Russian invasion of Ukraine

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Russia%25E2%2580%2593Ukraine_relations/tx0sExUg">Russia–Ukraine relations</a>
<h3>Post-Soviet relations</h3>

After the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union/Fyn5jw3n">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the <a href="/facts/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons/yE0ekVtm">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> in 1994 and gave up the <a href="/facts/Ukraine_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction/6I70G1dC">nuclear weapons it inherited</a> from the Soviet Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Russia, the US, and UK thus agreed in the <a href="/facts/Budapest_Memorandum/pYlLyc0k">Budapest Memorandum</a> to uphold Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> In 1999, Russia signed the <a href="/facts/Charter_for_European_Security/3qUp9kFE">Charter for European Security</a>, affirming the right of each state "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join alliances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> In 2002, Putin said <a href="/facts/Ukraine%25E2%2580%2593NATO_relations/YHujoRv3">Ukraine's relations with NATO</a> were "a matter for those two partners".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice, because it is their sovereign right to decide their own defence policy, and this will not worsen relations between our countries".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
<a href="/facts/Russo-Georgian_War/mbQ1VVjM">Russia invaded Georgia</a> in 2008 and took control of <a href="/facts/Abkhazia/7to1809j">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Ossetia/AF7z9Q3Q">South Ossetia</a>, demonstrating Russia's willingness to use force to attain its political objectives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The US "was accused of <a href="/facts/Appeasement/QbM7FLuR">appeasement</a> and naivete" over its reaction to the invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h3>Ukrainian revolution</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Revolution_of_Dignity/p48oSXW9">Revolution of Dignity</a>

In 2013, <a href="/facts/Verkhovna_Rada/THRoBt4I">Ukraine's parliament</a> approved finalising the <a href="/facts/European_Union%25E2%2580%2593Ukraine_Association_Agreement/nu3VolCx">European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Russia raised concerns about the agreement when it became clear Ukraine would no longer be able to maintain the same level of relations with Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and <a href="/facts/Russian_embargo_of_Ukrainian_goods/a8pC4A4A">imposed economic sanctions</a> on the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Kremlin adviser <a href="/facts/Sergei_Glazyev/6bK13aWN">Sergei Glazyev</a> warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
In November, Ukrainian president <a href="/facts/Viktor_Yanukovych/LNrIwXwx">Viktor Yanukovych</a> suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> choosing closer ties to the Russian-led <a href="/facts/Eurasian_Economic_Union/STKuhLsw">Eurasian Economic Union</a> instead. This coerced withdrawal triggered protests known as <a href="/facts/Euromaidan/m41YETnk">Euromaidan</a>, culminating in the <a href="/facts/Revolution_of_Dignity/p48oSXW9">Revolution of Dignity</a> in February 2014. Almost <a href="/facts/Maidan_casualties/MhlDItEP">100 protesters were killed</a> by state forces. Despite signing an agreement, Yanukovych fled. Parliament <a href="/facts/Viktor_Yanukovych/LNrIwXwx">voted to remove him</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h3>Russian invasion in Crimea and Donbas</h3>

On 27 February 2014, <a href="/facts/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)/6YSdPT1S">Russian soldiers with no insignia</a> began to invade the Ukrainian territory of Crimea,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> and fully controlled the peninsula by late March.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> At first, Russia denied the soldiers were theirs, but Putin later admitted they were Russian special forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Russia <a href="/facts/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation/8r8zGRyf">annexed Crimea</a> in March, after a <a href="/facts/2014_Crimean_status_referendum/hMFCAXwM">widely condemned and disputed referendum</a> held under occupation. Historians liken the annexation to Nazi Germany's <a href="/facts/Anschluss/h7gJQKcq">Anschluss</a> of Austria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
<a href="/facts/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine/maR0wq73">Pro-Russian protests</a> followed in the Ukrainian cities of <a href="/facts/Donetsk/4pdbEWpB">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/facts/Luhansk/cmsKHcWY">Luhansk</a>. Separatists proclaimed the <a href="/facts/Donetsk_People%2527s_Republic/zVB41kKB">Donetsk People's Republic</a> (DPR) and <a href="/facts/Luhansk_People%2527s_Republic/yq9VSTMm">Luhansk People's Republic</a> (LPR). The <a href="/facts/War_in_Donbas/h8WDdxa4">War in Donbas</a> began in April 2014 when armed <a href="/facts/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas/3H9q93aB">Russian paramilitaries</a> led by <a href="/facts/Igor_Girkin/bk3Ys8uh">Igor 'Strelkov' Girkin</a> seized <a href="/facts/Sloviansk/M0AQskYz">Sloviansk</a> and other settlements, and the Ukrainian military began an operation against them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> The <a href="/facts/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine/0zALd65t">International Criminal Court</a> judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> and the <a href="/facts/European_Court_of_Human_Rights/rKo4SK5m">European Court of Human Rights</a> judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of <a href="/facts/Russian_nationalism/gu1BI8Iw">Russian nationalism</a>. Analyst <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Socor/JIsr7hDe">Vladimir Socor</a> called Putin's <a href="/facts/Crimean_speech_of_Vladimir_Putin/6zd9Dv0y">2014 speech</a> following the annexation a "manifesto of <a href="/facts/Russian_irredentism/b0QI83r6">Greater-Russia irredentism</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Putin began referring to "<a href="/facts/Novorossiya/glVIuN54">Novorossiya</a>" (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Russian-backed forces were influenced by <a href="/facts/Russian_neo-imperialism/l12PCcT3">Russian neo-imperialism</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> and sought to create a <a href="/facts/Novorossiya_(confederation)/QHdLGhr2">new Novorossiya</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Putin cited the <a href="/facts/Kosovo_independence_precedent/7yvJgFDG">Kosovo independence precedent</a> and <a href="/facts/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia/QscqBsCW">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> as a justification for military intervention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially a <a href="/facts/Neutral_country/Ig022QPh">neutral country</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> and said it was not seeking NATO membership.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> Because of Russia's occupation of Crimea and its <a href="/facts/War_in_Donbas/h8WDdxa4">invasion of the Donbas</a>, Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek <a href="/facts/Ukraine%25E2%2580%2593NATO_relations/YHujoRv3">membership of NATO</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
The <a href="/facts/Minsk_agreements/FKxXoaAq">Minsk agreements</a>, signed in September 2014 and February 2015, aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> The <a href="/facts/Western_world/UQl4e7du">West</a>'s weak response to <a href="/facts/Russo-Ukrainian_War/kE7cHvoQ">Russia's attack</a> led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>

<h3>Economic aspects</h3>
Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's attack on Ukraine and its <a href="/facts/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk%2c_Kherson%2c_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts/oRvCyWz9">annexation of the southeast</a>. Control of <a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">lithium</a> deposits in the Donbas and Ukraine's grain wealth would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that the "Russian special operation" aimed to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy reserves, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas, including 41 coal fields (63 percent of Ukraine's coal reserves), 27 natural gas fields, 9 oil fields, 6 iron ore deposits, two titanium ore deposits, a strontium deposit, a uranium deposit, a gold deposit and a large limestone quarry. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> The value of lithium and <a href="/facts/Rare_earths/PQSUQumk">rare earths</a> in Ukraine is estimated at $11.5 trillion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> In January 2024, the Russian occupation government in Donetsk Oblast granted the Russian <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment_(Russia)/hDfDdCAQ">Ministry of Natural Resources</a> permission to mine lithium in the Shevchenko deposit near Kurakhovo, which is estimated to be worth hundreds of billions of US dollars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>
The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for <a href="/facts/Money_laundering/98Gw3mgx">money laundering</a> purposes before the invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>

<h2 id="prelude">Prelude</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/2kWtsxoS">Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/facts/Ukraine%25E2%2580%2593NATO_relations/YHujoRv3">Ukraine–NATO relations § Russian opposition to Ukrainian NATO membership</a>, and <a href="/facts/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/VSknMSV2">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>

There was Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> Russia said it was only holding <a href="/facts/Military_exercise/xeqxTBut">military exercises</a>. Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>
While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, <a href="/facts/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Ukraine/3sz53no3">Russia's proxy forces</a> launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> <a href="/facts/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine/G8CC62ET">Observers</a> from the <a href="/facts/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe/Lo5lUrA6">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), which includes Ukraine and Russia, reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021; most in Russian-controlled territory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>
In July 2021, Putin published an essay "<a href="/facts/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians/N23mDjvB">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a>", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> Putin claimed Ukraine never had "real statehood" and the creation of modern Ukraine was a mistake.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> Putin was accused of promoting <a href="/facts/Russian_imperialism/9fX3DgVq">Russian imperialism</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> historical revisionism and disinformation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>

The <a href="/facts/December_2021_Russian_ultimatum_to_NATO/JYCTc4Mn">December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO</a>, included demands that NATO end activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any <a href="/facts/Post-Soviet_states/usrFwWTU">former Soviet state</a> from ever joining the alliance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> Some demands had already been ruled out by NATO. A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some "the Russians know are unacceptable".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> Eastern European states willingly joined NATO for security reasons, and the last time a country bordering Russia had joined was in 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some members were wary of letting it join.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> Barring Ukraine would go against NATO's "<a href="/facts/NATO_open_door_policy/YEnSjPKf">open door</a>" policy, and against treaties agreed to by Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> NATO Secretary General <a href="/facts/Jens_Stoltenberg/fqG1Vxbe">Jens Stoltenberg</a> replied that "Russia has no say" on whether Ukraine joins, and "no right to establish a <a href="/facts/Sphere_of_influence/vxSwzH8K">sphere of influence</a> to try to control their neighbours".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> NATO underlined that it is a <a href="/facts/Collective_security/0BKW0SHj">defensive alliance</a>, and <a href="/facts/Russia-NATO_relations/KmIsIHEP">it had co-operated with Russia</a> until the latter annexed Crimea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> It offered to improve communication with Russia, and negotiate limits on missile placements and <a href="/facts/Military_exercise/xeqxTBut">military exercises</a>, as long as Russia withdrew troops from Ukraine's borders,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> but Russia did not.
Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions would be imposed should Putin invade rather than negotiate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> French President <a href="/facts/Emmanuel_Macron/baeIYHUo">Emmanuel Macron</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> and German Chancellor <a href="/facts/Olaf_Scholz/m6WEvQjG">Olaf Scholz</a> met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from an invasion. Putin told him that Ukraine should not be an independent state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> Scholz told Ukrainian President Zelenskyy to declare Ukraine a <a href="/facts/Neutral_country/Ig022QPh">neutral country</a> and renounce its aspirations to join NATO. Zelenskyy replied that Putin could not be trusted, as he had broken agreements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and <a href="/facts/2014_Russian_invasion_of_the_Donbas/h8WDdxa4">invaded the Donbas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> On 19 February, Zelenskyy made a speech at the <a href="/facts/Munich_Security_Conference/MBeHb6wY">Munich Security Conference</a>, calling for Western powers to end their "<a href="/facts/Appeasement/QbM7FLuR">appeasement</a>" towards Putin and give a clear time-frame for when Ukraine could join NATO.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> Analysts <a href="/facts/Taras_Kuzio/YaksxhWg">Taras Kuzio</a> and <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Socor/JIsr7hDe">Vladimir Socor</a> agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>

Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and <a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a> noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging <a href="/facts/False_flag/zRUP3phU">false flag</a> attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> On 17 February, Russian proxy forces <a href="/facts/Stanytsia_Luhanska_kindergarten_bombing/owjb4pAm">shelled a kindergarten</a> in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a>

<h3>Invasion plans</h3>
The <a href="/facts/Royal_United_Services_Institute/uLBC0dzh">Royal United Services Institute</a> reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by <a href="/facts/Zachistka/okxd3toz">"mopping up" operations</a>; establishing <a href="/facts/Russian_filtration_camps_for_Ukrainians/f4MSVPP3">filtration camps for Ukrainians</a>; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and lastly annexation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of <a href="/facts/War_hawk/wzLHgM3P">war hawks</a> or <a href="/facts/Silovik/X49gktBx">siloviki</a> in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser <a href="/facts/Nikolai_Patrushev/b66EIAd4">Nikolai Patrushev</a> and <a href="/facts/Minister_of_Defence_(Russia)/8dA5ySBF">defence minister</a> <a href="/facts/Sergei_Shoigu/PnLt7vdE">Sergei Shoigu</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>
After the start of the invasion, Ukrainian and Western analysts tentatively assessed that Putin seemed to have assumed that the Russian Armed Forces would be capable of capturing the Ukrainian capital city of <a href="/facts/Kyiv/uVAMxK8R">Kyiv</a> within days. This assessment eventually led to the commonly reached conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original objective or expectation of the invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>
<a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Lukashenko/qGR9Nf1p">Aleksandr Lukashenko</a> had already stated that, in case of war, Kyiv would be taken in "3 - 4 days".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> <a href="/facts/Margarita_Simonyan/gkmxBGtW">Margarita Simonyan</a>, editor-in-chief of the Russian state-controlled broadcaster <a href="/facts/RT_(TV_network)/9d48Xk8D">RT</a>, had made similar remarks about Russia being able to "defeat Ukraine in 2 days".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> The narrative of the planned "three day" capture of Kyiv was further reinforced on 2 March, when the <a href="/facts/Security_Service_of_Ukraine/U8Ej1QFF">Security Service of Ukraine</a> (SBU) repeated the claim following its release of a video showing a captured Russian soldier claiming that his unit was sent into Ukraine with food supplies for only three days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> Documents found inside Russian tanks mention how the "<a href="/facts/Special_military_operation/87e2jpDm">special military operation</a>" would conclude in ten days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> Ukraine also captured "flagship" tanks - as used in parades - along with military parade uniforms, suggesting that Russia expected to stage a victory parade in Kyiv after a quick conquest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> Three days after the invasion began, <a href="/facts/RIA_Novosti/CFYyN7sJ">RIA Novosti</a>, a Russian state news agency, mistakenly published an article entitled "Russia's Coming and the New World," which was prepared in advance in anticipation of a Russian victory. It announced that Russia had won the <a href="/facts/Russo-Ukrainian_War/kE7cHvoQ">Russo-Ukrainian war</a> and that "Ukraine had returned to Russia".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> Zelenskyy also admitted that he had received an ultimatum to be replaced with <a href="/facts/Viktor_Medvedchuk/t02E9WEJ">Viktor Medvedchuk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>

<h4>Putin's invasion announcement</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/On_conducting_a_special_military_operation/jPBHtpWN">On conducting a special military operation</a>

On 21 February, Putin <a href="/facts/Address_concerning_the_events_in_Ukraine/rDsyGEIr">announced</a> that Russia recognised the <a href="/facts/Donetsk_People%2527s_Republic/zVB41kKB">Donetsk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/facts/Luhansk_People%2527s_Republic/yq9VSTMm">Luhansk People's Republic</a> as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> and the <a href="/facts/Federation_Council_of_Russia/okac2ETp">Federation Council of Russia</a> authorised the use of military force abroad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a>
Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in <a href="/facts/On_conducting_a_special_military_operation/jPBHtpWN">another speech</a>, announced a "<a href="/facts/Special_military_operation/87e2jpDm">special military operation</a>", which effectively declared war on Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He <a href="/facts/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas/k4ojLY6u">baselessly claimed</a> that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> Putin said Russia was being threatened: he <a href="/facts/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/VSknMSV2">baselessly claimed</a> that Ukrainian officials <a href="/facts/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/VSknMSV2">were neo-Nazis</a> under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a>

<h2 id="events">Events</h2>
For a chronological guide, see <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/zjGX1oVg">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.
For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/facts/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/laU4NJlT">List of military engagements during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.

