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Bidayuh
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<h2 id="settlement-areas">Settlement areas</h2> <p>Predominantly Bidayuh areas in Sarawak are in the suburban areas of the state capital city of Kuching (Penrissen as well as <a href="/facts/Padawan,_Sarawak/zzBsxTT8">Padawan</a> areas), <a href="/facts/Lundu,_Sarawak/dfY3krAv">Lundu</a>, Siburan, <a href="/facts/Bau,_Sarawak/3ofvlX6f">Bau</a> and <a href="/facts/Serian,_Sarawak/M5pR1gnr">Serian</a>. Most Bidayuh villages can be found in the rural areas of Padawan, Lundu, Penrissen, Bau and Serian. The area continues up to the adjacent West Kalimantan border, where they reside in Kembayan, Noyan, Sekayam, and Jangkang district in Sanggau Regency. The area in which they live is mainly in the basin of the <a href="/facts/Sarawak_River/CvuvByxU">Sarawak River</a> and hilly to a mountainous forest, traditionally worked by rotational agriculture and hunting based around farms populated from parent villages situated on the hills for protection. Today, almost all the traditional <a href="/facts/Longhouse/XG7T0KqD">longhouse</a> villages have been replaced by individual houses, by roads and there are some plantation agriculture and a reduced emphasis on the growing of hill padi. Fruit trees, especially <a href="/facts/Durian/WIaKDSRe">Durian</a>, remain important property markers. The distinctive architectural and cultural feature of the Bidayuh is the head-house, now adopted as a symbol. </p> <h2 id="languages">Languages</h2> <p>There are approximately 25 dialects of Bidayuh (Land Dayak) spoken in Sarawak, Malaysia, which can be grouped into four clusters of dialects: Eastern, Central, Highland, and Western.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> In Sarawak, there are generally said to be three main linguistic groupings (<a href="/facts/Biatah_language/tvvnyn0I">Biatah</a>, <a href="/facts/Jagoi_language/BtXrcKWU">Singai-Jagoi</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language/rvoSIzqj">Bukar–Sadong</a>), but these can be broken down even beyond the list referenced below as most people can be distinguished by locals down to village level through smaller differences in vocabulary and intonation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Each area speaks its own dialect: </p> <ol><li>Lundu speaks <i><a href="/facts/Jagoi_language/BtXrcKWU">Jagoi</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Selako_language/dTxf4VB8">Salako</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Lara_language/gn5DblAh">Lara</a></i>.</li> <li>Bratak, Singai, Krokong, and Jagoi speak <i><a href="/facts/Jagoi_language/BtXrcKWU">Singai-Jagoi</a></i>.</li> <li>Penrissen speaks <i>Bisitang</i> while people in Kampung Bunuk speak <i>Bunuk</i> (Segu-Benuk).</li> <li>Siburan vicinity speaks <i><a href="/facts/Biatah_language/tvvnyn0I">Biatah</a></i>.</li> <li>Bidayuhs who live around Serian such as <a href="/facts/Tebakang/6KAs4Va4">Tebakang</a>, Mongkos, <a href="/facts/Tebedu/Tkwanckm">Tebedu</a> to Tanjung Amo near the border of Kalimantan, Indonesia speak <i><a href="/facts/Bukar_Sadong_language/rvoSIzqj">Sadong(Similar To Bukar but different dialects and accent)</a></i>.</li> <li>Bidayuhs who live around Serian such as Baki, Baru, Taee, and Tarat speaks the <i><a href="/facts/Bukar_Sadong_language/rvoSIzqj">Bukar language</a></i>.</li> <li>Bidayuhs in Padawan speak several but related dialects like <i>Bi-Annah</i>, <i>Pinyawa</i>, <i>Braang, Bia'</i>, <i>Bisepug,</i> and <i>Emperoh/Bipuruh</i>.</li> <li>Bidayuh Moden speaks mixed languages, mixed languages between <i>Padawan</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Jagoi_language/BtXrcKWU">Jagoi language</a></i> (Semeba, Tematu, Bumbok, and Sudad).</li></ol> <p>The dialects are not mutually intelligible and <a href="/facts/Malaysian_English/mD4Utu88">Malaysian English</a> or <a href="/facts/Malaysian_language/nmd2YzNR">Malay</a> are often used as commonly spoken languages within the community. </p> <h3>Linguistic issues</h3> <p>The Serian Bidayuhs have a distinct dialect known as <a href="/facts/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language/rvoSIzqj"><i>Bukar–Sadong</i></a>, which is not intelligible to Bidayuhs from other Districts. Here are some examples of the differences in the various dialects spoken in Serian, with their English and Malay equivalents. Also included are two Philippine languages, <a href="/facts/Kapampangan_language/0PNrjUcS">Kapampangan</a> and <a href="/facts/Tagalog_language/G8UARRIl">Tagalog</a>: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>English</th><th>Malay</th><th>Bukar–Sadong</th><th>Bau-Jagoi</th><th>Siburan-Padawan</th><th>Bi-Annah</th><th>Bra'ang-Pinyawa</th><th>Lundu (Salako)</th><th>Kapampangan</th><th>Tagalog</th></tr><tr><td>Father</td><td>Bapa</td><td>Amang</td><td>Sama</td><td>Sama</td><td>Sama'</td><td>Sama'</td><td>Apak, Bapak</td><td>Ibpâ, (Bapa – Uncle)</td><td>Amang, Ama</td></tr><tr><td>Mother</td><td>Ibu</td><td>Andĕ/ayang/a'nek</td><td>Sino</td><td>Sendo</td><td>Sin(d)ū'</td><td>Sin(d)o</td><td>Inuk, Indok, Umak,</td><td>Indû</td><td>Inang, Ina</td></tr><tr><td>Food</td><td>makanan</td><td>pima-an</td><td>pinguman</td><td>pimaan</td><td>Pinguman</td><td>Pinguman</td><td>Pamakanan</td><td>Pamangan</td><td>Pagkain</td></tr><tr><td>Rice</td><td>nasi</td><td>songkoi/sungkoi</td><td>tubi</td><td>tubi</td><td>Tubi'</td><td>Tubi</td><td>nasik</td><td>nasi</td><td>kanin</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>aku</td><td>aku</td><td>oku</td><td>Ěku</td><td>Aku'</td><td>Ěku</td><td>aku</td><td>aku/I-aku</td><td>ako</td></tr><tr><td>You/thee</td><td>kamu/anda/engkau/kau</td><td>amu/akam</td><td>mu-u/ingan</td><td>ku-u/kaam</td><td>Ku'u/Ka'am(ng)/Angan</td><td>(K)u'u/ ka'am</td><td>kau</td><td>ika (sing.)/ikayu (pl.)</td><td>ikaw</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="religion-and-beliefs">Religion and beliefs</h2> <p>Bidayuhs are traditionally <a href="/facts/Animism/jsPnJBuD">animist</a> or pagans, and vestiges of these beliefs remain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/White_Rajahs/mLuSwM7b">Brooke family</a> era saw the arrival of <a href="/facts/Christians/15hE11VR">Christian</a> missionaries from 1848, bringing education and modern medicine, while a similar process also took place in <a href="/facts/Dutch_East_Indies/1vl6kw8p">Dutch Borneo</a> on the Dutch controlled side. The great majority of Bidayuh are now Christians,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> majority of them being Roman Catholic. Almost 70% of the people of Bidayuh have changed their traditional name to English name since they converted to Christianity and many young indigenous Bidayuh in Sarawak do not practice their traditional ceremonies anymore, weakening their culture as indigenous peoples of Sarawak. The Bidayuh people are the closest relative of the Melanau people and are said to have the same ancestor before splitting into different tribes. The original Bidayuhs are mainly pagans or animists, however 50% already converted to Christianity. They have big festivals like <a href="/facts/Gawai_Dayak/lWFJKz8G">Gawai Dayak</a>, which is a celebration to please the padi spirit for a good harvest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Most Bidayuh villages have either a <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholic</a> or <a href="/facts/Anglican/CDICRNVn">Anglican</a> church, or a <a href="/facts/Mosque/U51uY78w">mosque</a>. The Biatah people, who live in the Kuching area (Padawan/Lundu), are mostly Anglican with Catholic minorities. Meanwhile, the people who live in Bau or Serian are mostly Catholic. Catholicism was first introduced to people in Kampung Taee by the <a href="/facts/Mill_Hill_Missionaries/I1f7F1uR">Mill Hill Missionaries</a> in the early 1920s. </p><p>Some renowned churches were also being established in some villages such as SIB (Sidang Injil Borneo) also known as the Borneo Evangelical Mission (BEM) church, Baptist as well as other denominations like Seventh-Day Adventist (SDA), Assemblies of God, Methodist, Latter Rain, etc. </p><p>The Bidayuh of Bukar had a unique tradition of hanging the bodies of the dead on trees and leaving them to rot away. The skeletons are left on trees as a reminder of the dead. The tradition is rarely practiced nowadays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The Bidayuh or Klemantan celebrate Gawai Padi (Paddy Festival)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> or Gawai Adat Naik Dingo (Paddy Storing Festival).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="salako-and-lara-people">Salako and Lara people</h2> <p>Although classified as "Bidayuh" by the Malaysian government, the Salako and Lara culture have little resemblance to other Bidayuh groups and their oral tradition claims different descent and migration histories. Linguistically, the Salako belong to another language family tree which is of the <a href="/facts/Malayic_languages/7rWz6m8k">Malayic Dayak</a> family (the same family as the <a href="/facts/Iban_people/QdU7sb9y">Iban</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The Lara, although said to be more related to the Bidayuh (Jagoi-Singai), speak a language almost not mutually intelligible at all with the Bidayuh but belonged to the same language family tree which is the <a href="/facts/Land_Dayak/RceD9Brq">Land