a> including their aims and <a href="/facts/Belief/HbPvkGT6">beliefs</a> are not investigated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> It is argued that when examined it poses a risk for only interpreting past knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> This removes what was not known and omits the human aspect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> Although the study of “low” knowledge is researched in the field, knowledge of non-elites was not recognised as knowledge in the past.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> Moreover, the definition that scholars propose that defines knowledge as the study of what has been accepted as knowledge is seen as limiting to this approach.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>
The history of knowledge looks at forms of knowledge outside of the Western context.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> However the <a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Foucault</a> concept ‘orders of knowledge’, a central basis in the history of knowledge, has been disputed as <a href="/facts/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity/y84KQJxl">homogeneous</a> by academic <a href="/facts/Peter_Burke_(historian)/yKacQ3GC">Peter Burke</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> He states the theory does not recognise how <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a> and information circulate outside <a href="/facts/Geography/TRd1Toyo">geographical</a> boundaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> Philipp Sarasin, in opposition, notes that the theory used in the history of knowledge encourages a <a href="/facts/Postcolonialism/XqYab5pI">post-colonial</a> outlook.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/A_History_of_Knowledge/7SFyaDjQ">A History of Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Recorded_history/pnBxFEvW">Recorded history</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Knowledge_transfer/AjVXXN2N">Knowledge transfer</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Knowledge_management/RjjnVmRe">Knowledge management</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Knowledge_Revolution/RseSF1pV">Knowledge Revolution</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2>

<ul><li><a href="http://www.theoryculturesociety.org/peter-burke-on-writing-the-social-history-of-knowledge/">Burke, Peter. "Writing the Social History of Knowledge." Theory, Culture & Society, December 21, 2010</a>.</li>
<li>History of Knowledge (blog), <a href="http://historyofknowledge.net">http://historyofknowledge.net</a></li>
<li>Burke, Peter. What Is the History of Knowledge? Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015.</li>
<li>Daston, Lorraine (2017). "The History of Science and the History of Knowledge". KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge. 1 (1).</li>
<li>Dupré, Sven, and Geert Somsen. “The History of Knowledge and the Future of Knowledge Societies.” Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42, no. 2-3 (August 13, 2019): 186–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900006.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GHI_Washington/Publications/Bulletin59/29.pdf">Lässig, Simone. "The History of Knowledge and the Expansion of the Historical Research Agenda." Bulletin of the German Historical Institute (Fall 2016): 29–58</a>.</li>
<li>Mulsow, Martin, and Lorraine Daston. “History of Knowledge.” In Debating New Approaches to History, edited by Marek Tamm and Peter Burke. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.</li>
<li>Marchand, Suzanne. “How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian’s Thoughts on the Geschichte Des Wissens.” Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42, no. 2-3 (August 13, 2019): 126–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005.</li>
<li>Nilsson Hammar, Anna, David Larsson Heidenblad, and ÖstlingJohan, eds. Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020.</li>
<li>Östling, Johan; Heidenblad, David Larsson (2020). "Fulfilling the Promise of the History of Knowledge: Key Approaches for the 2020s". Journal for the History of Knowledge. 1 (1).</li>
<li>Burke, Peter. “The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?” Cultural History in France, 2019.</li>
<li>Sarasin, Philipp. “More than Just Another Specialty: On the Prospects for the History of Knowledge.” Journal for the History of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5334/jhk.25.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Was ist Wissensgeschichte?" (PDF). Retrieved 7 March 2017. <a href="https://www.zgw.ethz.ch/fileadmin/ZGW/PDF/sarasin_wissensgeschichte_2011.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.zgw.ethz.ch/fileadmin/ZGW/PDF/sarasin_wissensgeschichte_2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Hoch- und Spätmittelalter / Westeuropäische Geschichte - Wissensgeschichte" (in German). Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Lehreinheit Geschichte der Universität Münster. Retrieved 7 March 2017. <a href="https://www.uni-muenster.de/Geschichte/histsem/MA-G/L1/forschen/wissensgeschichte.html" target="_blank">https://www.uni-muenster.de/Geschichte/histsem/MA-G/L1/forschen/wissensgeschichte.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Sven Dupré and Geert Somsen, "The History of Knowledge and the Future of Knowledge Societies", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42, no. 2-3 (August 13, 2019): 186–99, doi:10.1002/bewi.201900006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and ÖstlingJohan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020); Suzanne Marchand, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian’s Thoughts on the Geschichte Des Wissens," Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42, no. 2-3 (August 13, 2019): 126–49, doi:10.1002/bewi.201900005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015); Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and ÖstlingJohan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Philipp Sarasin, "More than Just Another Specialty: On the Prospects for the History of Knowledge," Journal for the History of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (2020), doi:10.5334/jhk.25; Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and ÖstlingJohan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Daston, Lorraine (2017). "The History of Science and the History of Knowledge". KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge. 1 (1); Peter Burke, What is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015); Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and ÖstlingJohan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020); Lässig, Simone (2016). "The History of Knowledge and the Expansion of the Historical Research Agenda". Bulletin of the German Historical Institute. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Sven Dupré and Geert Somsen, "The History of Knowledge and the Future of Knowledge Societies", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42, no. 2-3 (August 13, 2019): 186–99, doi:10.1002/bewi.201900006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Sven Dupré and Geert Somsen, "The History of Knowledge and the Future of Knowledge Societies", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42, no. 2-3 (August 13, 2019): 186–99, doi:10.1002/bewi.201900006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Daston, Lorraine (2017). "The History of Science and the History of Knowledge". KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge. 1 (1): 131–154. doi:10.1086/691678. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-EDB1-5. S2CID 164680540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Daston, Lorraine (2017). "The History of Science and the History of Knowledge". KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge. 1 (1): 131–154. doi:10.1086/691678. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-EDB1-5. S2CID 164680540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Martin Mulsow and Lorraine Daston, “History of Knowledge,” in Debating New Approaches to History, ed. Marek Tamm and Peter Burke (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Daston, Lorraine (2017). "The History of Science and the History of Knowledge". KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge. 1 (1): 131–154. doi:10.1086/691678. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-EDB1-5. S2CID 164680540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Daston, Lorraine (2017). "The History of Science and the History of Knowledge". KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge. 1 (1); Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and ÖstlingJohan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020); Suzanne Marchand, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts on the Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42, no. 2-3 (August 13, 2019): 126–49, doi:10.1002/bewi.201900005.