The invasion began at dawn on 24 February.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> Russia did not officially declare war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared <a href="/facts/Martial_law_in_Ukraine/RzcqNwxk">martial law in Ukraine</a> in a video speech.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a> The same evening, he ordered a <a href="/facts/2022_Ukrainian_mobilization/v2JHJALu">general mobilisation</a> of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> prohibiting them from leaving the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a>

The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western <a href="/facts/Kyiv/uVAMxK8R">Kyiv</a> from Belarus by the Russian <a href="/facts/Eastern_Military_District/uesLQ4De">Eastern Military District</a>, one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the <a href="/facts/Central_Military_District/hQYRTsep">Central Military District</a> (northeastern front), comprised the <a href="/facts/41st_Combined_Arms_Army/YwarUnlD">41st Combined Arms Army</a> and the <a href="/facts/2nd_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army/smUNU34b">2nd Guards Combined Arms Army</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's <a href="/facts/Rostov_Oblast/kr65cEB9">Rostov oblast</a> with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward <a href="/facts/Mariupol/Dd8xyJI9">Mariupol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> In Kyiv, Russia failed to take it and was repulsed in the battles of <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Irpin/o5EJaN32">Irpin</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Hostomel/ysjMPCBT">Hostomel</a>, and <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Bucha/7WWBbMXW">Bucha</a>. The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under <a href="/facts/Oleksandr_Syrskyi/x8L6EBQT">Oleksandr Syrskyi</a> held their ground, effectively using Western <a href="/facts/FGM-148_Javelin/uSc10zaQ">Javelin anti-tank missiles</a> and <a href="/facts/FIM-92_Stinger/7MT2jU1M">Stinger anti-aircraft missiles</a> to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a>
By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front, including the Central Military District, was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations <a href="/facts/2022_Ramstein_Air_Base_meeting/DsAUXwep">met at Ramstein Air Base</a> in Germany to discuss <a href="/facts/Ukraine_Defense_Contact_Group/7PYGJK6Q">a coalition</a> to provide economic support, in addition to military supplies and refitting to Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> Following Putin's <a href="/facts/Victory_Day_(9_May)/WJYRl1g2">Victory Day</a> speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence <a href="/facts/Avril_Haines/mR94TES8">Avril Haines</a> said no short term resolution should be expected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a>
Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a>

<h3>Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022)</h3>
For a chronological guide, see <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(24_February_%25E2%2580%2593_7_April_2022)/KKUdt6J9">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022)</a>.

The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk.

<h4>Kyiv and northern front</h4>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Chernobyl/abMBhTqu">Capture of Chernobyl</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Kyiv_(2022)/yeGFQ1Sb">Battle of Kyiv (2022)</a>, <a href="/facts/Bucha_massacre/AGUdfHPh">Bucha massacre</a>, <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Chernihiv/BGdzSeI9">Siege of Chernihiv</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Sumy/5Eb9zoN4">Battle of Sumy</a>, and <a href="/facts/Russian_occupation_of_Sumy_Oblast/rVNyTYp5">Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast</a>

Russian tried to seize <a href="/facts/Kyiv/uVAMxK8R">Kyiv</a> quickly with a probative spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the <a href="/facts/Dnipro_River/RLJ1G8pH">Dnipro River</a>, with <a href="/facts/Spetsnaz/kQeCoJaY">Spetsnaz</a> infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at <a href="/facts/Chernihiv/mdqN03B7">Chernihiv</a>, and from the east at <a href="/facts/Sumy/70Dtu8yr">Sumy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a> Russian forces advanced into <a href="/facts/Chernihiv_Oblast/ldrLqEnc">Chernihiv Oblast</a> on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Chernihiv/BGdzSeI9">four days of fighting</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached <a href="/facts/Brovary/xcCVSudV">Brovary</a>, an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a>
The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him on seizing Kyiv; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> As of 5 March, <a href="/facts/Russian_Kyiv_Convoy/RTY8t8G7">a Russian convoy</a>, reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Chernihiv/BGdzSeI9">siege began there</a>. Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing <a href="/facts/Bucha%2c_Kyiv_Oblast/ITLmCyRe">Bucha</a>, <a href="/facts/Hostomel/waFwKsQB">Hostomel</a> and <a href="/facts/Vorzel/3fQXl34b">Vorzel</a> by 5 March.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a> Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to <a href="/facts/Indiscriminate_attack/C4z2Dk8m">indiscriminate bombing</a> and <a href="/facts/Siege/7RAugQoD">siege</a> warfare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a>
On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of <a href="/facts/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/UF9ts5mK">war crimes</a> in <a href="/facts/Bucha_massacre/AGUdfHPh">Bucha</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> <a href="/facts/The_Pentagon/vkuy1sHT">The Pentagon</a> confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left <a href="/facts/Chernihiv_Oblast/ldrLqEnc">Chernihiv Oblast</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a> local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>

<h4>Southern and eastern front</h4>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Mariupol/y0f8x3Ay">Siege of Mariupol</a>, <a href="/facts/Odesa_strikes_(2022%25E2%2580%2593present)/6b1RrwyV">Odesa strikes (2022–present)</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Kherson/6e3AqSdh">Battle of Kherson</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Enerhodar/pJ11vfjV">Battle of Enerhodar</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Kharkiv_(2022)/ga0G4rBJ">Battle of Kharkiv (2022)</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Izium/Lp7oPGEh">Battle of Izium</a>, <a href="/facts/Millerovo_air_base_attack/flFwb1U4">Millerovo air base attack</a>, <a href="/facts/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast/aT6JdKPN">Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast</a>, <a href="/facts/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast/k7bgKHrE">Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a>, and <a href="/facts/Russian_occupation_of_Kharkiv_Oblast/PRewrpxJ">Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast</a>

On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the <a href="/facts/Dnieper/RLJ1G8pH">Dnieper</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> and the <a href="/facts/North_Crimean_Canal/vFMRFQnL">North Crimean Canal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> On 1 March, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Kherson/6e3AqSdh">Kherson</a> was the first major city to fall to Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> Russian troops moved on <a href="/facts/Mykolaiv/fNTbYGHm">Mykolaiv</a> and <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Mykolaiv/RWGRx3VY">attacked it</a>, but were repelled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> Russian forces approached the <a href="/facts/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant/bLzaeaID">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> and <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Enerhodar/pJ11vfjV">besieged Enerhodar</a>. By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on <a href="/facts/Mariupol/Dd8xyJI9">Mariupol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> Russian forces captured <a href="/facts/Berdiansk/HCq9f0Jf">Berdiansk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> On 1 March, <a href="/facts/Denis_Pushilin/TdxF90sE">Denis Pushilin</a>, head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded <a href="/facts/Volnovakha/YvYkkHgS">Volnovakha</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a>
By 18 March, Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister <a href="/facts/Olha_Stefanishyna/0jG9XtHI">Olha Stefanishyna</a> said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a>
In the east, Russian troops <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Kharkiv_(2022)/ga0G4rBJ">attempted to capture Kharkiv</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> and met strong Ukrainian resistance. <a href="/facts/Izium/zmHFtNyz">Izium</a> was captured by Russian forces on 1 April<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> after a monthlong battle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a>
On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, <a href="/facts/Sloviansk/M0AQskYz">Sloviansk</a>, and <a href="/facts/Kramatorsk/VJ5wLg66">Kramatorsk</a> prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a>

<h3>Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022)</h3>
For a chronological guide, see <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_April_%25E2%2580%2593_28_August_2022)/IKlAXd1T">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 April – 28 August 2022)</a>.

By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified <a href="/facts/Azovstal_Iron_and_Steel_Works/70YKbHdD">Azovstal Iron and Steel Works</a> and surrounding area in Mariupol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a> On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "very tepid", "minimal at best", and "anaemic".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a>
By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned, in range and number.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a> In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities. In apparent retribution, Putin ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a> On 10 June, deputy head of the <a href="/facts/Security_Service_of_Ukraine/U8Ej1QFF">SBU</a> Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a>

<blockquote>This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have.</blockquote>
On 29 June, US Intelligence Director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> On 5 July, <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a> reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Denys_Shmyhal/peHW6kTR">Denys Shmyhal</a> telling nations at a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a>
The chief spokesman for the <a href="/facts/Russian_Ministry_of_Defence/ANg3AG5c">Russian Ministry of Defence</a> <a href="/facts/Igor_Konashenkov/8sPms6LK">Igor Konashenkov</a> revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General <a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Lapin_(general)/BDvGdHPj">Aleksander Lapin</a> and "South" commanded by Army General <a href="/facts/Sergey_Surovikin/PDU7QpXJ">Sergey Surovikin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad as justifying the expansion of its special military operation to <a href="/facts/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast/571e8kTN">Zaporizhzhia</a> and <a href="/facts/Kherson_Oblast/x36dvb2K">Kherson</a> oblasts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a> <a href="/facts/Russian_Ground_Forces/AUVFgR2L">Russian Ground Forces</a> started recruiting volunteer battalions from the regions in June to create a new <a href="/facts/3rd_Army_Corps_(Russia)/yQR1nNQS">3rd Army Corps</a> within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a> Its units were deployed to the front around the September <a href="/facts/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive/7QBUkwIs">Kharkiv counteroffensive</a>, in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to <a href="/facts/Forbes/lyULpGhW">Forbes</a>, having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a>

<h4>Fall of Mariupol</h4>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Mariupol/y0f8x3Ay">Siege of Mariupol</a>
On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the <a href="/facts/Azovstal_Iron_and_Steel_Works/70YKbHdD">Azovstal Iron and Steel Works</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a> Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the iron works and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a>
After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN Secretary-General Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a> On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a> By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart the steel factory, Russian troops renewed their bombardment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a> On 6 May, <a href="/facts/The_Daily_Telegraph/aHa5nNw5">The Daily Telegraph</a> reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a> On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a>

After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a> Reports of dissent were reported on 8 May indicating that the commander of the <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_Marine_Corps/B0SH5mIz">Ukrainian marines</a> had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defense as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> <a href="/facts/Illia_Samoilenko_(officer)/qATaYYcA">Ilia Somolienko</a>, deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a>
On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in <a href="/facts/Novoazovsk/3PKsLLjI">Novoazovsk</a>, controlled by Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. The end of the battle brought an end to the Siege of Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a>

<h4>Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Donbas_(2022)/bT3mrXe1">Battle of Donbas (2022)</a>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Popasna/EARN66MI">Battle of Popasna</a>, <a href="/facts/Kramatorsk_railway_station_attack/q2l3qBmm">Kramatorsk railway station attack</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2022)/MDXceqSj">Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)</a>, and <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Lysychansk/apMkwhLW">Battle of Lysychansk</a>

A Russian missile attack on <a href="/facts/Kramatorsk_railway_station/KSLSMPEy">Kramatorsk railway station</a> in Kramatorsk took place on 8 April, killing at least 61<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> and injuring 87 to 300.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a> On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and therefore was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a>
On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying of the Donbas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a> On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a> On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering <a href="/facts/Lyman%2c_Ukraine/at6MA2kM">Lyman</a>, capturing the city by 26 May.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> Ukrainian forces were reported leaving <a href="/facts/Sviatohirsk/KhVYdVBd">Sviatohirsk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> By 24 May, Russian forces captured the city of <a href="/facts/Svitlodarsk/KDokQS4K">Svitlodarsk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a> On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a> By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation to Russian occupation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a> On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a>
Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the <a href="/facts/Azot_(Sievierodonetsk)/NrGc1QSY">Azot</a> chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a> With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack upon the neighbouring city of <a href="/facts/Lysychansk/MocwPNvw">Lysychansk</a> as their next target.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a> On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a>
On 24 June, <a href="/facts/CNN/kEYsUQqr">CNN</a> reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those at the Azovstal steel works in Mariupol in May.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied by Russian forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent <a href="/facts/Donetsk_Oblast/nWobxgIe">Donetsk Oblast</a> to attack the cities of Sloviansk and <a href="/facts/Bakhmut/kS5AX41A">Bakhmut</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a>

<h4>Zaporizhzhia front</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast/k7bgKHrE">Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a>

Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on <a href="/facts/Dnipro/tbWRkq3g">Dnipro</a> and <a href="/facts/Zaporizhzhia/eExFrp7w">Zaporizhzhia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> Russian missiles destroyed the <a href="/facts/Dnipro_International_Airport/VRHQ3wx1">Dnipro International Airport</a> on 10 April.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a> On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a> On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on <a href="/facts/Kremenchuk/WIn1vRrU">Kremenchuk</a>, detonated in a mall, had caused at least 18 deaths. France's Macron called it a "war crime".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a>
The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency <a href="/facts/Energoatom/bEJ6Rpck">Energoatom</a> called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited and required extensive negotiation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a>

Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of <a href="/facts/Enerhodar/WQ0TuRvA">Enerhodar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a> <a href="/facts/Tobias_Ellwood/wzD1rNeG">Tobias Ellwood</a>, chair of the UK's <a href="/facts/Defence_Select_Committee/cEdjyUqW">Defence Select Committee</a>, and US congressman <a href="/facts/Adam_Kinzinger/PJwrJdUc">Adam Kinzinger</a> said that radiation leaks would be a breach of <a href="/facts/North_Atlantic_Treaty/fzunStSj">Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty</a>, under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a>

<h3>Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022)</h3>
For a chronological guide, see <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(29_August_%25E2%2580%2593_11_November_2022)/xs5q3Cja">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (29 August – 11 November 2022)</a>.

On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise <a href="/facts/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive/7QBUkwIs">counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region</a>, beginning near <a href="/facts/Balakliia/jsMU2Ppo">Balakliia</a>, led by <a href="/facts/Oleksandr_Syrskyi/x8L6EBQT">General Syrskyi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a> On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced <a href="/facts/2022_Russian_mobilization/fWRP7Dnz">a partial mobilisation</a> and Minister of Defence <a href="/facts/Sergei_Shoigu/PnLt7vdE">Sergei Shoigu</a> said 300,000 reservists would be called.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a> He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a> British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a> while former Mongolian president <a href="/facts/Tsakhiagiin_Elbegdorj/FDfmW9ek">Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj</a> accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a>

<h4>Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk%2c_Kherson%2c_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts/oRvCyWz9">Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</a>
In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised <a href="/facts/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine/2rlWqqEk">referendums</a> on the annexation of the occupied territories of Ukraine. These included the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in Russian-occupied Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and its allies as <a href="/facts/Sham_election/oS1sLBlf">sham elections</a>, the elections' official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a>
On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to both houses of the <a href="/facts/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)/zuJkAF3P">Russian parliament</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a>

<h4>Kherson counteroffensive</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/2022_Kherson_counteroffensive/xr4Jnhf0">2022 Kherson counteroffensive</a> and <a href="/facts/Liberation_of_Kherson/T4WDevMX">Liberation of Kherson</a>

On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a> By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of <a href="/facts/Vysokopillia/MIKcXgaC">Vysokopillia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a> Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a>
In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi) of territory, with fighting extending to <a href="/facts/Dudchany/j2FAmlTY">Dudchany</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a> On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of <a href="/facts/Liberation_of_Kherson/T4WDevMX">Kherson</a>, and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a> On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west (right) bank of the Dnieper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a>

<h4>Kharkiv counteroffensive</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive/7QBUkwIs">2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive</a>

Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near <a href="/facts/Balakliia/jsMU2Ppo">Balakliia</a> led by General Syrskyi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced some 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson in response to the Ukrainian offensive there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a> On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of <a href="/facts/Kupiansk/DQ5HCcbG">Kupiansk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a> Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a>
On 9 September, the <a href="/facts/Russian_occupation_of_Kharkiv_Oblast/PRewrpxJ">Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast</a> announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and <a href="/facts/Velykyi_Burluk/nsxmMMKf">Velykyi Burluk</a>. The <a href="/facts/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War/SGQ4khcp">Institute for the Study of War</a> (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a> On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi) by effectively exploiting their breakthrough.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a> Later in the day, Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a>
By 15 September, an assessment by <a href="/facts/UK/kuPAILt2">UK</a>'s <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)/9TG9a0ss">Ministry of Defence</a> confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the <a href="/facts/Oskil_(river)/3IHTRTsc">Oskil river</a>. The retreating units had also abandoned various high-value military assets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a> The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian Armed Forces <a href="/facts/Second_battle_of_Lyman/MUj441ap">had liberated the key city of Lyman</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a>

<h3>Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and 1st military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Russian_winter_offensive_in_Ukraine_(2022%25E2%2580%25932023)/S3UNAQ7b">Russian winter offensive in Ukraine (2022–2023)</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Vuhledar/rzfYuvmV">Battle of Vuhledar</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Marinka_(2022%25E2%2580%25932023)/F7UbVqfL">Battle of Marinka (2022–2023)</a>, and <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(12_November_2022_%25E2%2580%2593_7_June_2023)/HaJVUKw4">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)</a>
After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting shifted to a semi-deadlock during the winter,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a> with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a> Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign ended in "disappointment" for Moscow, with limited gains as the offensive stalled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a> Analysts variously blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men", and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a> Near the end of May, <a href="/facts/Mark_Galeotti/16moEpj1">Mark Galeotti</a> assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a>
On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas, against Ukraine troops already wearied by previous fighting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a> The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a> leading "grinding advances" in <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Bakhmut/L839I6SJ">Bakhmut</a> with tens of thousands of recruits from <a href="/facts/Penal_military_unit/XaBF5qwQ">prison battalions</a> taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a>
In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Vuhledar/rzfYuvmV">intense, three-week Russian assault</a> near the coal-mining town of <a href="/facts/Vuhledar/YRPApWgg">Vuhledar</a> was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The <a href="/facts/British_Ministry_of_Defence/9TG9a0ss">British Ministry of Defence</a> stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a>
In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced <a href="/facts/Barrier_troops/X2jo4kgP">barrier troops</a>. The U.K. defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers in order to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to President Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation. They stated that barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a> In particular, <a href="/facts/Storm-Z/nTahUvCs">Storm-Z</a> units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a>

<h3>Battle of Bakhmut</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Bakhmut/L839I6SJ">Battle of Bakhmut</a>

Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking the city of Bakhmut and breaking the half year long stalemate that prevailed there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via <a href="/facts/Soledar/fX3RpypY">Soledar</a>. After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Soledar/tqpvncUG">took control of Soledar</a> on 16 January 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a> By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from <a href="/facts/Chasiv_Yar/tjIVxxlI">Chasiv Yar</a> to the west.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a>
On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a> On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a> following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a>

<h3>2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023)</h3>
For a chronological guide, see <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_June_2023_%25E2%2580%2593_31_August_2023)/6WNx2YAl">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023)</a> and <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_September_%25E2%2580%2593_30_November_2023)/Tmu8cIST">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 September – 30 November 2023)</a>.
Further information: <a href="/facts/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive/6DmwtQsu">2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive</a>

In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a> Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a> By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a> On 24 June, the <a href="/facts/Wagner_Group_rebellion/NqPTjLo4">Wagner Group rebellion</a> briefly unfolded before a peace deal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a> In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a>
Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a> Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a> In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a> The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a> and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a>
In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the <a href="/facts/Dnipro/tbWRkq3g">Dnipro</a> river despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful, citing slow results.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a> Zelenskyy stated it would be easier for Ukraine to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised with much pro-Russian sentiment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a> In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a>

<h3>Battle of Avdiivka</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2023%25E2%2580%25932024)/3VLbTc7Q">Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)</a>
For a chronological guide, see <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_December_2023_%25E2%2580%2593_31_March_2024)/azyLdreJ">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024)</a>.