Dayak</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Even their customary rituals and rites differ from the other Bidayuhs (all Bidayuhs share almost the same ritual and customary rites). </p> <h2 id="culture">Culture</h2> <h3>Musical heritage</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Agung/8sV8Qbe2">Agung</a></p> <p>The Bidayuh have a musical heritage consisting of various types of <a href="/facts/Agung/8sV8Qbe2">agung ensembles</a> - ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed <a href="/facts/Gong/js5Y2dE0">gongs</a> which act as a drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> They also use a bamboo <a href="/facts/Idiochord/gJwG5HuM">idiochord</a> <a href="/facts/Tube_zither/THywAaUs">tube zither</a> called <i>pratuokng</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h3>Traditional dance</h3> <ul><li>Nyigar<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Traditional cuisine</h3> <p>Several traditional Bidayuh dishes are:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>Kasam Dihan goreng</i>, fried fermented <a href="/facts/Durian/WIaKDSRe">durian</a> with pork and <a href="/facts/Cymbopogon/hNPzy8qu">lemongrass</a> condiment</li> <li><i>Rotung</i>, <a href="/facts/Sago/Ef6ExmRq">sago</a> cooked in bamboo</li> <li><i>Kubar</i>, sweet sago pancakes</li> <li><i><i>Linut</i></i>, sticky sago paste</li> <li><i>Assam</i>, chicken and tapioca leaves cooked and served in a bamboo stalk<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><i>Tobah / Kasam Pengak</i>, preserved wild animal meat or pork, and fish<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="standard-of-living">Standard of Living</h2> <p>According to Professor Dr Peter Songan (graduate from <a href="/facts/Cornell_University/FGyXuXeI">Cornell University</a>, in Year 2004 the Bidayuh Graduate community by category of qualificationA majority of the graduates holds a diploma degree (45.1%), followed by bachelor (44.2%), masters (5.2%), Ph.D. (0.9%) and others (4.7%). </p><p>Table 2. Distribution of Graduates by Degree Frequency Percent Diploma 743 holders 45.06% Bachelor 729 holders 44.21% Masters 85 holders 5.16% Ph.D. 15 holders 0.91% Others 77 holders 4.67% Total 1649 holders 100.00% </p> <h2 id="notable-bidayuhs">Notable Bidayuhs</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cornelis_(Indonesian_politician)/GRePfBHw">Cornelis</a>, former <a href="/facts/Governor_of_West_Kalimantan/8DcRdA7D">governor of West Kalimantan</a>.</li> <li>Anding Indrawani Zaini, an <i><a href="/facts/Akademi_Fantasia/EUbvcE3I">Akademi Fantasia</a></i> star, model, actor and singer. He is of mixed <a href="/facts/Melanau_people/K97kn30k">Melanau</a>-Bidayuh parentage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bonnie_Bunyau_Gustin/juvDu7Jc">Bonnie Bunyau Gustin</a>, national powerlifter who won Malaysia's first ever gold medal in the sport in the men's 72 kg event at the <a href="/facts/2020_Summer_Paralympics/BEv3bN8d">2020 Summer Paralympics</a> in <a href="/facts/Tokyo/GTvuw4ct">Tokyo</a>, breaking the Paralympic record in the process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bryan_Nickson_Lomas/arfCsgqF">Bryan Nickson Lomas</a>, former Malaysian national <a href="/facts/Diving_(sport)/e1zRxB96">diving</a> athlete. He was the youngest Malaysian athlete to qualify for <a href="/facts/2004_Summer_Olympics/7ljacRK4">2004 Summer Olympics</a> when he was 14.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dewi_Liana_Seriestha/4tKNyyA9">Dewi Liana Seriestha</a>, Miss World 2014 Top 25 and Miss Talent for Miss World <a href="/facts/Beauty_Pageant/SrbDFt4z">Beauty Pageant</a>. She is of mixed Bidayuh-Indonesian parentage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Dawos_Mamit/fNsUSU9M">James Dawos Mamit</a>, former Malaysian cabinet deputy minister.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Made_Katib/yJRapcx3">Made Katib</a>, former Anglican bishop of the <a href="/facts/Diocese_of_Kuching/hsL53pdy">Diocese of Kuching</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Malcolm_Sim_Mejin/1gQzIE0T">Malcolm Sim Mejin</a>, author of <a href="/facts/Contemporary_literature/3QSBb5at">contemporary</a> adult novels and <a href="/facts/Children%E2%80%99s_books/ggVfDDVo">children's books</a>. She is of mixed Bidayuh-Malaysian Chinese parentage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Manyin_Jawong/l6LcBcpo">Michael Manyin Jawong</a>, former Sarawak cabinet minister.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pandelela_Rinong/FjhVseju">Pandelela Rinong</a>, Malaysian national <a href="/facts/Diving_(sport)/e1zRxB96">diving</a> athlete.