Categories <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Daston, Lorraine (2017). "The History of Science and the History of Knowledge". KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge. 1 (1): 131–154. doi:10.1086/691678. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-EDB1-5. S2CID 164680540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Martin Mulsow and Lorraine Daston, “History of Knowledge,” in Debating New Approaches to History, ed. Marek Tamm and Peter Burke (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Martin Mulsow and Lorraine Daston, “History of Knowledge,” in Debating New Approaches to History, ed. Marek Tamm and Peter Burke (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Philipp Sarasin, "More than Just Another Specialty: On the Prospects for the History of Knowledge," Journal for the History of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (2020), doi:10.5334/jhk.25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Philipp Sarasin, "More than Just Another Specialty: On the Prospects for the History of Knowledge," Journal for the History of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (2020), doi:10.5334/jhk.25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Philipp Sarasin, "More than Just Another Specialty: On the Prospects for the History of Knowledge," Journal for the History of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (2020), doi:10.5334/jhk.25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Philipp Sarasin, "More than Just Another Specialty: On the Prospects for the History of Knowledge," Journal for the History of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (2020), doi:10.5334/jhk.25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Philipp Sarasin, "More than Just Another Specialty: On the Prospects for the History of Knowledge," Journal for the History of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (2020), doi:10.5334/jhk.25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Östling, Johan; Heidenblad, David Larsson (2020). "Fulfilling the Promise of the History of Knowledge: Key Approaches for the 2020s". Journal for the History of Knowledge. 1 (1). doi:10.5334/jhk.24. S2CID 198091167. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fjhk.24" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fjhk.24</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015); Martin Mulsow and Lorraine Daston, "History of Knowledge", in Debating New Approaches to History, ed. Marek Tamm and Peter Burke (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Philipp Sarasin, "More than Just Another Specialty: On the Prospects for the History of Knowledge," Journal for the History of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (2020), doi:10.5334/jhk.25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Martin Mulsow and Lorraine Daston, “History of Knowledge,” in Debating New Approaches to History, ed. Marek Tamm and Peter Burke (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Martin Mulsow and Lorraine Daston, “History of Knowledge,” in Debating New Approaches to History, ed. Marek Tamm and Peter Burke (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Sven Dupré and Geert Somsen, "The History of Knowledge and the Future of Knowledge Societies", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42, no. 2-3 (August 13, 2019): 186–99, doi:10.1002/bewi.201900006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Martin Mulsow and Lorraine Daston, “History of Knowledge,” in Debating New Approaches to History, ed. Marek Tamm and Peter Burke (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Peter Burke, "The History of Knowledge. Social or Cultural History?", Cultural History in France, 2019. <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Lässig, Simone (2016). "The History of Knowledge and the Expansion of the Historical Research Agenda". Bulletin of the German Historical Institute. <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Lässig, Simone (2016). "The History of Knowledge and the Expansion of the Historical Research Agenda". Bulletin of the German Historical Institute. <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Lässig, Simone (2016). "The History of Knowledge and the Expansion of the Historical Research Agenda". Bulletin of the German Historical Institute. <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Daston, Lorraine (2017). "The History of Science and the History of Knowledge". KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge. 1 (1): 131–154. doi:10.1086/691678. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-EDB1-5. S2CID 164680540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Daston, Lorraine (2017). "The History of Science and the History of Knowledge". KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge. 1 (1): 131–154. doi:10.1086/691678. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-EDB1-5. S2CID 164680540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">"Hoch- und Spätmittelalter / Westeuropäische Geschichte - Wissensgeschichte" (in German). Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Lehreinheit Geschichte der Universität Münster. Retrieved 7 March 2017. <a href="https://www.uni-muenster.de/Geschichte/histsem/MA-G/L1/forschen/wissensgeschichte.html" target="_blank">https://www.uni-muenster.de/Geschichte/histsem/MA-G/L1/forschen/wissensgeschichte.html</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Marchand, Suzanne, "How Much Knowledge Is Worth Knowing? An American Intellectual Historian's Thoughts On The Geschichte Des Wissens", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 42 (2019), 126-149 https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.201900005</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Anna Nilsson Hammar, David Larsson Heidenblad, and Östling Johan, eds., Forms of Knowledge : Developing the History of Knowledge (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2020). <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Sven Dupré and Geert Somsen, "The History of Knowledge and the Future of Knowledge Societies", Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 42, no. 2-3 (August 13, 2019): 186–99, doi:10.1002/bewi.201900006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Peter Burke, What Is the History of Knowledge? (Cambridge, Uk: Polity Press, 2015) <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Philipp Sarasin, "More than Just Another Specialty: On the Prospects for the History of Knowledge," Journal for the History of Knowledge 1, no. 1 (2020), doi:10.5334/jhk.25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

History of knowledge open-in-new

History of knowledge