In October 2023, it was reported that there was a growth of mutinies among Russian troops due to the large number of losses in Russian offensives around <a href="/facts/Avdiivka/6esNDGqo">Avdiivka</a> with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a> By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a>
On 17 February 2024, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2023%25E2%2580%25932024)/3VLbTc7Q">Russia captured Avdiivka</a>, a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby <a href="/facts/Donetsk/4pdbEWpB">Donetsk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a> ABC News stated that Russia could use the development to boost morale with the war largely at a stalemate close to its second anniversary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost before seizing the ruins of Avdiivka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a>
Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to <a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a>. The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a>

<h3>Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present)</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign/duMRCWrc">Eastern Ukraine campaign § Russian spring and summer campaign (April 2024–present)</a>
For a chronological guide, see <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_April_%25E2%2580%2593_31_July_2024)/cBJD6WTJ">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 April – 31 July 2024)</a>, <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_August_%25E2%2580%2593_31_December_2024)/DEtjXAnT">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 August – 31 December 2024)</a>, and <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(1_January_2025_%25E2%2580%2593_present)/PVwANRzM">Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 January 2025 – present)</a>.
<h4>Russian spring and summer offensives</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Ocheretyne/AysGB8XT">Battle of Ocheretyne</a> and <a href="/facts/Northern_Kharkiv_front_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/vNT4gk5J">Northern Kharkiv front of the Russo-Ukrainian War</a>

On 10 May 2024, Russia began a <a href="/facts/Northern_Kharkiv_front_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War_(2024%25E2%2580%2593present)/vNT4gk5J">renewed offensive</a> in <a href="/facts/Kharkiv_Oblast/2grgUKfU">Kharkiv Oblast</a>. Russia managed to capture a dozen villages, and Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a> The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a>
Following the Russian success in the battle of Avdiivka, their forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, and by mid-April 2024 reached the settlement of <a href="/facts/Ocheretyne/SHFQMu5k">Ocheretyne</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Ocheretyne/AysGB8XT">capturing</a> it in late April<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a> and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> Russian forces also launched an <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Chasiv_Yar/0Vp46Gev">offensive</a> towards the city of <a href="/facts/Chasiv_Yar/tjIVxxlI">Chasiv Yar</a> in early April,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a> a strategically important settlement west of Bakhmut, and by early July had captured its easternmost district.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a> Another <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Toretsk/Homy1C9t">offensive</a> in the direction of the city of <a href="/facts/Toretsk/KknxqlAG">Toretsk</a> was launched on 18 June,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a> with the goal of capturing the city,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a> and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a> Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July, made a breakthrough allowing them to <a href="/facts/Pokrovsk_offensive/WPyJ10k8">begin advancing towards</a> the operationally significant city of <a href="/facts/Pokrovsk%2c_Ukraine/M1vTdJpD">Pokrovsk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a>

<h4>Ukrainian offensive into Russia</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Kursk_offensive_(2024%25E2%2580%25932025)/NLoUDvNj">Kursk offensive (2024–2025)</a>

On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering <a href="/facts/Kursk_Oblast/dG7KdIDl">Kursk Oblast</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a> The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of the town of <a href="/facts/Sudzha/eHXesC7h">Sudzha</a>, located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a> which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a> Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a> The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a> though not from Donetsk Oblast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a>
Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had still not yet done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritized over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theater-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armored vehicles, artillery, and air defense systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a>

<h4>Late 2024 and early 2025 Russian advances</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Velyka_Novosilka_offensive/K8Dzs8vj">Velyka Novosilka offensive</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Kurakhove/hNGTefIc">Battle of Kurakhove</a>, <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Toretsk/Homy1C9t">Battle of Toretsk</a>, <a href="/facts/Pokrovsk_offensive/WPyJ10k8">Pokrovsk offensive</a>, and <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Chasiv_Yar/0Vp46Gev">Battle of Chasiv Yar</a>
Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine, notably at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a> including towards the strategically important city of <a href="/facts/Pokrovsk/w4ck7Enw">Pokrovsk</a>, where their number of forces had instead been increased.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a>
In late August 2024, Russian forces seized the city of <a href="/facts/Novohrodivka/GyDH12CU">Novohrodivka</a>, southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a> while <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Krasnohorivka/gCx5BdgB">capturing</a> <a href="/facts/Krasnohorivka/ozQg11zm">Krasnohorivka</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a> and <a href="/facts/Ukrainsk/D1vpTNv7">Ukrainsk</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a> near Pokrovsk and west of Donetsk city, in early September.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a> In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of <a href="/facts/Vuhledar/YRPApWgg">Vuhledar</a> <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Vuhledar/rzfYuvmV">began</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a> leading to its fall on 1 October. Following the Russian capture, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a>
On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General <a href="/facts/Dmytro_Marchenko/8mKGd0pk">Dmytro Marchenko</a> was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said <a href="/facts/Victory_Plan_for_Ukraine/Jd2RV3YM">Zelensky's victory plan</a> was too heavily focused on seeking more Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a> According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for <a href="/facts/Desertion/GJxjpbf6">desertion</a> were initiated by the end of November 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a> Russian forces then captured the city of <a href="/facts/Kurakhove/UCFn15AC">Kurakhove</a> in late December 2024, and the nearby <a href="/facts/Kurakhove_Power_Station/h7BsTFNP">Kurakhove Power Station</a> in January 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a>
In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a> capturing <a href="/facts/Velyka_Novosilka/cMAe8oxV">Velyka Novosilka</a> and most of <a href="/facts/Toretsk/KknxqlAG">Toretsk</a> by late January.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a> Russia continued <a href="/facts/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%25E2%2580%2593present)/mrUNQ50H">attacks</a> on the Ukrainian energy infrastructure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a> In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 who are currently not subject to <a href="/facts/Mobilisation/XXDdQkgl">mobilisation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a>

<h2 id="battlespaces">Battlespaces</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Northern_front_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/LCL2VWss">Northern front</a>, <a href="/facts/Eastern_front_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/duMRCWrc">Eastern front</a>, and <a href="/facts/Southern_front_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/Hv6mMIT0">Southern front</a><a href="/facts/Front_line/gVpKWnSy">Frontlines</a> of the Russian invasion of Ukraine stretch for over 600 miles. The frontlines are divided into three separate fronts, southern front, eastern front, and the northern front. Various high-profile battles took place in the fronts, with <a href="/facts/Kursk_offensive_(2024%25E2%2580%25932025)/NLoUDvNj">Kursk offensive</a> in the north, <a href="/facts/Pokrovsk_offensive/WPyJ10k8">Pokrovsk offensive</a> in the east and <a href="/facts/Naval_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/N1Vg1xBT">naval warfare</a> with Russian forces in the south near the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a>
<h3>Command</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_order_of_battle/GflsnI2P">Russian invasion of Ukraine order of battle</a>

The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state of the respective governments: President Vladimir Putin of Russia and President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a>
US general <a href="/facts/Mark_Milley/8GPDS7dB">Mark Milley</a> wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, <a href="/facts/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine/cjweFb8l">commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine</a>, General <a href="/facts/Valerii_Zaluzhnyi/ppxLhkFy">Valerii Zaluzhnyi</a>, "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a> Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a>
After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, <a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Dvornikov/sXo5oH4S">Aleksandr Dvornikov</a>, was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a> while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a> but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a>

<ul><li>commander of the Eastern Military District <a href="/facts/Gennady_Zhidko/EQDqEIWy">Gennady Zhidko</a> (Eastern Military District, 26 May – 8 October 2022)</li>
<li>commander of the southern grouping of forces <a href="/facts/Sergei_Surovikin/PDU7QpXJ">Sergei Surovikin</a> (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023)</li>
<li>commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces <a href="/facts/Valerii_Gerasimov/LMU0952t">Valerii Gerasimov</a> (from 11 January 2023)</li></ul>
Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including <a href="/facts/List_of_Russian_generals_killed_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/vN1yg4Ag">a number of generals</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a>

<h3>Missile attacks and aerial warfare</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Aerial_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/dPb2GRA1">Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/SL0lGUtp">List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a>

Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a> reaching as far west as Lviv.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a>
By September 2022, the Ukrainian air force had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a> In mid-October, Russian forces launched <a href="/facts/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%25E2%2580%2593present)/mrUNQ50H">missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure</a>, intended to knock out energy facilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a> By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded in the attacks,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a> and <a href="/facts/Rolling_blackout/4eIHB89l">rolling blackouts</a> had left millions without power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a>
In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on <a href="/facts/Dyagilevo_(air_base)/GBM6IBRl">Dyagilevo</a> and <a href="/facts/Engels-2_(air_base)/T44vhWVN">Engels</a> air bases in <a href="/facts/2022%25E2%2580%25932023_Western_Russia_attacks/XlddlcYy">western Russia</a>, killing 10 and heavily damaging two <a href="/facts/Tupolev_Tu-95/NT30UYG8">Tu-95</a> aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a>
On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out "<a href="/facts/Operation_Spider%2527s_Web/LVPdlMXh">Operation Spider's Web</a>", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a> with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398">398</a> US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10 of them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399">399</a> The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars worth of damage to Russian aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400">400</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401">401</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402">402</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403">403</a>

<h4>Crimea attacks</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Crimea_attacks_(2022%25E2%2580%2593present)/s89m5Tct">Crimea attacks (2022–present)</a>
On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian <a href="/facts/Black_Sea_Fleet/PF4tS24V">Black Sea Fleet</a> headquarters in Sevastopol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404">404</a> On 9 August 2022, <a href="/facts/2022_Novofedorivka_explosions/Bt9t94wt">large explosions</a> were reported at <a href="/facts/Saky_(air_base)/cznyPUMe">Saky Air Base</a> in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405">405</a> Ukrainian general <a href="/facts/Valerii_Zaluzhnyi/ppxLhkFy">Valerii Zaluzhnyi</a> claimed responsibility on 7 September.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406">406</a>
The base is near <a href="/facts/Novofedorivka/sA8usqvM">Novofedorivka</a>, a destination popular with tourists. Traffic backed up at the Crimean Bridge after the explosions with queues of civilians trying to leave the area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407">407</a> A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near <a href="/facts/Dzhankoi/lGtKAHAb">Dzhankoi</a> in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head <a href="/facts/Sergei_Aksyonov/oWbYmJjm">Sergei Aksyonov</a> said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408">408</a> On 18 August, explosions were reported at <a href="/facts/Belbek_Air_Base/ThdDVuBj">Belbek Air Base</a> north of Sevastopol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409">409</a> On the morning of 8 October 2022 the <a href="/facts/Kerch_Bridge/HA65tqVB">Kerch Bridge</a>, linking occupied Crimea to Russia, <a href="/facts/2022_Crimean_Bridge_explosion/PTkzBTkH">partially collapsed due to an explosion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410">410</a> On 17 July 2023, there was <a href="/facts/2023_Crimean_Bridge_explosion/MxqrRUBn">another large explosion</a> on the bridge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411">411</a> On 3 June 2025, an <a href="/facts/2025_Crimean_Bridge_explosion/roIufMlR">attack with underwater explosives</a> damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412">412</a>

<h4>Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%25E2%2580%2593present)/mrUNQ50H">Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)</a> and <a href="/facts/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/N4duDGWG">Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>

Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413">413</a> On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 <a href="/facts/HESA_Shahed_136/hep4UtHI">Shahed 136</a> kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414">414</a> On 8 October, it was announced that <a href="/facts/General_of_the_Army/XsN010Pg">General of the Army</a> <a href="/facts/Sergey_Surovikin/PDU7QpXJ">Sergey Surovikin</a> would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415">415</a> On 16 October, <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a> reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416">416</a> On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231/dKQNF9VD">Resolution 2231</a> by selling <a href="/facts/Shahed_131/1Gc6SdAM">Shahed 131</a> and <a href="/facts/Shahed_136/hep4UtHI">Shahed 136</a> drones to Russia,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417">417</a> agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418">418</a> On 22 October France, Britain and Germany formally called for a UN investigation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419">419</a> On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420">420</a>
On 15 November, Russia fired 85 missiles at the <a href="/facts/Electricity_in_Ukraine/NEEgyxx3">Ukrainian power grid</a>, causing <a href="/facts/Power_outage/CBp7xY9w">power outages</a> in Kyiv and neighboring regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421">421</a> In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences that had previously proved useful against Russia's conventional, non-hypersonic missile systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422">422</a>
The UK Defense Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423">423</a> According to the <a href="/facts/Royal_United_Services_Institute/uLBC0dzh">Royal United Services Institute</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424">424</a>

<blockquote>Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 <a href="/facts/Gigawatts/VK8oqRrm">gigawatts</a> (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed.</blockquote>
On 8 July 2024, Russia used a <a href="/facts/Kh-101/YpGbhoVf">Kh-101</a> missile<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425">425</a> to kill two people and injure 16 at the <a href="/facts/Okhmatdyt_Children%2527s_Hospital/Pplpc7gy">Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital</a> in Kyiv.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426">426</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427">427</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428">428</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429">429</a> At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430">430</a>

<h3>Naval blockade and engagements</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Naval_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/N1Vg1xBT">Naval warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>