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Riot_Jaem/jWFaYsth">Richard Riot Jaem</a>, first ethnic Bidayuh to be appointed as a minister in the <a href="/facts/Second_Najib_cabinet/wW5gU4EJ">Malaysian cabinet</a>.</li> <li>Tony Eusoff, actor and model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Venice_Elphi/nl0e5X1S">Venice Elphi anak Danny Kaya</a>, Malaysian football player, played for <a href="/facts/ATM_FA/PvrDYEbV">ATM FA</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Willie_Mongin/nxgN2cHJ">Willie Mongin</a>, former Malaysian cabinet deputy minister.</li></ul> <h3>Notations</h3> <ul><li>Baruk Dayak</li> <li>Patrick Rigep Nuek (2002). The Dayak Bidayuh Community: Rituals, Ceremonies, and Festivals.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1175">Ethnologue language tree</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/bidayuh_lang_ytt.html">The Bidayuh Language: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow</a> Book on the Bidayuh language available for purchase from SIL, or freely downloadable from SIL: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712202245/http://www-01.sil.org/silepubs/Pubs/928474548010/ebook_33_Bidayuh_6-21-12_rev.pdf">free access</a></li> <li><a href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Malaysia/bukar.html">Atur Simayang Mass: The Holy Eucharist in Bukar</a> Anglican eucharistic liturgy digitised by Richard Mammana</li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bidayuh people. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>M. J. Melalatoa (1995). Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia, Volume 1 (in Malay). Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI. OCLC 37396203. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Calvin R. Rensch (2006). Rhythm in Bidayuh. SIL International. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Shiv Shanker Tiwary; P. S. Choudhary (2009). Encyclopaedia of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (3 Vols.). Anmol Publications. p. 247. ISBN 978-81-261-3837-1. <a href="978-81-261-3837-1" target="_blank">978-81-261-3837-1</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Lucas Chin; Valerie Mashman, eds. (1991). Sarawak Cultural Legacy: A Living Tradition. Society Atelier Sarawak. p. 21. OCLC 1027899014. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Akhmad Saufi; Imanuella R. Andilolo; Norain Othman; Alan A. Lew, eds. (2016). Balancing Development and Sustainability in Tourism Destinations: Proceedings of the Tourism Outlook Conference 2015. Springer. p. 90. ISBN 978-98-110-1718-6. <a href="978-98-110-1718-6" target="_blank">978-98-110-1718-6</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Lucas Chin; Valerie Mashman, eds. (1991). Sarawak Cultural Legacy: A Living Tradition. Society Atelier Sarawak. p. 21. OCLC 1027899014. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Gawai Dayak Festival". Tourism Malaysia. 7 May 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2021. <a href="https://www.tourism.gov.my/media/view/gawai-dayak-festival" target="_blank">https://www.tourism.gov.my/media/view/gawai-dayak-festival</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Shiv Shanker Tiwary; P. S. Choudhary (2009). Encyclopaedia of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (3 Vols.). Anmol Publications. p. 247. ISBN 978-81-261-3837-1. <a href="978-81-261-3837-1" target="_blank">978-81-261-3837-1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Reed, Mike. "Gawai Padi: A Street Party For The Rice Goddess". Sarawak Alive. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia: SiliconNet Technologies Sdn. Bhd. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601085317/http://www.sarawak.com.my/info/TravelFeatures/festival/gawai_padi.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180601085317/http://www.sarawak.com.my/info/TravelFeatures/festival/gawai_padi.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Lina Kunjak (30 April 2019). "Padi pun pengidup Dayak Kalimantan Barat". Suara Sarawak. Retrieved 18 January 2020. <a href="https://suarasarawak.my/2019/04/30/padi-pun-pengidup-dayak-kalimantan-barat/" target="_blank">https://suarasarawak.my/2019/04/30/padi-pun-pengidup-dayak-kalimantan-barat/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Language Family Trees: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304015208/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_family.asp?subid=516" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070304015208/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_family.asp?subid=516</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Language Family Trees: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian". Ethnologue. 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