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Axillary lymph nodes
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<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>The axillary lymph nodes are arranged in six groups:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <ol><li><a href="/facts/Pectoral_axillary_lymph_nodes/CDm5Ua8h">Anterior (pectoral) group</a>: Lying along the lower border of the <a href="/facts/Pectoralis_minor/YkMKXSUc">pectoralis minor</a> behind the <a href="/facts/Pectoralis_major/TYGcRM1U">pectoralis major</a>, these nodes receive lymph vessels from the lateral quadrants of the breast and superficial vessels from the anterolateral abdominal wall above the level of the umbilicus.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Subscapular_axillary_lymph_nodes/UTHvIQA5">Posterior (subscapular) group</a>: Lying in front of the <a href="/facts/Subscapularis_muscle/kfJKhWTs">subscapularis muscle</a>, these nodes receive superficial lymph vessels from the back, down as far as the level of the <a href="/facts/Iliac_crest/VtJo4smJ">iliac crests</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Brachial_lymph_nodes/NFmlCAsH">Lateral group</a>: Lying along the medial side of the axillary vein, these nodes receive most of the lymph vessels of the upper limb (except those superficial vessels draining the lateral side—see infraclavicular nodes, below).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Central_lymph_nodes/5MlpTbSh">Central group</a>: Lying in the center of the axilla in the axillary fat, these nodes receive lymph from the above three groups.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Deltopectoral_lymph_nodes/XXj2EsIu">Infraclavicular (deltopectoral) group</a>: These nodes are not strictly axillary nodes because they are located outside the axilla. They lie in the groove between the <a href="/facts/Deltoid_muscle/se9ub2Ld">deltoid</a> and pectoralis major muscles and receive superficial lymph vessels from the lateral side of the hand, forearm, and arm.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Apical_lymph_nodes/qfUjwPK6">Apical group</a>: Lying at the apex of the axilla at the lateral border of the 1st rib, these nodes receive the efferent lymph vessels from all the other axillary nodes.</li></ol> <p>The apical nodes drain into the <a href="/facts/Subclavian_lymph_trunk/paM4Sdac">subclavian lymph trunk</a>. On the left side, this trunk drains into the <a href="/facts/Thoracic_duct/oYsRgLcC">thoracic duct</a>; on the right side, it drains into the <a href="/facts/Right_lymphatic_duct/MV1IWSkc">right lymphatic duct</a>. Alternatively, the lymph trunks may drain directly into one of the large veins at the root of the neck.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="breast-cancer">Breast cancer</h2> <p>About 75% of <a href="/facts/Lymph/SL1xvRhq">lymph</a> from the breasts drains into the axillary lymph nodes, making them important in the diagnosis and <a href="/facts/Cancer_staging/d2cFsCtq">staging</a> of breast cancer. A doctor will usually refer a patient to a surgeon to have an axillary <a href="/facts/Lymphadenectomy/UG7BlaMx">lymph node dissection</a> to see if the cancer cells have been trapped in the nodes. For clinical stages I and II breast cancer, axillary lymph node dissection should only be performed after first attempting sentinel node biopsy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>If cancer cells are found in the nodes, it increases the risk of metastatic breast cancer. Another method of determining breast cancer spread is to perform an endoscopic axillary sentinel <a href="/facts/Lymph_node_biopsy/emX1hgWd">node biopsy</a>. This involves injecting a dye into the breast lump and seeing which node it first spread to (the <a href="/facts/Sentinel_lymph_node/YcYxrmYV">sentinel node</a>). This node is then removed and examined. If there is no cancer present, it is assumed the cancer has not spread to the other lymph nodes. This procedure is often less invasive and less damaging than the axillary lymph node dissection. The estimated risk of lymphedema following sentinel lymph node procedure is less than 3%. The approximate risk of lymphedema following axillary lymph node dissection is 10-15% and this can slightly increase with the addition of radiotherapy and chemotherapy to as much as 20-25% depending on the extent of dissection, extent of radiotherapy fields, and history of chemotherapy. </p><p>On <a href="/facts/CT_scan/NusPJ2S8">CT scan</a> or <a href="/facts/MRI/Vh9yG9qq">MRI</a>, axillary <a href="/facts/Lymphadenopathy/t7t4tEon">lymphadenopathy</a> can be defined as solid nodes measuring more than 1.5 cm without fatty hilum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Lymph nodes may be normal up to 3 cm if consisting largely of fat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Axillary lymph nodes are included within the standard tangential fields in radiotherapy for breast cancer. In the case of comprehensive nodal irradiation, which includes axillary levels I, II, and III, as well as a supraclavicular lymph node field, there is a risk of damage to brachial plexus. The risk is estimated to be less than 5% as the brachial plexus radiation tolerance according to (Emami 1991) is 60 Gy in standard fractionation (2 Gy per fraction). A common prescribed dose for breast cancer with comprehensive nodal fields would be 50 Gy in 25 fractions with a boost planned to the lumpectomy cavity in the breast or scar on the chest wall if it is a mastectomy. If brachial plexopathy does occur, it is generally a late effect and may not manifest itself until 10 or 15 years later, and usually presents with slight painless muscular atrophy. </p><p>Malignancies in the gastrointestinal system like <a href="/facts/Gastric_cancer/HJjYtkqS">gastric cancer</a> can metastasize to the left axillary lymph node which is called "Irish’s node".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="additional-images">Additional images</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lymphatic_system/yw5QLgMT">Lymphatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rotter%2527s_lymph_nodes/N6Kn5bQW">Rotter's lymph nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Supraclavicular_lymph_nodes/kgDLoXoD">Supraclavicular lymph nodes</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.breastcancer.org/axillary_lymph_nodes.html">Image at breastcancer.org</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.wesnorman.com/lesson3axillarylymphnodes.htm">lesson3axillarylymphnodes</a> at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Longo, D; Fauci, A; Kasper, D; Hauser, S; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (2012). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 757–759. ISBN 978-0071748896. <a href="978-0071748896" target="_blank">978-0071748896</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Khan, Yusuf S.; Fakoya, Adegbenro O.; Sajjad, Hussain (2024), "Anatomy, Thorax, Mammary Gland", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31613446, retrieved 2024-08-21 <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31613446/" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31613446/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Richard S. Snell (2011-10-28). Clinical Anatomy by Regions. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 356. ISBN 978-1-60913-446-4. <a href="978-1-60913-446-4" target="_blank">978-1-60913-446-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>American College of Surgeons (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Surgeons, retrieved 2 January 2013, which cites various primary research studies. <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons" target="_blank">/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Page 559 in: Wolfgang Dähnert (2011). Radiology Review Manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781609139438. <a href="9781609139438" target="_blank">9781609139438</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Page 559 in: Wolfgang Dähnert (2011). Radiology Review Manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781609139438. <a href="9781609139438" target="_blank">9781609139438</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Dragovich, Tomislav; Kindler, Hedy Lee (2002). "Nonsurgical Palliative Therapy of Advanced Gastric Cancer". In Posner, Mitchell C; Vokes, Everett E; Weichselbaum, Ralph R (eds.). Cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Hamilton: PMPH-USA. p. 290. ISBN 9781550091014. <a href="9781550091014" target="_blank">9781550091014</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>