Ukraine lies on the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a>, which has ocean access only through the Turkish-held <a href="/facts/Bosphorus/3Id0Pfum">Bosphorus</a> and <a href="/facts/Dardanelles/rxUhLwvj">Dardanelles</a> straits. On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 <a href="/facts/Montreux_Convention/8KyoLUKN">Montreux Convention</a> and sealed off the straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage through the <a href="/facts/Turkish_Straits/5pbGTezD">Turkish Straits</a> to four Russian naval vessels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431">431</a> On 24 February, the <a href="/facts/State_Border_Guard_Service_of_Ukraine/7zFa0gej">State Border Guard Service of Ukraine</a> announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an <a href="/facts/Snake_Island_campaign/dCGoLsp4">attack on Snake Island</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432">432</a> The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea_Fleet/PF4tS24V">Black Sea Fleet</a>, <a href="/facts/Russian_cruiser_Moskva/9VlWqBuf">Moskva</a> and patrol boat <a href="/facts/Russian_patrol_ship_Vasily_Bykov/acSFdKWz">Vasily Bykov</a> bombarded the island with deck guns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433">433</a> The Russian warship identified itself and instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was "<a href="/facts/Russian_warship%2c_go_fuck_yourself/pXyqKxmG">Russian warship, go fuck yourself!</a>"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434">434</a> After the bombardment, a detachment of Russian soldiers landed and took control of <a href="/facts/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)/vGt6W672">Snake Island</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435">435</a> Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436">436</a>
By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv <a href="/facts/Scuttled/kDeqTHM7">scuttled</a> the frigate <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_frigate_Hetman_Sahaidachny/AHNtRCyF">Hetman Sahaidachny</a>, the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture by Russian forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437">437</a> On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian <a href="/facts/Alligator-class_landing_ship/Psr6TrSN">landing ship</a> docked in Berdiansk—initially reported to be the <a href="/facts/Russian_landing_ship_Orsk/sXxp9R7C">Orsk</a> and then its sister ship, the <a href="/facts/Russian_landing_ship_Saratov/jBmMX0oB">Saratov</a>—was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438">438</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439">439</a> In March 2022, the UN <a href="/facts/International_Maritime_Organization/7mzxd3B5">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440">440</a> On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its <a href="/facts/Maritime_Exclusion_Zone/UvhIPPEj">Maritime Exclusion Zone</a>, for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441">441</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442">442</a>
The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443">443</a> hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian <a href="/facts/R-360_Neptune/4vk1x1h7">Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles</a>, setting the ship afire. The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its entire crew had been evacuated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444">444</a> Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs and refitting in <a href="/facts/Sevastopol/AChvxHLE">Sevastopol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445">445</a> Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the <a href="/facts/Sinking_of_the_Moskva/gcbrj3tt">Moskva had sunk</a> while under tow in rough weather.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446">446</a> On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory <a href="/facts/Luch_Design_Bureau/dHD76ve0">Luch Design Bureau</a> in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured and designed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447">447</a> On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" (including real-time battlefield <a href="/facts/Targeting_(warfare)/eb17hS0K">targeting</a> <a href="/facts/Military_intelligence/VQJypEMT">intelligence</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448">448</a> to assist in the sinking of the Moskva.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449">449</a>
On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/facts/Sergey_Lavrov/zf0Uubhc">Sergey Lavrov</a> asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450">450</a> On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent <a href="/facts/Black_Sea_Grain_Initiative/J9jodQLB">UN- and Turkish-brokered deal</a> to secure a sea corridor for exports of grains and other foodstuffs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451">451</a>
On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the <a href="/facts/Russian_landing_ship_Novocherkassk/qICbrDnE">Russian landing ship Novocherkassk</a> docked in <a href="/facts/Feodosia/l0Lgn0rP">Feodosia</a>. Ukraine said it was destroyed—unlikely to sail again. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452">452</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453">453</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454">454</a> On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian <a href="/facts/Tarantul-class_corvette/HbFdfAVr">Tarantul-class corvette</a> Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455">455</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456">456</a> Two weeks later on 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the <a href="/facts/Russian_ship_Tsezar_Kunikov/D7sQxdoC">Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457">457</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458">458</a>

<h3>Ukrainian resistance</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_resistance_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine/aAagRgjb">Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine/poAe9aWl">2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a>

Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making <a href="/facts/Molotov_cocktail/5Jr2Hm9V">Molotov cocktails</a>, donating food, building barriers like <a href="/facts/Czech_hedgehog/9QNvhqnM">Czech hedgehogs</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459">459</a> and helping to transport refugees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460">460</a> Responding to a call from <a href="/facts/State_Agency_of_Automobile_Roads_of_Ukraine/UQj34UtT">Ukravtodor</a>, Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461">461</a> constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462">462</a> Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463">463</a> By the beginning of April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464">464</a>
People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465">465</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466">466</a> The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467">467</a> to firing into the air, to firing directly into crowds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468">468</a> There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, <a href="/facts/Extrajudicial_killing/aXmKesUe">extrajudicial killings</a>, and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469">469</a> To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a <a href="/facts/Telegram_(software)/TqaAlHwN">Telegram</a> <a href="/facts/Chatbot/kASkMjs7">chatbot</a> and <a href="/facts/Diia/l3MJp7IU">Diia</a>, a Ukrainian government app previously used by citizens to upload official identity and medical documents. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470">470</a>
As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471">471</a> Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to <a href="/facts/United_Nations_peacekeeping/pfhrl5Wq">United Nations peacekeeping</a> missions like <a href="/facts/MONUSCO/kmmnLa9F">MONUSCO</a> in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472">472</a>

<h2 id="foreign-involvement">Foreign involvement</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/oRHbRx1y">Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
<h3>Support for Ukraine</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/uMeDkHSE">List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, <a href="/facts/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/ax1parPP">International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/facts/International_Legion_(Ukraine)/vQkcrzjH">International Legion (Ukraine)</a>

In response to the invasion, many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Western and other countries imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473">473</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474">474</a> sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475">475</a>

Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the <a href="/facts/Ukraine_Defence_Contact_Group/7PYGJK6Q">Ukraine Defence Contact Group</a>, whose more than fifty countries include all 32 <a href="/facts/Member_states_of_NATO/fEaDpxcX">member states</a> of <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476">476</a> From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the <a href="/facts/Kiel_Institute_for_the_World_Economy/7jSUaud7">Kiel Institute</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477">477</a> European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478">478</a> Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479">479</a> The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480">480</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/facts/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/WlCkh3wh">United States has provided</a> the most military assistance to Ukraine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481">481</a> and has set aside $175 billion to help the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482">482</a> Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from <a href="/facts/War_reserve_stock/mV94y1dx">reserve stockpiles</a>, while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidizing the manufacture of weapons and military equipment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483">483</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484">484</a> Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485">485</a>
Although <a href="/facts/India_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/X80foXs9">India has maintained a neutral stance</a> on the invasion,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486">486</a> reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487">487</a>
Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488">488</a> President <a href="/facts/Emmanuel_Macron/baeIYHUo">Emmanuel Macron</a> of France later said in 2024 that sending troops was a possibility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489">489</a>
The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490">490</a> According to the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Council/GewfaHYV">Atlantic Council</a>'s Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its "<a href="/facts/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/IKsGYTxa">red lines</a>" being crossed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491">491</a> President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492">492</a>
In a 3 May 2025 interview for <a href="/facts/The_Times/5BwkodnX">The Times</a>, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the <a href="/facts/CIA/4dKdNElW">CIA</a>, said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493">493</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494">494</a>

<h3>Support for Russia</h3>

<h4>Belarus</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/nD1datzN">Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch Russian missiles into Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495">495</a> Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for <a href="/facts/Airborne_early_warning_and_control/VXDQUphK">radar early warning and control</a> missions, until 2023, when a Russian <a href="/facts/Beriev_A-50/CwnrmRe4">Beriev A-50</a> surveillance plane was <a href="/facts/Machulishchy_air_base_attack/scTaC3Ut">damaged by drones</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496">496</a> Because of its active involvement, Belarus is considered a <a href="/facts/Co-belligerence/AHRRuhLX">co-belligerent</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497">497</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498">498</a> in this invasion, as contrasted to non-belligerent states, which have "a wide range of tools available to non-belligerent actors without reaching the threshold of warfighting".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499">499</a> Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co-<a href="/facts/Combatant/owQ3fXXe">combatant</a>, with "<a href="/facts/Alexander_Lukashenko/qGR9Nf1p">Lukashenko</a> repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500">500</a> while 2023 issue of <a href="/facts/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies/tAeBSPd9">IISS</a>'s "Armed Conflict Survey" journal classified it as not a direct <a href="/facts/Combatant/owQ3fXXe">co-combatant</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501">501</a> Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of "Armed Conflict Survey", Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502">502</a>

<h4>Iran</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/rIPvyI6H">Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both <a href="/facts/Shahed_drone/YM8gREUb">Shahed combat drones</a> and production materials to develop a <a href="/facts/Yelabuga_drone_factory/T4sqUUE7">drone manufactory</a> to Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503">503</a> In February 2024, a <a href="/facts/Reuters/tDd1EUrd">Reuters</a> report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504">504</a> According to the US and Ukraine, <a href="/facts/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces/U1ybKhQc">Iranian troops</a> have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505">505</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506">506</a> The <a href="/facts/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War/SGQ4khcp">Institute for the Study of War</a> assessed that these are likely <a href="/facts/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps/6EMxlKlm">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC) or IRGC-affiliated personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507">507</a> Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508">508</a>

<h4>North Korea</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/North_Korean_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/ycJwjGu1">North Korean involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
<a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a> has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers; US authorities have not stated which specific models. Debris left by missiles in December 2023 attacks against Ukrainian targets show parts common to <a href="/facts/Hwasong-11A/8kGfNygw">Hwasong-11A</a> (KN-23), <a href="/facts/Hwasong-11B/ncczRB7H">Hwasong-11B</a> (KN-24) and <a href="/facts/KN-25/WJYFpPj9">KN-25</a> missiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509">509</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510">510</a> In October 2024, Ukraine and <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a> claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511">511</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512">512</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513">513</a>
Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514">514</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515">515</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516">516</a> Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517">517</a> The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518">518</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:519" href="#fn:519">519</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:520" href="#fn:520">520</a>
The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were undergoing training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:521" href="#fn:521">521</a> On 28 October, NATO chief <a href="/facts/Mark_Rutte/t8HUcp6n">Mark Rutte</a> confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to <a href="/facts/Kursk_Oblast/dG7KdIDl">Kursk Oblast</a> to support Russia against the <a href="/facts/Kursk_offensive_(2024%25E2%2580%25932025)/NLoUDvNj">Kursk offensive</a>, and the Pentagon reported an increased number of 10,000 North Korean soldiers sent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:522" href="#fn:522">522</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:523" href="#fn:523">523</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:524" href="#fn:524">524</a>

On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle on 5 November.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:525" href="#fn:525">525</a> On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had begun engaging in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:526" href="#fn:526">526</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:527" href="#fn:527">527</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:528" href="#fn:528">528</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:529" href="#fn:529">529</a> On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:530" href="#fn:530">530</a> On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:531" href="#fn:531">531</a> The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:532" href="#fn:532">532</a> On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:533" href="#fn:533">533</a> By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:534" href="#fn:534">534</a> while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:535" href="#fn:535">535</a> <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Judge_Advocate_General%2527s_Corps/V1R3p5Vd">US Army JAG</a> officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:536" href="#fn:536">536</a>
Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers in an attempt to conceal their presence on the battlefield.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:537" href="#fn:537">537</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:538" href="#fn:538">538</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:539" href="#fn:539">539</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:540" href="#fn:540">540</a>
In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued with false military papers stating that they are Russians hailing from <a href="/facts/Tuva/PNR0xpI9">Tuva</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:541" href="#fn:541">541</a> In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles to support Russia. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of them being killed or wounded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:542" href="#fn:542">542</a> The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with <a href="/facts/Valery_Gerasimov/LMU0952t">Valery Gerasimov</a> specifically expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:543" href="#fn:543">543</a>

<h4>Others</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/jMxUL0jC">China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/facts/India_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/X80foXs9">India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>

<a href="/facts/Politico/k3kQb621">Politico</a> reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer <a href="/facts/Norinco/2wWtg6JI">Norinco</a> shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armor to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_Arab_Emirates/o1bEjgbR">United Arab Emirates</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:544" href="#fn:544">544</a> According to the United States, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:545" href="#fn:545">545</a> In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:546" href="#fn:546">546</a> In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with <a href="/facts/Geospatial_intelligence/6gTVk4rz">geospatial intelligence</a>, machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:547" href="#fn:547">547</a> In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion of Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:548" href="#fn:548">548</a>
Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:549" href="#fn:549">549</a> Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:550" href="#fn:550">550</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:551" href="#fn:551">551</a>

<h2 id="casualties">Casualties</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/KFqnGRRp">Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War § Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_deaths_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/J90mTfgr">List of deaths during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>

Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate casualty numbers for opposing forces and downplay their own losses for morale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:552" href="#fn:552">552</a> Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:553" href="#fn:553">553</a> Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:554" href="#fn:554">554</a> Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:555" href="#fn:555">555</a> and "considerable" losses, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:556" href="#fn:556">556</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:557" href="#fn:557">557</a>
The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been <a href="/facts/Fog_of_war/AuHD6WIs">impossible to determine</a> precisely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:558" href="#fn:558">558</a> <a href="/facts/Agence_France-Presse/P3SpFIDh">Agence France-Presse</a> (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:559" href="#fn:559">559</a> In October 2022, the independent Russian media project <a href="/facts/Important_Stories/xMgnCgr2">iStories</a>, citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:560" href="#fn:560">560</a>
While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including <a href="/facts/Satellite_imagery/V8LQh7jI">satellite imagery</a> of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_Ministry_of_Defence/FJ9GqXAz">Ukrainian Minister of Defence</a> told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:561" href="#fn:561">561</a> By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:562" href="#fn:562">562</a> In the destroyed city of Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:563" href="#fn:563">563</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:564" href="#fn:564">564</a> and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:565" href="#fn:565">565</a> The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Mariupol/y0f8x3Ay">siege of Mariupol</a> and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment with them when they entered the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:566" href="#fn:566">566</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:567" href="#fn:567">567</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:568" href="#fn:568">568</a> An investigation by <a href="/facts/Associated_Press/b4T5P1bT">AP</a> from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:569" href="#fn:569">569</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:570" href="#fn:570">570</a> <a href="/facts/Agence_France-Presse/P3SpFIDh">AFP</a> says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:571" href="#fn:571">571</a> There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022-February 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:572" href="#fn:572">572</a> The <a href="/facts/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights/s43BaRNL">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR) reports similar issues and believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:573" href="#fn:573">573</a>
In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were <a href="/facts/Dagestan/luq7F4vT">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/facts/Tuva/PNR0xpI9">Tuva</a> and <a href="/facts/Buryatia/LgQT37xU">Buryatia</a>, all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:574" href="#fn:574">574</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:575" href="#fn:575">575</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:576" href="#fn:576">576</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:577" href="#fn:577">577</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:578" href="#fn:578">578</a> About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:579" href="#fn:579">579</a> which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated that month.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:580" href="#fn:580">580</a> <a href="/facts/Newsweek/ClFEs5So">Newsweek</a> estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:581" href="#fn:581">581</a> Latvia-based news outlet <a href="/facts/Meduza/xhjb32Tz">Meduza</a> estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:582" href="#fn:582">582</a>
The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:583" href="#fn:583">583</a> surpassing the <a href="/facts/Bosnian_War/JyRvRtbv">Bosnian War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:584" href="#fn:584">584</a> Ukrainian average <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_mortality_rate/zXhEJaW2">mortality rate</a> was 8.7/1000 people in 2020,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:585" href="#fn:585">585</a> and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:586" href="#fn:586">586</a> In August 2024, <a href="/facts/Haaretz/HUMlSB2k">Haaretz</a> estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:587" href="#fn:587">587</a> In February 2025, <a href="/facts/Quincy_Institute_for_Responsible_Statecraft/98kLraQr">Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft</a> estimated 250,000 dead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:588" href="#fn:588">588</a> In September 2024, the <a href="/facts/Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">Wall Street Journal</a> reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded; it noted how the number of casualties impacts the countries' shrinking prewar populations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:589" href="#fn:589">589</a>

Confirmed casualties<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col"></th><th scope="col">Numbers</th><th scope="col">Time period</th><th scope="col">Source</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Civilians in Ukraine</th><td>13,134 killed, 31,867 wounded<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:590" href="#fn:590">590</a></td><td>24 February 2022 – 30 April 2025</td><td>United Nations (<a href="/facts/OHCHR/s43BaRNL">OHCHR</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:591" href="#fn:591">591</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Russian civilians</th><td>394 killed (in <a href="/facts/European_Russia/WxQboUc4">Western Russia</a>)</td><td>24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024</td><td><a href="/facts/7x7_(website)/MA43ynxP">7x7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:592" href="#fn:592">592</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Ukrainian forces</th><td>70,935 killed (incl. non-combat),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:593" href="#fn:593">593</a>64,995 missing, 6,087 captured(conf. by names)</td><td>24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025</td><td>UALosses project<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:594" href="#fn:594">594</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Russian forces(<a href="/facts/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas/3H9q93aB">DPR/LPR</a> excluded)</th><td>111,387 killed (conf. by names)</td><td>24 February 2022 – 6 June 2025</td><td><a href="/facts/BBC_News_Russian/1Lk4vDMN">BBC News Russian</a> and <a href="/facts/Mediazona/ELAzsv1E">Mediazona</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:595" href="#fn:595">595</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Russian forces(<a href="/facts/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas/3H9q93aB">Donetsk & Luhansk PR</a>)</th><td>21,000–23,500 killed</td><td>24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024</td><td><a href="/facts/BBC_News_Russian/1Lk4vDMN">BBC News Russian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:596" href="#fn:596">596</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
Estimated and claimed casualties<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col"></th><th scope="col">Numbers</th><th scope="col">Time period</th><th scope="col">Source</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">Ukrainian civilians</th><td>12,000 killed (confirmed),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:597" href="#fn:597">597</a>16,000+ captive<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:598" href="#fn:598">598</a></td><td>24 February 2022 – 17 June 202424 February 2022 – 16 December 2024</td><td>Ukraine<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:599" href="#fn:599">599</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:600" href="#fn:600">600</a></td></tr><tr><td>2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded(in DPR/LPR areas)</td><td>17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024</td><td>DPR<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:601" href="#fn:601">601</a> and LPR<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:602" href="#fn:602">602</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:603" href="#fn:603">603</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Russian civilians</th><td>621 killed (including <a href="/facts/Crimea/GkM1qNVC">Crimea</a>), 789 missing</td><td>24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025</td><td>Russia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:604" href="#fn:604">604</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:605" href="#fn:605">605</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="3" scope="row">Ukrainian forces</th><td>80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded</td><td>24 February 2022 – before September 2024</td><td><a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">WSJ</a> citing confidentialUkrainian estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:606" href="#fn:606">606</a></td></tr><tr><td>60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded</td><td>24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024</td><td><a href="/facts/The_Economist/KNjzFCVU">The Economist</a> estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:607" href="#fn:607">607</a></td></tr><tr><td>50,000 killed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:608" href="#fn:608">608</a> 380,000 wounded,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:609" href="#fn:609">609</a>56,700 missing,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:610" href="#fn:610">610</a>8,000 captured<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:611" href="#fn:611">611</a></td><td>24 February 2022 – 6 March 202524 February 2022 – 17 February 202524 February 2022 – 30 October 2024</td><td>Ukraine</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="3" scope="row">Russian forces</th><td>950,000 killed and wounded</td><td>24 February 2022 – 3 May 2025</td><td>UK <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)/9TG9a0ss">MoD</a> estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:612" href="#fn:612">612</a></td></tr><tr><td>191,000–269,000 killed</td><td>24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025</td><td>BBC News Russian<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:613" href="#fn:613">613</a></td></tr><tr><td>1,011,490+ killed and wounded,60,000 missing</td><td>24 February 2022 – 22 June 202524 February 2022 – 4 February 2025</td><td>Ukrainian <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Defence_(Ukraine)/FJ9GqXAz">MoD</a> estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:614" href="#fn:614">614</a><a href="/facts/Coordination_Headquarters_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners_of_War/yxbIWJkA">Government of Ukraine</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:615" href="#fn:615">615</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Korean_People%2527s_Army/DFGFDtm7">DPRK forces</a></th><td>600 killed, 4,100 wounded,2 captured<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:616" href="#fn:616">616</a></td><td>14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025</td><td>South Korean estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:617" href="#fn:617">617</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:618" href="#fn:618">618</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="war-crimes-and-attacks-on-civilians">War crimes and attacks on civilians</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/UF9ts5mK">War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/facts/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/N4duDGWG">Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/facts/Russian_war_crimes/pFwLV7Bb">Russian war crimes</a>

During the invasion, the Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate <a href="/facts/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/N4duDGWG">attacks against civilian targets</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:619" href="#fn:619">619</a> (including <a href="/facts/Russian_strikes_on_hospitals_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/cEBoVSvM">strikes on hospitals</a> and <a href="/facts/Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure_(2022%25E2%2580%2593present)/mrUNQ50H">on the energy grid</a>), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, <a href="/facts/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/mLbdNmLw">sexual violence</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:620" href="#fn:620">620</a> forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out many <a href="/facts/Indiscriminate_attack/C4z2Dk8m">indiscriminate attacks</a> in densely populated areas, including <a href="/facts/Use_of_cluster_munitions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/FehXaqeh">with cluster bombs</a>, in once instance killing 61 people in the <a href="/facts/Kramatorsk_railway_station_attack/q2l3qBmm">Kramatorsk railway station attack</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:621" href="#fn:621">621</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:622" href="#fn:622">622</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:623" href="#fn:623">623</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:624" href="#fn:624">624</a> According to <a href="/facts/Kyrylo_Budanov/LY6rIwb4">Kyrylo Budanov</a>, the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion of Ukraine had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, politicians and was preparing for a <a href="/facts/Genocide/IjkNvg7y">genocide</a> of Ukrainians, also the plans included locations of <a href="/facts/Mass_grave/tyI0dIpY">mass graves</a> and mobile <a href="/facts/Crematorium/BbevQL8a">crematoria</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:625" href="#fn:625">625</a>
According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-controlled territory, while 21% had been killed in Russian-occupied territory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:626" href="#fn:626">626</a> Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the start of the invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:627" href="#fn:627">627</a> Russia has deliberately targeted Ukrainian civilians with drones, such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the <a href="/facts/Human_safari_(terror_campaign)/50FMwHAM">human safari</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:628" href="#fn:628">628</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:629" href="#fn:629">629</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:630" href="#fn:630">630</a> In May 2025, the UN concluded that the recurrent Russian attacks on civilians in Kherson, which had killed nearly 150 people and injured hundreds more according to officials, amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:631" href="#fn:631">631</a>
The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe <a href="/facts/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine/VEVwzA5o">human rights violations in occupied Ukraine</a>, including <a href="/facts/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention/MA31VM9a">arbitrary detentions</a>, <a href="/facts/Enforced_disappearance/9hKI94ns">enforced disappearances</a>, torture, crackdown on <a href="/facts/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine/poAe9aWl">protests</a> and <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_speech/jYakwGMP">freedom of speech</a>, enforced <a href="/facts/Russification/D9yUd7n9">Russification</a>, indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:632" href="#fn:632">632</a> Ukrainians have been <a href="/facts/Passportization/s4rLE22V">coerced into taking Russian passports</a> and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:633" href="#fn:633">633</a> and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against the Ukrainian army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:634" href="#fn:634">634</a>
Russian forces have reportedly used banned <a href="/facts/Chemical_weapons/AwXDDhAR">chemical weapons</a> during the war, usually <a href="/facts/Tear_gas/SLJoBYEN">tear gas</a> grenades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:635" href="#fn:635">635</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:636" href="#fn:636">636</a> In April 2024, a <a href="/facts/The_Daily_Telegraph/aHa5nNw5">Daily Telegraph</a> investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:637" href="#fn:637">637</a>

<h3>Prisoners of war</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/TgpSEzJ3">Prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
A 25 August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the <a href="/facts/Yale_School_of_Public_Health/ne1kPDa7">Yale School of Public Health</a> identified some 21 <a href="/facts/Russian_filtration_camps_for_Ukrainians/f4MSVPP3">filtration camps</a> for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs, and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, <a href="/facts/Olenivka%2c_Kalmiuske_Raion/MxN8BfQR">Olenivka prison</a>, found two sites featuring disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:638" href="#fn:638">638</a> Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and physical assault.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:639" href="#fn:639">639</a>
An <a href="/facts/OHCHR/s43BaRNL">OHCHR</a> report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides. The report was based on interviews with prisoners who spoke of abuses and ill-treatment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:640" href="#fn:640">640</a>
In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner <a href="/facts/Volker_T%25C3%25BCrk/E56p8p3x">Volker Türk</a> reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:641" href="#fn:641">641</a>
In April 2023, several videos started circulating on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:642" href="#fn:642">642</a>
In March 2024, the United Nations issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian prisoners of war over the winter months. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian prisoners of war also "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations and to check for tattoos".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:643" href="#fn:643">643</a>
In October 2024, the <a href="/facts/European_External_Action_Service/JNI3UXAP">EEAS</a> released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement also included the <a href="/facts/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights/s43BaRNL">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR)'s confirmation of systematic use of a wide range of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:644" href="#fn:644">644</a>
The Ukrainian Armed Forces have also been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian prisoners of war, but the number of such allegations has been significantly lower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:645" href="#fn:645">645</a>: para. 105 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:646" href="#fn:646">646</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:647" href="#fn:647">647</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:648" href="#fn:648">648</a>

<h3>Abduction of Ukrainian children</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Child_abductions_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/EMxKl655">Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a>
In June 2024, an investigation by the <a href="/facts/Financial_Times/0ndae2YU">Financial Times</a> identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website that had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were also confirmed as Ukrainian children in a recent New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:649" href="#fn:649">649</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:650" href="#fn:650">650</a>
In March 2025, the ISW said that by the time the invasion started, Russia had already laid the groundwork for massive deportation of Ukrainian children, with Putin recognizing depriving Ukraine of its multigenerational potential a way to dominate the Ukrainian people. ISW cited Kremlin documents uncovered by Ukrainian human rights activists dated 18 February 2022, describing plans to move Ukrainian children from orphanages in occupied Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts to Russia under ″humanitarian evacuations″, particularly planning to target vulnerable children without parental care. 
In the years following the invasion, Russia has embarked on a deeply institutionalized project to abduct and forcibly give Ukrainian children a Russian identity. International law explicitly forbids this kind of forcible transfer of children, and constituent moving children for the purpose of damaging a national or ethnic group as an act of genocide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:651" href="#fn:651">651</a>

<h3>International arrest warrants</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Russian_leaders/kafW6HPD">International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian leaders</a>

The <a href="/facts/International_Criminal_Court/z0VwbKkz">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) opened <a href="/facts/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine/0zALd65t">an investigation</a> into possible <a href="/facts/Crimes_against_humanity/N4nRKINC">crimes against humanity</a>, <a href="/facts/Allegations_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/yKlr1Q6R">genocide</a> and war crimes committed in Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:652" href="#fn:652">652</a> On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the <a href="/facts/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/EMxKl655">abduction of children</a> forcibly deported to Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:653" href="#fn:653">653</a> It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a <a href="/facts/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council/4Vkl8rI0">permanent member</a> of the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Security_Council/ytwaz2e4">United Nations Security Council</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:654" href="#fn:654">654</a> (the world's five principal nuclear powers).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:655" href="#fn:655">655</a> Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of <a href="/facts/University_College_Cork/QgQDb1z8">University College Cork</a> says "has bordered on the farcical",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:656" href="#fn:656">656</a> and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:657" href="#fn:657">657</a>
One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets the <a href="/facts/Holodomor/2X2zls3r">Holodomor</a> still looms large in public memory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:658" href="#fn:658">658</a> Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus, since,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:659" href="#fn:659">659</a>

<blockquote>forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the <a href="/facts/Fourth_Geneva_Convention/RmLYVrFb">Fourth Geneva Convention</a> and <a href="/facts/Protocol_II/cKYCsjje">Protocol II</a> and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the <a href="/facts/Rome_Statute/7DIxjny1">Rome Statute</a>. As both war crimes and <a href="/facts/Crime_against_humanity/N4nRKINC">crimes against humanity</a>, they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, <a href="/facts/Universal_jurisdiction/I3fGxy8p">universal jurisdiction</a> and <a href="/facts/Magnitsky_legislation/xAKBmXXr">Magnitsky sanctions</a> legislation.</blockquote>
The ICC also issued arrest warrants for military officials <a href="/facts/Sergey_Kobylash/saKe1cT9">Sergey Kobylash</a>, <a href="/facts/Viktor_Sokolov_(naval_officer)/oPfug1P3">Viktor Sokolov</a>, <a href="/facts/Sergei_Shoigu/PnLt7vdE">Sergei Shoigu</a> and <a href="/facts/Valery_Gerasimov/LMU0952t">Valery Gerasimov</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:660" href="#fn:660">660</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:661" href="#fn:661">661</a>

<h2 id="impacts">Impacts</h2>
<h3>Humanitarian impact</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Humanitarian_impacts_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/Y1XcG6KI">Humanitarian impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
The invasion contributed to the <a href="/facts/2022_food_crises/90ImsucB">2022 food crises</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:662" href="#fn:662">662</a> As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:663" href="#fn:663">663</a>
Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as <a href="/facts/Genocide/IjkNvg7y">genocide</a> and <a href="/facts/Democide/7oUtJoSl">democide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:664" href="#fn:664">664</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:665" href="#fn:665">665</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:666" href="#fn:666">666</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:667" href="#fn:667">667</a> In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women next door.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:668" href="#fn:668">668</a> The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute <a href="/facts/Crimes_against_humanity/N4nRKINC">crimes against humanity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:669" href="#fn:669">669</a>
By August 2024, the <a href="/facts/WHO/0SrenJ5L">WHO</a> had recorded 1,940 <a href="/facts/Russian_strikes_on_hospitals_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/cEBoVSvM">attacks against Ukrainian health care</a> and reported widespread <a href="/facts/Double_tap_strike/YLMaJ0k9">double-tap</a> attacks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:670" href="#fn:670">670</a> In 2023, <a href="/facts/Physicians_for_Human_Rights/8mj5fwW2">Physicians for Human Rights</a> described Russian attacks on Ukraine's health care system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:671" href="#fn:671">671</a>

<h4>Cultural heritage</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_culture_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/6P0CPKSX">Ukrainian culture during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
Deliberate destruction and looting of cultural heritage sites is a <a href="/facts/War_crime/36qQAugC">war crime</a>; during armed conflict, it is an act of <a href="/facts/Aggression_(crime)/QQ8FWzt9">aggression</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:672" href="#fn:672">672</a> As of April 2025, <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> has verified damage to 485 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 149 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:673" href="#fn:673">673</a> In 2022, the <a href="/facts/European_Parliament/H9WLUd1r">European Parliament</a> labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:674" href="#fn:674">674</a> Ukraine's <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Strategic_Communications/0MGF5FSb">Minister of Culture</a> <a href="/facts/Oleksandr_Tkachenko_(journalist)/LjEFzjyr">Oleksandr Tkachenko</a> called it <a href="/facts/Cultural_genocide/3eKj3lQD">cultural genocide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:675" href="#fn:675">675</a>

<h3>Refugee crisis</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis/9dWAVw8R">Ukrainian refugee crisis</a> and <a href="/facts/Transnational_repression_by_Russia/NCMLEIKD">Transnational repression by Russia</a>

The war has caused the largest refugee and <a href="/facts/Humanitarian_crisis/Y09Sjn81">humanitarian crisis</a> in Europe since World War II.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:676" href="#fn:676">676</a> In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:677" href="#fn:677">677</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:678" href="#fn:678">678</a> In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the invasion front in southeastern Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:679" href="#fn:679">679</a> By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:680" href="#fn:680">680</a>
Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:681" href="#fn:681">681</a> Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of <a href="/facts/Conscription_in_Ukraine/NN07P3Ak">mandatory conscription</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:682" href="#fn:682">682</a> unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:683" href="#fn:683">683</a> Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:684" href="#fn:684">684</a>
According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:685" href="#fn:685">685</a> By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. These refugees were twice as likely to have a college degree as the Czech population as a whole.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:686" href="#fn:686">686</a> Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:687" href="#fn:687">687</a> The EU invoked the <a href="/facts/Temporary_Protection_Directive/W264uQR2">Temporary Protection Directive</a> for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:688" href="#fn:688">688</a> Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years with broadly similar entitlements as the EU, three years residency and access to state welfare and services.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:689" href="#fn:689">689</a>
According to the <a href="/facts/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe/Lo5lUrA6">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:690" href="#fn:690">690</a> The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of <a href="/facts/Forced_displacement/lKjCS4R2">forcibly moving</a> civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to <a href="/facts/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union/IUJ4kJTb">Soviet-era population transfers</a> and Russian actions in the <a href="/facts/Chechen_War_of_Independence/cs7KtF0x">Chechen War of Independence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:691" href="#fn:691">691</a> For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:692" href="#fn:692">692</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:693" href="#fn:693">693</a> <a href="/facts/RIA_Novosti/CFYyN7sJ">RIA Novosti</a> and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:694" href="#fn:694">694</a> from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:695" href="#fn:695">695</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:696" href="#fn:696">696</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:697" href="#fn:697">697</a>

<h3>Long-term demographic effects</h3>

Both <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_Russia/oVSbfjHN">Russia</a> and <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_Ukraine/aHBzVJXC">Ukraine</a> faced the prospect of significant <a href="/facts/Population_decline/PyqymDSt">population decline</a> even before the war, having among the lowest fertility rates worldwide and considerable emigration. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:698" href="#fn:698">698</a> Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:699" href="#fn:699">699</a>
Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis, making significant shrinking very likely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:700" href="#fn:700">700</a> A July 2023 study by the <a href="/facts/The_Vienna_Institute_for_International_Economic_Studies/XUJ1de4x">Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies</a> stated that,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:701" href="#fn:701">701</a>

<blockquote>regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching.</blockquote>
The study took different scenarios, from a "best case" (end of the war in 2023 without much further escalation) to a "worst case" (end of the war in 2025 with further escalation) into account. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair the conditions for reconstruction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:702" href="#fn:702">702</a>

The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower <a href="/facts/Birth_rate/t7GJHp2x">birth rates</a> and war-related casualties further deepened the <a href="/facts/Demographic_crisis_of_Russia/0ISUcqh3">demographic crisis of Russia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:703" href="#fn:703">703</a> Many commentators predict that the situation will be worse than during the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:704" href="#fn:704">704</a> The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:705" href="#fn:705">705</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:706" href="#fn:706">706</a>
Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of <a href="/facts/Russian_emigration_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/2urnBBWD">Russians have emigrated</a>; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:707" href="#fn:707">707</a> Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict, and Putin's time in office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:708" href="#fn:708">708</a>
According to BBC:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:709" href="#fn:709">709</a>

<blockquote>They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities.</blockquote>
According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called <a href="/facts/Brain_drain/ISXuNRE2">brain drain</a>, out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:710" href="#fn:710">710</a> According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:711" href="#fn:711">711</a>
In November 2023, at the <a href="/facts/World_Russian_People%2527s_Council/ea8G8Euv">World Russian People's Council</a>, Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children amid increasing Russian casualties in the invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:712" href="#fn:712">712</a>
In July 2024, <a href="/facts/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)/A3n11YnV">Chief of the General Staff</a> of the British Army <a href="/facts/Roland_Walker/m7CtYtxp">Roland Walker</a> said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:713" href="#fn:713">713</a> He said there are "no winners" in Russia's invasion, adding "it is an utter devastation for both sides and lost generations."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:714" href="#fn:714">714</a>

<h3>Environmental impact</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Environmental_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/S7R1CSXC">Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>

Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the <a href="/facts/Yale_School_of_the_Environment/jECpMTGc">Yale School of the Environment</a>, some 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:715" href="#fn:715">715</a> Around 30% of Ukraine's land is now littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:716" href="#fn:716">716</a>
According to Netherlands-based peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:717" href="#fn:717">717</a> In early June 2023, the <a href="/facts/Kakhovka_Dam/GSHocYdH">Kakhovka Dam</a>, under Russian occupation, <a href="/facts/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam/uSPzbvtn">was damaged</a>, causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:718" href="#fn:718">718</a>
The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as <a href="/facts/Ecocide/BqxtRg16">ecocide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:719" href="#fn:719">719</a> The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:720" href="#fn:720">720</a> Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures (<a href="/facts/Heidi_Hautala/RBb86dCy">Heidi Hautala</a>, <a href="/facts/Margot_Wallstrom/UtIVLRHn">Margot Wallstrom</a>, <a href="/facts/Mary_Robinson/6vf6KTYS">Mary Robinson</a> and <a href="/facts/Greta_Thunberg/YJ5sQfhW">Greta Thunberg</a>) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:721" href="#fn:721">721</a>
According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:722" href="#fn:722">722</a>
The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted <a href="/facts/Climate_policy/7G3Bgq94">climate policy</a> all over the world and increased CO2 emissions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:723" href="#fn:723">723</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:724" href="#fn:724">724</a> The effects have been strongly felt in Asia,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:725" href="#fn:725">725</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:726" href="#fn:726">726</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:727" href="#fn:727">727</a> Europe,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:728" href="#fn:728">728</a>
and the US.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:729" href="#fn:729">729</a> <a href="/facts/Fatih_Birol/BySe3hb3">Fatih Birol</a>, the head of the <a href="/facts/International_Energy_Agency/HErEraSy">International Energy Agency</a> talking about the prospects of <a href="/facts/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference/1SeDaftS">COP 28</a> noted:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:730" href="#fn:730">730</a>

<blockquote>... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the <a href="/facts/Russo-Ukrainian_War/kE7cHvoQ">war in Ukraine</a>, and still frosty relations between the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">US</a> and <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of <a href="/facts/International_cooperation/nSgHsg8m">international cooperation</a>.</blockquote>
<h4>Nuclear risk</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Nuclear_risk_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/IkF0k1M3">Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>

Throughout the war, Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain <a href="/facts/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/IKsGYTxa">"red lines"</a> were to be crossed. By 2024, most of the <a href="/facts/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/IKsGYTxa">Russian government's "red lines"</a> had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:731" href="#fn:731">731</a>
Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use <a href="/facts/Tactical_nuclear_weapon/z1M5ekhB">tactical nuclear weapons</a> against Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:732" href="#fn:732">732</a> In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:733" href="#fn:733">733</a> In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:734" href="#fn:734">734</a>
The invasion had an <a href="/facts/Impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_on_nuclear_power_plants/wyJINUGb">impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants</a>. Russian forces <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Chernobyl/abMBhTqu">captured Chernobyl</a> on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:735" href="#fn:735">735</a> Russia also captured <a href="/facts/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant/bLzaeaID">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant</a>, the largest in Europe, and which has since <a href="/facts/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant_crisis/lENPYy0j">been at risk</a> and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian <a href="/facts/Nuclear_terrorism/b1PUoPdB">nuclear terror</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:736" href="#fn:736">736</a> The <a href="/facts/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency/o84JrwQ7">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:737" href="#fn:737">737</a>

<h3>Economic impact</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/CEelVs7t">Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
<h4>Ukraine</h4>
<a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Economy_(Ukraine)/BYYaAVUh">Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade</a> <a href="/facts/Yulia_Svyrydenko/8ewrAaYB">Yulia Svyrydenko</a> announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their <a href="/facts/Gross_domestic_product/zQRgyFKc">gross domestic product</a> (GDP).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:738" href="#fn:738">738</a> The <a href="/facts/International_Monetary_Fund/tPSTWWS4">International Monetary Fund</a> predicted that Ukraine's GDP would suffer a decrease from a minimum of 10% to a maximum of 35%;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:739" href="#fn:739">739</a> the <a href="/facts/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development/dXGW7vHH">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> also predicted that the invasion would cause a 20% decrease of Ukraine's GDP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:740" href="#fn:740">740</a> The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:741" href="#fn:741">741</a>
Ukraine began issuing <a href="/facts/War_bond/hoHxtHeM">war bonds</a> on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:742" href="#fn:742">742</a> A ban was placed in May 2022 by the European Commission on grain sales in the countries of: Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries with the ban being lifted in September 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:743" href="#fn:743">743</a>
The war has caused a major <a href="/facts/Humanitarian_crisis/Y09Sjn81">humanitarian crisis</a> in Ukraine: the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Development_Programme/y3gpXUHD">United Nations Development Programme</a> calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:744" href="#fn:744">744</a>

<h4>Russia</h4>
The Russian economic ministry said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:745" href="#fn:745">745</a> and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:746" href="#fn:746">746</a>
A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the <a href="/facts/G7/P5xVoq5y">Group of 7</a> (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:747" href="#fn:747">747</a> The United States banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:748" href="#fn:748">748</a> The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:749" href="#fn:749">749</a> Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included <a href="/facts/Five_Eyes/7lnSYxYh">Five Eyes</a> partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:750" href="#fn:750">750</a> Russia itself issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, before being lifted on 6 October.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:751" href="#fn:751">751</a>
On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning increases in personal income taxes and corporate taxes to help pay for the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:752" href="#fn:752">752</a>
In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the extremely large costs of the war. In addition to the official Russian government <a href="/facts/Military_budget_of_Russia/hGQsNL9j">defense budget</a>—direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:753" href="#fn:753">753</a> with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed to fund the war with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:754" href="#fn:754">754</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:755" href="#fn:755">755</a>

<h2 id="peace-efforts">Peace efforts</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/wSHURsb5">Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>

Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February, 3 March, and 7 March 2022, on the <a href="/facts/Belarus%25E2%2580%2593Ukraine_border/0XEzuTr3">Belarus–Ukraine border</a>, with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:756" href="#fn:756">756</a> The talks ended without agreement.

In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for <a href="/facts/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/UF9ts5mK">war crimes</a>, and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep <a href="/facts/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine/VEVwzA5o">all the land it occupied</a>, that it be given all of the <a href="/facts/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk%2c_Kherson%2c_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts/oRvCyWz9">provinces that it claims</a> but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:757" href="#fn:757">757</a> According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would "reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:758" href="#fn:758">758</a> They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its <a href="/facts/Russian_neo-imperialism/l12PCcT3">imperialist</a> campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbors, and embolden other expansionist regimes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:759" href="#fn:759">759</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:760" href="#fn:760">760</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:761" href="#fn:761">761</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:762" href="#fn:762">762</a>
After <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine.

Further information: <a href="/facts/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/wSHURsb5">Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine § 2025 developments</a>
<h2 id="international-reactions">International reactions</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/s8r3LfAS">Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/MgWn38vN">Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>

The invasion received widespread international condemnation from <a href="/facts/Government_and_intergovernmental_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/FuCK0qSM">governments and intergovernmental organisations</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:763" href="#fn:763">763</a> On 2 March 2022 and on 23 February 2023, 141 <a href="/facts/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations/rpx3f10b">member states</a> of the <a href="/facts/UN_General_Assembly/pNDmCu8X">UN General Assembly</a> voted for a resolution saying that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, voted against the measure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:764" href="#fn:764">764</a> Political reactions to the invasion included <a href="/facts/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/d0u8NYcB">new sanctions imposed on Russia</a>, which triggered <a href="/facts/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/CEelVs7t">widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:765" href="#fn:765">765</a> Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports to non-sanctioning countries such as India, rely more on <a href="/facts/Liquefied_natural_gas/HIm7BbAl">LNG</a> (which was not subject to European Union sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:766" href="#fn:766">766</a> Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:767" href="#fn:767">767</a>
Over 70 sovereign states and the European Union delivered <a href="/facts/List_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/DzhRdXSP">humanitarian aid</a> to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided <a href="/facts/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/uMeDkHSE">military aid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:768" href="#fn:768">768</a> Economic sanctions included a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:769" href="#fn:769">769</a> a <a href="/facts/SWIFT_ban_against_Russian_banks/yYfUoNIM">ban of certain Russian banks from the SWIFT international payments system</a>, and a ban on certain Russian media outlets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:770" href="#fn:770">770</a> Reactions to the invasion have included public response, media responses, <a href="/facts/2022_Russia%25E2%2580%2593Ukraine_peace_negotiations/wSHURsb5">peace efforts</a>, and the examination of the <a href="/facts/Legality_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/zc69hPC2">legal implications of the invasion</a>.
Some countries, particularly in the <a href="/facts/Global_North_and_Global_South/TtdsSbKh">Global South</a>, saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of <a href="/facts/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States/LqGcw96t">US foreign policy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:771" href="#fn:771">771</a> Protests and demonstrations were held worldwide, including some <a href="/facts/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia/je0gy40A">in Russia</a> and <a href="/facts/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine/poAe9aWl">parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:772" href="#fn:772">772</a> Calls for <a href="/facts/2022_boycott_of_Russia_and_Belarus/e4FLyfjA">a boycott of Russian goods</a> spread on social media platforms,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:773" href="#fn:773">773</a> while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:774" href="#fn:774">774</a> <a href="/facts/Anti-Russian_sentiment/LSYDnv2s">Anti-Russian sentiment</a> against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:775" href="#fn:775">775</a> In March 2022, Russian President Putin introduced <a href="/facts/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws/5MT35Qf7">prison sentences of up to 15 years</a> for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:776" href="#fn:776">776</a> intended to suppress any criticism related to the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:777" href="#fn:777">777</a>
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:778" href="#fn:778">778</a>
A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a <a href="/facts/State_sponsor_of_terrorism/ToD07tbw">state sponsor of terrorism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:779" href="#fn:779">779</a> By October 2022, three countries—Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia—had declared Russia a <a href="/facts/State_terrorism/lyK1BrFm">terrorist state</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:780" href="#fn:780">780</a> On 1 August 2023, <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a> became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion of Ukraine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:781" href="#fn:781">781</a>
The invasion prompted Ukraine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:782" href="#fn:782">782</a> <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a> and <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a> to officially apply for NATO membership.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:783" href="#fn:783">783</a> Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:784" href="#fn:784">784</a> followed by Sweden on 7 March 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:785" href="#fn:785">785</a>
A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, <a href="/facts/20_Days_in_Mariupol/5TS52gFw">20 Days in Mariupol</a>, won the <a href="/facts/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature_Film/sS7YHW8w">Oscar for best documentary</a> in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:786" href="#fn:786">786</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>2020s portal</li><li>Current events portal</li><li>Europe portal</li><li>Politics portal</li><li>Russia portal</li><li>Ukraine portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_invasions_in_the_21st_century/swKfjygG">List of invasions in the 21st century</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/2020s_in_military_history/VjaoH505">2020s in military history</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Democracy_in_Europe/xJ7tBSVu">Democracy in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Elections_in_Russia/0C9xUEEe">Elections in Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Elections_in_Ukraine/9dDV7p14">Elections in Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union/zQXESajL">List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe/PVksojKg">List of conflicts in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_interstate_wars_since_1945/HVfshW6l">List of interstate wars since 1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts/QqctpTVV">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine/e7zHUsNS">List of wars between Russia and Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_wars%3a_2003%25E2%2580%2593present/buT6r4RG">List of wars: 2003–present</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Russian_emigration_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/2urnBBWD">Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/IKsGYTxa">Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Paul_D%2527Anieri/RzxurKTA">D'Anieri, Paul</a> (23 March 2023). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASysEAAAQBAJ">Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-009-31550-0. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1350843759">1350843759</a>.
<ul><li>D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs6vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-108-48609-5 – via <a href="/facts/Google_Books/lnGRMWXs">Google Books</a>.</li></ul></li>
<li>Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74ebEAAAQBAJ">Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution</a>. Hurst Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-80526-003-5.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peter_Wallensteen/N7Mz9B36">Wallensteen, Peter</a> (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution. Los Angeles: <a href="/facts/Sage_Publishing/myamBVEB">SAGE</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781529613209. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1370602224">1370602224</a>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://unric.org/en/the-un-and-the-war-in-ukraine-key-information/">The UN and the war in Ukraine</a> at the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/library/library-blog/posts/think-tank-reports-on-the-invasion-of-ukraine/">Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine</a> at the <a href="/facts/Council_of_the_European_Union/xlE6rYKb">Council of the European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="https://news.google.com/topics/CAAqLAgKIiZDQkFTRmdvTkwyY3ZNVEZ5Y0dSaWNXcDZjeElGWlc0dFIwSW9BQVAB">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> at <a href="/facts/Google_News/YHSEYXK6">Google News</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-updates">Ukraine conflict updates</a> at the <a href="/facts/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War/SGQ4khcp">Institute for the Study of War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36a7f6a6f5a9448496de641cf64bd375">Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine</a> at the <a href="/facts/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War/SGQ4khcp">Institute for the Study of War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/733fe90805894bfc8562d90b106aa895">Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine</a> at the <a href="/facts/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War/SGQ4khcp">Institute for the Study of War</a></li>
<li>G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-battlefield-woes-ukraine">"Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine"</a>. CSIS. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:2">Ramani 2023, p. 74. - Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74ebEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=74ebEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">D'Anieri 2023, p. i; 98. - D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0. OCLC 1350843759. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASysEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ASysEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Roth, Andrew (17 December 2021). "Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 June 2025. Retrieved 5 January 2025. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250618172507/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/17/russia-issues-list-demands-tensions-europe-ukraine-nato" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20250618172507/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/17/russia-issues-list-demands-tensions-europe-ukraine-nato</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Marples, David R. (3 July 2022). "Russia's war goals in Ukraine". Revue Canadienne des Slavistes. 64 (2–3): 207–219. doi:10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837. ISSN 0008-5006. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 18 May 2025. Retrieved 15 December 2024. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hinton" target="_blank">/wiki/Alexander_Hinton</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Al Jazeera Staff. "'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 6 April 2025. Retrieved 15 December 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250406034718/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putins-speech-declaring-war-on-ukraine-translated-excerpts" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20250406034718/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putins-speech-declaring-war-on-ukraine-translated-excerpts</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">melvin, Neil. "Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia". Royal United Services Institute. Archived from the original on 25 May 2025. Retrieved 15 December 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250525092801/https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/nationalist-and-imperial-thinking-define-putins-vision-russia" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20250525092801/https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/nationalist-and-imperial-thinking-define-putins-vision-russia</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Brumme, Christoph. "In der Ukraine kämpft Russland um Rohstoffe". n-tv.de (in German). Retrieved 6 December 2024. <a href="https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Der-Krieg-gegen-die-Ukraine-ist-fuer-Russland-ein-Kampf-um-Rohstoffe-article25032685.html" target="_blank">https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Der-Krieg-gegen-die-Ukraine-ist-fuer-Russland-ein-Kampf-um-Rohstoffe-article25032685.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Aris, Ben (14 January 2025). "Russia's Hidden War Debt Creates a Looming Credit Crisis". Moscow Times. Retrieved 24 January 2025. <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/01/14/russias-hidden-war-debt-creates-a-looming-credit-crisis-a87606" target="_blank">https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/01/14/russias-hidden-war-debt-creates-a-looming-credit-crisis-a87606</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Hrazhdan, Olena (15 January 2025). "Russia's Preferential Defense Loans a Ticking Bomb for Moscow's Economy". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 24 January 2025. <a href="https://www.kyivpost.com/post/45424" target="_blank">https://www.kyivpost.com/post/45424</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Etkind, Alexander (2022). "Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences". Journal of Genocide Research. 25 (3–4). Taylor & Francis: 1–19. doi:10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911. S2CID 249527690. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" target="_blank">/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">McGlynn, Jade (23 April 2024). "Russia Is Committing Cultural Genocide in Ukraine". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 4 July 2024. <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/23/russia-ukraine-cultural-genocide-looting-indoctrination-deporatation/" target="_blank">https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/23/russia-ukraine-cultural-genocide-looting-indoctrination-deporatation/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Stavljanin, Dragan (2 April 2024). "Genocide Scholar: 'I Do Think that Russia's Violence in Ukraine is Genocidal'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved 4 July 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250622040322/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-genocide-ukraine-scholar-war-crimes-prosecution-hague/32888386.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20250622040322/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-genocide-ukraine-scholar-war-crimes-prosecution-hague/32888386.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Richardson, Jon (11 March 2024). "Unmarked graves, violent repression and cultural erasure: the devastating human toll of Russia's invasion of Ukraine". The Conversation. Retrieved 6 July 2024. <a href="https://theconversation.com/unmarked-graves-violent-repression-and-cultural-erasure-the-devastating-human-toll-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-223337" target="_blank">https://theconversation.com/unmarked-graves-violent-repression-and-cultural-erasure-the-devastating-human-toll-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-223337</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Budjeryn, Mariana. "Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2025. Retrieved 6 March 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250513084856/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Issue%20Brief%20No%203--The%20Breach--Final4.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20250513084856/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Issue%20Brief%20No%203--The%20Breach--Final4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document'". The Day. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF). DTRA History Series. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224163240/http://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/assurances-without-guarantees-shelved-document" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210224163240/http://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/assurances-without-guarantees-shelved-document</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Istanbul Document 1999". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 19 November 1999. p. 3 (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015. <a href="https://www.osce.org/node/39569" target="_blank">https://www.osce.org/node/39569</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Person, Robert; McFaul, Michael (April 2022). "What Putin Fears Most". Journal of Democracy. 33 (2): 18–27. doi:10.1353/jod.2022.0015. ISSN 1045-5736. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024. <a href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/what-putin-fears-most/#f8" target="_blank">https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/what-putin-fears-most/#f8</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"France 3 Interview, 7 May 2005" <a href="http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22952" target="_blank">http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22952</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Kaas, Kaarel (2009). "The Russian Bear on the Warpath Against Georgia". International Centre for Defense Studies. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629170100/https://www.icds.ee/publications/article/the-russian-bear-on-the-warpath-against-georgia/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170629170100/https://www.icds.ee/publications/article/the-russian-bear-on-the-warpath-against-georgia/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">D'Anieri 2023, p. 136. - D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0. OCLC 1350843759. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASysEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ASysEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration". Kyiv Post. 22 February 2013. <a href="https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/parliament-passes-statement-on-ukraines-aspirations-for-european-integration-320792.html" target="_blank">https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/parliament-passes-statement-on-ukraines-aspirations-for-european-integration-320792.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"European Union Committee - Sixth Report: The EU and Russia: before and beyond the crisis in Ukraine". publications.parliament.uk. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2025. <a href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldselect/ldeucom/115/11508.htm" target="_blank">https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldselect/ldeucom/115/11508.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Walker, Shaun (22 September 2013). "Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274.
 <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/ukraine-european-union-trade-russia" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/ukraine-european-union-trade-russia</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Traynor, Ian; Grytsenko, Oksana (21 November 2013). "Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail". The Guardian. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/21/ukraine-suspends-preparations-eu-trade-pact" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/21/ukraine-suspends-preparations-eu-trade-pact</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych". BBC News. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26304842" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26304842</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Salem, Harriet; Walker, Shaun; Harding, Luke (27 February 2014). "Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building". The Guardian. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/27/crimean-parliament-seized-by-unknown-pro-russian-gunmen" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/27/crimean-parliament-seized-by-unknown-pro-russian-gunmen</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea". BBC News. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26713727" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26713727</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot". BBC News. 9 March 2015. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-31796226" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-31796226</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Plokhy, Serhii (9 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-1-324-05120-6. ... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ... <a href="978-1-324-05120-6" target="_blank">978-1-324-05120-6</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Žalimas, Dainius (14 March 2017). "Lessons of World War II and the Annexation of Crimea". International Comparative Jurisprudence. 3 (1): 25–36. doi:10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003. ISSN 2351-6674. <a href="https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/4559" target="_blank">https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/4559</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine". The Moscow Times. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2020. <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/11/21/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine-a41598" target="_blank">https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/11/21/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine-a41598</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, eds. (2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–140. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2022. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/16/annexation-of-crimea-a-masterclass-in-political-manipulation" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/16/annexation-of-crimea-a-masterclass-in-political-manipulation</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement". Reuters. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible'". The Guardian. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
 <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-tanks-exclusive-idUSKCN0IC1GE20141023" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-tanks-exclusive-idUSKCN0IC1GE20141023</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016)" (PDF). International Criminal Court. 14 November 2016. pp. 33–38. <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible" (PDF). European Court of Human Rights. 25 January 2023. <a href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=003-7550165-10372782&filename=Grand%20Chamber%20decision%20Ukraine%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20v.%20Russia%20-%20Flight%20MH17%20and%20eastern-Ukraine-conflict%20case%20partially%20admissible,%20will%20proceed%20to%20judgment.pdf" target="_blank">https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=003-7550165-10372782&filename=Grand%20Chamber%20decision%20Ukraine%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20v.%20Russia%20-%20Flight%20MH17%20and%20eastern-Ukraine-conflict%20case%20partially%20admissible,%20will%20proceed%20to%20judgment.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"Ukraine declares Russian 'occupation' in eastern region". Al Jazeera. 18 January 2018. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/1/18/ukraine-declares-russian-occupation-in-eastern-region" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/1/18/ukraine-declares-russian-occupation-in-eastern-region</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Socor, Vladimir (24 March 2014). "Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism". Vol. 11, no. 56. Eurasia Daily Monitor. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Socor" target="_blank">/wiki/Vladimir_Socor</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Kimmage, Michael (2024). Collisions: The Origins of the War in Ukraine and the New Global Instability. Oxford University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:65">Margolina, Sonja (23 March 2024). "Russlands Appetit auf die ukrainischen Rohstoffe für die E-Zukunft". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829. Retrieved 6 December 2024. <a href="https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/russlands-appetit-auf-die-ukrainischen-rohstoffe-fuer-die-e-zukunft-ld.1821818" target="_blank">https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/russlands-appetit-auf-die-ukrainischen-rohstoffe-fuer-die-e-zukunft-ld.1821818</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Brumme, Christoph. "In der Ukraine kämpft Russland um Rohstoffe". n-tv.de (in German). Retrieved 6 December 2024. <a href="https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Der-Krieg-gegen-die-Ukraine-ist-fuer-Russland-ein-Kampf-um-Rohstoffe-article25032685.html" target="_blank">https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Der-Krieg-gegen-die-Ukraine-ist-fuer-Russland-ein-Kampf-um-Rohstoffe-article25032685.html</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Brumme, Christoph (28 January 2024). "Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsfähig". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829. Retrieved 6 December 2024. <a href="https://www.nzz.ch/meinung/des-kremls-uebersehene-kriegsgruende-der-dysfunktionale-russische-staat-kann-im-friedlichen-wettbewerb-mit-anderen-laendern-schlicht-nicht-mithalten-ld.1775119" target="_blank">https://www.nzz.ch/meinung/des-kremls-uebersehene-kriegsgruende-der-dysfunktionale-russische-staat-kann-im-friedlichen-wettbewerb-mit-anderen-laendern-schlicht-nicht-mithalten-ld.1775119</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (15 April 2021). "The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis". Wilson Center.
Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border". CNN.
 <a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/russian-military-buildup-ukraines-border-expert-analysis" target="_blank">https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/russian-military-buildup-ukraines-border-expert-analysis</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). "Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean". Task & Purpose. North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022. [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents.
 <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russia-ukraine-invasion/2021/12/03/98a3760e-546b-11ec-8769-2f4ecdf7a2ad_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russia-ukraine-invasion/2021/12/03/98a3760e-546b-11ec-8769-2f4ecdf7a2ad_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack". The Washington Post. Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka (Associated Press). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022. On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/ukraine-russia-denials/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/ukraine-russia-denials/</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022. Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.' <a href="https://www.factcheck.org/2022/02/russian-rhetoric-ahead-of-attack-against-ukraine-deny-deflect-mislead/" target="_blank">https://www.factcheck.org/2022/02/russian-rhetoric-ahead-of-attack-against-ukraine-deny-deflect-mislead/</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). "Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný'" [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022. Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. [Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.] <a href="https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/jevhen-perebyjnis-alexandr-zmejevskij-velvyslanec-rusko-ukrajina.A220307_095550_domaci_klf" target="_blank">https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/jevhen-perebyjnis-alexandr-zmejevskij-velvyslanec-rusko-ukrajina.A220307_095550_domaci_klf</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:74">"2021 trends and observations" (PDF). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2025. Retrieved 6 March 2025. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250529002311/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/a/511327.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20250529002311/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/a/511327.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Düben, Björn Alexander (8 September 2023). "Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood". LSE Public Policy Review. 3 (1). doi:10.31389/lseppr.86. <a href="https://doi.org/10.31389%2Flseppr.86" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.31389%2Flseppr.86</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'". The Kremlin. Government of Russia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" target="_blank">/wiki/Vladimir_Putin</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:78">Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine". Thinking about... (newsletter). Substack. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022. Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" target="_blank">/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021. fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there.
Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite". The Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2023. Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader.
Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?". Royal United Services Institute. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022. Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD.
 <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/putins-ukraine-rhetoric-driven-by-distorted-view-of-neighbour" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/putins-ukraine-rhetoric-driven-by-distorted-view-of-neighbour</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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 <a href="https://fortune.com/2022/03/14/ukraine-russia-death-tolls-misinformation-find-your-own/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2022/03/14/ukraine-russia-death-tolls-misinformation-find-your-own/</a> <a href="#fnref:554" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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"As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say". The New York Times. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022. The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined.
 <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/26/ukraine-deaths-casualties/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/26/ukraine-deaths-casualties/</a> <a href="#fnref:558" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:561">Regan, Helen; Kottasová, Ivana; Haq, Sana Noor; Khalil, Hafsa; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (16 June 2022). "Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister". CNN. Retrieved 15 September 2022. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-06-16-22#h_255010f04309b11df83acfffc6a47042" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-06-16-22#h_255010f04309b11df83acfffc6a47042</a> <a href="#fnref:561" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:563">Yuhas, Alan (24 August 2022). "Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 September 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-toll.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-toll.html</a> <a href="#fnref:563" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:564">Shandra, Alya (30 August 2022). "87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 20 September 2022. <a href="https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/08/30/87000-killed-civilians-documented-in-occupied-mariupol-volunteer/" target="_blank">https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/08/30/87000-killed-civilians-documented-in-occupied-mariupol-volunteer/</a> <a href="#fnref:564" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:565">"Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies". Ukrinform. 4 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2023. <a href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3564256-mariupol-invaders-dont-bother-to-clear-residential-buildings-of-newly-discovered-bodies.html" target="_blank">https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3564256-mariupol-invaders-dont-bother-to-clear-residential-buildings-of-newly-discovered-bodies.html</a> <a href="#fnref:565" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:567">"'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers". The Japan Times. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023. Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say. <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/02/14/world/russia-invasion-of-ukraine-numbers/" target="_blank">https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/02/14/world/russia-invasion-of-ukraine-numbers/</a> <a href="#fnref:567" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:570">"Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death". AP News. 23 December 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2023. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-erasing-mariupol-499dceae43ed77f2ebfe750ea99b9ad9" target="_blank">https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-erasing-mariupol-499dceae43ed77f2ebfe750ea99b9ad9</a> <a href="#fnref:570" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:572">Human Rights Watch/SITU/Truth Hounds, "Our City Was Gone" Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine, p. 147: "Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks." <a href="https://www.hrw.org/feature/russia-ukraine-war-mariupol/report" target="_blank">https://www.hrw.org/feature/russia-ukraine-war-mariupol/report</a> <a href="#fnref:572" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:585">"Annual death rate from all causes, 1980 to 2021 — Ukraine". Our World in Data. Retrieved 13 October 2024. <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/age-standardized-deaths-from-all-causes?tab=chart&country=~UKR" target="_blank">https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/age-standardized-deaths-from-all-causes?tab=chart&country=~UKR</a> <a href="#fnref:585" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:586">"Country Comparisons — Death rate". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024. <a href="https://archive.today/20240913084439/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/death-rate/country-comparison/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20240913084439/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/death-rate/country-comparison/</a> <a href="#fnref:586" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:587">Nir Hasson (14 August 2024). "The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. <a href="https://archive.today/20240814234839/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-08-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-death-toll-in-gaza-is-bad-even-compared-to-the-wars-in-ukraine-iraq-and-myanmar/00000191-50c6-d6a2-a7dd-d1decf340000" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20240814234839/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-08-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-death-toll-in-gaza-is-bad-even-compared-to-the-wars-in-ukraine-iraq-and-myanmar/00000191-50c6-d6a2-a7dd-d1decf340000</a> <a href="#fnref:587" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:588">Stanley, Marcus (19 February 2025). "The Ukraine War After Three Years: Roads Not Taken". Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft. <a href="https://quincyinst.org/research/the-ukraine-war-after-three-years-roads-not-taken/#" target="_blank">https://quincyinst.org/research/the-ukraine-war-after-three-years-roads-not-taken/#</a> <a href="#fnref:588" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:589">Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 September 2024. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/one-million-are-now-dead-or-injured-in-the-russia-ukraine-war-b09d04e5" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/world/one-million-are-now-dead-or-injured-in-the-russia-ukraine-war-b09d04e5</a> <a href="#fnref:589" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:590">At least 174 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities. <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Foreign_civilians" target="_blank">/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Foreign_civilians</a> <a href="#fnref:590" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:591">"Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict. April 2025 update" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 8 May 2025. <a href="https://ukraine.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2025-05/Ukraine%20-%20protection%20of%20civilians%20in%20armed%20conflict%20%28April%20%202025%29_ENG.pdf" target="_blank">https://ukraine.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2025-05/Ukraine%20-%20protection%20of%20civilians%20in%20armed%20conflict%20%28April%20%202025%29_ENG.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:591" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:592">"Список жертв войны в российских регионах". 7x7. 1 August 2023. <a href="https://semnasem.org/articles/2023/08/01/spisok-zhertv-vojny-v-rossijskih-regionah" target="_blank">https://semnasem.org/articles/2023/08/01/spisok-zhertv-vojny-v-rossijskih-regionah</a> <a href="#fnref:592" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:593">"Важкі цифри: як сприймати нові дані про військові втрати – DW – 27.02.2024". dw.com (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 25 May 2024. <a href="https://www.dw.com/uk/vazki-cifri-ak-sprijnali-ukrainci-novi-dani-pro-vijskovi-vtrati/a-68381601" target="_blank">https://www.dw.com/uk/vazki-cifri-ak-sprijnali-ukrainci-novi-dani-pro-vijskovi-vtrati/a-68381601</a> <a href="#fnref:593" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:594">"Ukraine's losses in the war". UALosses. 21 May 2025. <a href="https://ualosses.org/en/soldiers/" target="_blank">https://ualosses.org/en/soldiers/</a> <a href="#fnref:594" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:595">Olga Ivshina (30 May 2025). "Растущее неравенство: что мы знаем о потерях российских регионов в Украине" [Growing Inequality: What We Know About Russian Regions' Losses in Ukraine]. BBC News Русская Служба [BBC Russian Service]. Retrieved 30 May 2025."Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated". Mediazona. 23 May 2025. Retrieved 23 May 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/cy4k7q1w35ko" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/cy4k7q1w35ko</a> <a href="#fnref:595" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:596">Olga Ivshina (30 May 2025). "Растущее неравенство: что мы знаем о потерях российских регионов в Украине" [Growing Inequality: What We Know About Russian Regions' Losses in Ukraine]. BBC News Русская Служба [BBC Russian Service]. Retrieved 30 May 2025."Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated". Mediazona. 23 May 2025. Retrieved 23 May 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/cy4k7q1w35ko" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/cy4k7q1w35ko</a> <a href="#fnref:596" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:597">See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Civilian_deaths" target="_blank">/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Civilian_deaths</a> <a href="#fnref:597" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:598">Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia,[558] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna.[559] <a href="#fnref:598" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:599">"Only the Establishment of a Just Peace and Holding the Aggressor to Account will Stop Russia's War Crimes in Ukraine – a Separate Discussion on the Humanitarian Dimension of the War Was Held at the Peace Summit". 17 June 2024. <a href="https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/lishe-vstanovlennya-spravedlivogo-miru-ta-prityagnennya-agre-91613" target="_blank">https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/lishe-vstanovlennya-spravedlivogo-miru-ta-prityagnennya-agre-91613</a> <a href="#fnref:599" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:600">"Over 16,000 Ukrainian civilians held captive in Russia – Ukraine's ombudsman". 16 December 2024. <a href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/12/16/7489343/" target="_blank">https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/12/16/7489343/</a> <a href="#fnref:600" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:601">The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024,[562] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022,[563] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. <a href="#fnref:601" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:602">"3,200 LPR civilians killed as a result of Kiev's aggression since 2014 - ombudsperson". lug-info.com. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023. <a href="https://lug-info.com/en/news/3-200-lpr-civilians-killed-as-a-result-of-kiev-s-aggression-since-2014-ombudsperson" target="_blank">https://lug-info.com/en/news/3-200-lpr-civilians-killed-as-a-result-of-kiev-s-aggression-since-2014-ombudsperson</a> <a href="#fnref:602" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:603">"Kiev artillery attacks claim 72 lives in LPR over year, 268 people wounded - ombudsperson". lug-info.com. 28 December 2023. <a href="https://lug-info.com/en/news/kiev-artillery-attacks-claim-72-lives-in-lpr-over-year-268-people-wounded-ombudsperson" target="_blank">https://lug-info.com/en/news/kiev-artillery-attacks-claim-72-lives-in-lpr-over-year-268-people-wounded-ombudsperson</a> <a href="#fnref:603" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:604">"Ukrainian Attacks Have Killed 600 Russian Civilians Since Full-Scale Invasion, Chief Investigator Claims". The Moscow Times. 19 May 2025. <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/05/19/ukrainian-attacks-have-killed-600-russian-civilians-since-full-scale-invasion-chief-investigator-claims-a89131" target="_blank">https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/05/19/ukrainian-attacks-have-killed-600-russian-civilians-since-full-scale-invasion-chief-investigator-claims-a89131</a> <a href="#fnref:604" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:605">The Moscow Times (28 May 2025). "Over 350 People Killed and Nearly 800 Still Missing in Kursk Region After Ukrainian Incursion, Prosecutor Says". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 28 May 2025. <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/05/27/over-350-people-killed-and-nearly-800-still-missing-in-kursk-region-after-ukrainian-incursion-prosecutor-says-a89232" target="_blank">https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/05/27/over-350-people-killed-and-nearly-800-still-missing-in-kursk-region-after-ukrainian-incursion-prosecutor-says-a89232</a> <a href="#fnref:605" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:606">Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 September 2024. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/one-million-are-now-dead-or-injured-in-the-russia-ukraine-war-b09d04e5" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/world/one-million-are-now-dead-or-injured-in-the-russia-ukraine-war-b09d04e5</a> <a href="#fnref:606" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:607">"How many Ukrainian soldiers have died?". The Economist. 26 November 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024. <a href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2024/11/26/how-many-ukrainian-soldiers-have-died" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2024/11/26/how-many-ukrainian-soldiers-have-died</a> <a href="#fnref:607" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:608">Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини. The New Voice of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2025. <a href="Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини" target="_blank">Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини</a> <a href="#fnref:608" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:609">Hodunova, Kateryna (17 February 2025). "Over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed since start of Russia's full-scale war, Zelensky says". The Kyiv Independent. <a href="https://kyivindependent.com/over-46-000-ukrainian-soldiers-killed-since-start-of-war-zelensky-says/" target="_blank">https://kyivindependent.com/over-46-000-ukrainian-soldiers-killed-since-start-of-war-zelensky-says/</a> <a href="#fnref:609" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:610">63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025.[571] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers,[572] which would be around 56,700. <a href="#fnref:610" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:611">"Ukrainians Tell of Brutal Russian Repression in Occupied Territories". The New York Times. 30 October 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/30/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-torture-abuse.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/30/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-torture-abuse.html</a> <a href="#fnref:611" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:612">"Russian losses near record highs, says UK intelligence". RBC-Ukraine. 3 May 2025. <a href="https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/russian-losses-near-record-highs-says-uk-1746264158.html" target="_blank">https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/russian-losses-near-record-highs-says-uk-1746264158.html</a> <a href="#fnref:612" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:613">Olga Ivshina (30 May 2025). "Растущее неравенство: что мы знаем о потерях российских регионов в Украине" [Growing Inequality: What We Know About Russian Regions' Losses in Ukraine]. BBC News Русская Служба [BBC Russian Service]. Retrieved 30 May 2025."Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated". Mediazona. 23 May 2025. Retrieved 23 May 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/cy4k7q1w35ko" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/cy4k7q1w35ko</a> <a href="#fnref:613" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:614">"War in Ukraine. Total Combat Losses of the Russian Forces for Day 1,215". Ukrainska Pravda. 22 June 2025. Retrieved 22 June 2025. <a href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/" target="_blank">https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/</a> <a href="#fnref:614" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:615">"Ukraine Sees Surge in Inquiries From Russian Families on Missing Soldiers". Moscow Times. 4 February 2025. <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/02/04/ukraine-sees-surge-in-inquiries-from-russian-families-on-missing-soldiers-a87855" target="_blank">https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/02/04/ukraine-sees-surge-in-inquiries-from-russian-families-on-missing-soldiers-a87855</a> <a href="#fnref:615" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:616">In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true.[577] However, Russia denied the reports.[578] <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" target="_blank">/wiki/North_Korea</a> <a href="#fnref:616" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:617">"About 600 North Korean soldiers killed in Russia's war against Ukraine, Seoul says". Euronews. 30 April 2025.Tong-Hyung, Kim (13 January 2025). "Seoul's spy agency says North Korean soldiers captured in Ukraine haven't shown desire to defect". Associated Press. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2025/04/30/about-600-north-korean-soldiers-killed-in-russias-war-against-ukraine-seoul-says" target="_blank">https://www.euronews.com/2025/04/30/about-600-north-korean-soldiers-killed-in-russias-war-against-ukraine-seoul-says</a> <a href="#fnref:617" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:618">"First reported deaths of North Korean soldiers fighting against Ukraine". The Guardian. 16 December 2024."30 North Korean soldiers killed, injured in Kursk Oblast assaults, Ukraine's intelligence claims". The Kyiv Independent. 16 December 2024. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/16/first-reported-deaths-of-north-korean-soldiers-fighting-against-ukraine" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/16/first-reported-deaths-of-north-korean-soldiers-fighting-against-ukraine</a> <a href="#fnref:618" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:619">"Chernihiv: Are these Russia's weapons of war?". BBC News. 9 April 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
 <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61036880" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61036880</a> <a href="#fnref:619" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:620">Cumming-Bruce, Nick (23 September 2022). "U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.
Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops". CNBC. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924015357/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-crimes-united-nations.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220924015357/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-crimes-united-nations.html</a> <a href="#fnref:620" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:621">"Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine" (PDF). Ukraine. 2 (1). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via United Nations Human Rights Council. <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/HRMMU_Update_2022-03-26_EN.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/HRMMU_Update_2022-03-26_EN.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:621" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:622">"Ukraine destruction: how the Guardian documented Russia's use of illegal weapons". The Guardian. 24 May 2022. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2023. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/24/ukraine-destruction-how-the-guardian-documented-russia-use-of-weapons" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/24/ukraine-destruction-how-the-guardian-documented-russia-use-of-weapons</a> <a href="#fnref:622" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:623">Cluster Munition Monitor 2022 (PDF). Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. ISBN 978-2-9701476-1-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via The Monitor. <a href="978-2-9701476-1-9" target="_blank">978-2-9701476-1-9</a> <a href="#fnref:623" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:624">"Deadliest civilian attacks in Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Reuters. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2025. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/deadliest-civilian-attacks-russias-invasion-ukraine-2023-10-05/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/deadliest-civilian-attacks-russias-invasion-ukraine-2023-10-05/</a> <a href="#fnref:624" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:625">"Russia was Preparing for a New Genocide of Ukrainians Long Before the Full-Scale Invasion, - Kyrylo Budanov". Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine. 23 November 2024. <a href="https://gur.gov.ua/en/content/do-novoho-henotsydu-ukraintsiv-rosiia-hotuvalas-zadovho-do-povnomasshtabnoho-vtorhnennia-kyrylo-budanov" target="_blank">https://gur.gov.ua/en/content/do-novoho-henotsydu-ukraintsiv-rosiia-hotuvalas-zadovho-do-povnomasshtabnoho-vtorhnennia-kyrylo-budanov</a> <a href="#fnref:625" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:626">"Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. December 2023 update" (PDF). ukraine.un.org. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Total civilians killed: 10,191; Killed in Ukrainian government-controlled territories: 7,967; Killed in Russian-occupied territories: 2,224. <a href="https://ukraine.un.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/Ukraine%20-%20protection%20of%20civilians%20in%20armed%20conflict%20%28December%202023%29_ENG_0.pdf" target="_blank">https://ukraine.un.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/Ukraine%20-%20protection%20of%20civilians%20in%20armed%20conflict%20%28December%202023%29_ENG_0.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:626" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:627">"Over 12,300 civilians killed since start of Ukraine war, UN says". Reuters. 8 January 2025. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/over-12300-civilians-killed-since-start-ukraine-war-un-says-2025-01-08/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/over-12300-civilians-killed-since-start-ukraine-war-un-says-2025-01-08/</a> <a href="#fnref:627" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:628">Hambling, David (11 October 2024). "Terrifying 'Human Safari' In Kherson As Russian Drones Hunt Civilians". Forbes. Retrieved 6 February 2025. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2024/10/11/terrifying-human-safari-in-kherson-as-russian-drones-hunt-civilians/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2024/10/11/terrifying-human-safari-in-kherson-as-russian-drones-hunt-civilians/</a> <a href="#fnref:628" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:629">Limaye, Yogita (31 October 2024). "Drone strikes on civilians suggest new Russian terror tactic in Ukraine". BBC News. Retrieved 6 February 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c207gz7key6o" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c207gz7key6o</a> <a href="#fnref:629" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:630">Horton, Alex; Korolchuk, Serhii (31 October 2024). "Russian drones hunt civilians in streets of southern Ukrainian city". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 February 2025. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/31/kherson-ukraine-russia-drone-attacks/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/31/kherson-ukraine-russia-drone-attacks/</a> <a href="#fnref:630" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:631">"UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder". OHCHR. 28 May 2025. Retrieved 29 May 2025. <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/un-commission-concludes-russian-armed-forces-drone-attacks-against-civilians" target="_blank">https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/un-commission-concludes-russian-armed-forces-drone-attacks-against-civilians</a> <a href="#fnref:631" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:680">"Ukraine". IDMC. Retrieved 15 May 2022. <a href="https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/ukraine" target="_blank">https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/ukraine</a> <a href="#fnref:680" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:681">"Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight". ABC News. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine". Mother Jones. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
 <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-26/thousands-flee-ukraine-into-eu-men-told-to-stay-and-fight/100863936" target="_blank">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-26/thousands-flee-ukraine-into-eu-men-told-to-stay-and-fight/100863936</a> <a href="#fnref:681" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:682">Carpenter, Charli (15 July 2022). "Civilian Men Are Trapped in Ukraine: Human rights and humanitarian NGOs should pay attention to Kyiv's sex-selective martial law". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
"Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights". The Conversation. 8 March 2022.
 <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/15/ukraine-war-conscription-martial-law-men-gender-human-rights/" target="_blank">https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/15/ukraine-war-conscription-martial-law-men-gender-human-rights/</a> <a href="#fnref:682" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:683">Tondo, Lorenzo (9 March 2022). "Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 March 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/mar/09/ukraine-urged-to-take-humane-approach-as-men-try-to-flee-war" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/mar/09/ukraine-urged-to-take-humane-approach-as-men-try-to-flee-war</a> <a href="#fnref:683" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:684">Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters. DW News. 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via YouTube.
"Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war". Atlantic Council. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqP5Yx57aeo" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqP5Yx57aeo</a> <a href="#fnref:684" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:685">"Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 23 July 2022. <a href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine" target="_blank">https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine</a> <a href="#fnref:685" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:686">Klimešová, Magdaléna; Šatava, Jiří; Ondruška, Michal (13 July 2022). "The situation of refugees from Ukraine". Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Czech Republic). Retrieved 28 February 2024. <a href="https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/library-document/situation-refugees-ukraine_en" target="_blank">https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/library-document/situation-refugees-ukraine_en</a> <a href="#fnref:686" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:687">"İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi" [Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war]. BBC (in Turkish). 22 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-60836830" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-60836830</a> <a href="#fnref:687" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:688">"How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?". BBC News. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60555472" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60555472</a> <a href="#fnref:688" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:689">"Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2022. <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/immigration-statistics-year-ending-june-2022/statistics-on-ukrainians-in-the-uk" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/immigration-statistics-year-ending-june-2022/statistics-on-ukrainians-in-the-uk</a> <a href="#fnref:689" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:690">Herb, Jeremy; Kaufman, Ellie; Atwood, Kylie (14 July 2022). "Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine". CNN. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
Subramaniam, Tara. "Russia's war in Ukraine". CNN. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
 <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/14/politics/osce-report-russia-war-crimes/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/14/politics/osce-report-russia-war-crimes/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:690" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:691">Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out". CNN. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
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<li id="fn:692">Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out". CNN. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
 <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/07/europe/ukraine-mariupol-russia-deportation-cmd-intl/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/07/europe/ukraine-mariupol-russia-deportation-cmd-intl/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:692" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:693">"Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city". BBC News. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63311744" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63311744</a> <a href="#fnref:693" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:694">Butchenko, Maksym (15 April 2022). "V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa" В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса [In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass]. NV.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
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Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). ""Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
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"Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
 <a href="В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев ДонбассаДенисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев"Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границахОккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек"Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцевРоссия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведкаВ Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — ДенисоваФото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев" target="_blank">В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев ДонбассаДенисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев"Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границахОккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек"Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцевРоссия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведкаВ Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — ДенисоваФото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев</a> <a href="#fnref:694" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:695">Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). "Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022. <a href="Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию" target="_blank">Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию</a> <a href="#fnref:695" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:696">"Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). 21 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
^"Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. LIGA (in Russian). 22 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022. <a href="Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – ДаниловПутин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов" target="_blank">Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – ДаниловПутин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов</a> <a href="#fnref:696" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:697">Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021.[649] <a href="#fnref:697" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:698">Margolina, Sonja (9 October 2023). "Nur wer fällt, hat richtig gelebt – Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine läuft immer mehr auf eine Säuberung der eigenen Gesellschaft hinaus". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2023. Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von über 40 Jahren Krieg gegeneinander geführt. [...] Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Kriegsindex von 0,7 miteinander die Waffen gekreuzt. <a href="https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/russlands-krieg-laeuft-auf-eine-soziale-saeuberung-der-gesellschaft-hinaus-ld.1758471" target="_blank">https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/russlands-krieg-laeuft-auf-eine-soziale-saeuberung-der-gesellschaft-hinaus-ld.1758471</a> <a href="#fnref:698" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:706">"Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse". The Economist. 4 March 2023. <a href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse</a> <a href="#fnref:706" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:708">Smith, Stacey Vanek (31 May 2023). "She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia". NPR.
"Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial". ORF (in German). 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
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 <a href="Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалисяУкраїнська правдаДеталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають." target="_blank">Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалисяУкраїнська правдаДеталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають.</a> <a href="#fnref:756" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Russian invasion of Ukraine open-in-new

Russian invasion of Ukraine