Ricky Ray Rector

<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2>
Rector was born and raised in <a href="/facts/Conway,_Arkansas/uyfUpl9q">Conway</a>, <a href="/facts/Arkansas/Qun124UP">Arkansas</a>, as the sixth of seven children to <a href="/facts/Steakhouse/Ig49YXfe">steakhouse</a> cook George Rector and college dorm maid Clyde Lee Rector. As a child, Rector was described as "different and strange", having no friends and keeping to himself, most often sitting under a tree to play with branches. Rector was physically abused by his father, who saw his son's languid behavior as defiance. Though normally introverted and docile, Rector would react violently if bothered, once stabbing his brother in the foot with a pair of scissors for taunting him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
By the time he entered junior high school, Rector possessed only third-grade level writing skills, which was later ascribed to an undiagnosed <a href="/facts/Learning_disability/HJoAq92N">learning disability</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> By age 17, Rector developed severe anger issues and regularly got into fights, reportedly due to a mix of insecurity about his poor academic performance, insults about his perceived lack of intelligence by classmates and abusive racial remarks from white townsfolk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
After Rector was expelled from school in tenth grade for fighting, he began working as a <a href="/facts/Blue-collar_worker/cyHTGEQD">blue-collar</a> laborer in construction, often shuffling between Conway and <a href="/facts/Detroit/S84s4PGo">Detroit</a>. Rector married during this timeframe and had several children, both from his wife and extramarital affairs. His criminal record included disorderly conduct, possession of marijuana with intent to sell, assault and battery, grand larceny, forgery, and assault with intent to kill; all charges either led to monetary fines or were dismissed with prejudice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="murders-and-trial">Murders and trial</h2>
On March 21, 1981, Rector and some friends drove to a dance hall at Tommy's Old-Fashioned Home-Style Restaurant in Conway. When one friend who could not pay the $3 cover charge was refused entry, Rector became incensed and pulled a <a href="/facts/.38_caliber/IEhA9QST">.38 caliber</a> pistol from his waist band. He fired several shots, killing 33-year-old Arthur D. Criswell, who died almost instantly after being struck in the throat and forehead, also wounding 52-year-old William Hervey and his 23-year-old son Charles. Rector left the scene of the murder in a friend's car and wandered the city for three days, staying in the woods or with relatives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
On March 24, Rector's sister convinced him to turn himself in. Rector agreed to surrender, but only to Robert Martin, a local police officer whom he had known since he was a child.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Martin arrived at Rector's mother's home shortly after 3 p.m. and chatted with Rector's mother and sister. Shortly thereafter, Rector arrived and greeted Martin. As Martin turned away to continue his conversation with Rector's mother, Rector drew his pistol from under his shirt and fired two shots into Martin, striking him in the jaw and neck. Martin became the first officer of the Conway Police Department to die in the line of duty.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Rector then turned and walked out of the house.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
Once he had walked past his mother's backyard, Rector put his gun to his own temple and fired. Rector was quickly discovered by other police officers and taken to the local hospital. The shot had destroyed Rector's <a href="/facts/Frontal_lobe/RvokInmf">frontal lobe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
Rector survived the suicide attempt and was put on trial for the first-degree murders of Criswell and Martin, as well as first-degree battery of the Herveys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> His defense attorneys argued that Rector was intellectually impaired and not competent to stand trial. However, after hearing conflicting testimony from several experts who had evaluated Rector, Judge George F. Hartje ruled that Rector was <a href="/facts/Competent_to_stand_trial/KtWN09Jl">competent to stand trial</a>. Rector was convicted on both counts and sentenced to death by the jury.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>

<h2 id="execution">Execution</h2>
Rector was subject to a unique overlap of controversies in 1992, during his execution in Arkansas. An oft-cited example of his mental insufficiency is his decision to save the <a href="/facts/Dessert/1u079DYI">dessert</a> from his last meal "for later," which would have been after his execution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> In 2002, the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States/rJHothwW">U.S. Supreme Court</a> banned the execution of people with intellectual disabilities in <a href="/facts/Atkins_v._Virginia/dFhQYg7J">Atkins v. Virginia</a>, ruling that the practice constitutes <a href="/facts/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment/yzda0D13">cruel and unusual punishment</a>.

<h3>Last meal</h3>
For his <a href="/facts/Last_meal/Eshw4VaQ">last meal</a>, Rector requested and received a steak, fried chicken, cherry <a href="/facts/Kool-Aid/l2jPgqxw">Kool-Aid</a>, and <a href="/facts/Pecan_pie/yrIhcA9o">pecan pie</a>. As noted above, Rector left the pie on the side of the tray, telling the corrections officers who came to take him to the execution chamber that he was "saving it for later."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> The slice of pecan pie was not disposed of until Rector had been executed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h3>Execution</h3>
Rector was executed by <a href="/facts/Lethal_injection/Ckyz8Nvg">lethal injection</a>. It took medical staff more than fifty minutes to find a suitable vein.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The curtain remained closed between Rector and the witnesses, but some reported they could hear Rector moaning. The administrator of the State Department of Corrections Medical Program said "the moans did come as a team of two medical people—that had grown to five—worked on both sides of his body to find a vein. That may have contributed to his occasional outbursts." The state later attributed the difficulty in finding a suitable vein to Rector's great weight and to his having been administered an <a href="/facts/Antipsychotic/7bNTg7T3">antipsychotic</a> medication.
Rector was the third person executed by the state of Arkansas since <a href="/facts/Furman_v._Georgia/wdh4aXhq">Furman v. Georgia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> after new capital punishment laws were passed in Arkansas, which came into force on March 23, 1973.

<h3>Role in 1992 presidential campaign</h3>
By 1992, <a href="/facts/Bill_Clinton/x5mwYkVh">Bill Clinton</a> was insisting that Democrats "should no longer feel guilty about protecting the innocent" and indicated his support of <a href="/facts/Capital_punishment/4pbmeUIb">capital punishment</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> To make his point, he flew home to Arkansas mid-campaign to affirm that the execution would continue as scheduled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Some pundits considered it a turning point in that race, hardening a soft public image.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Others tend to cite the execution as an example of what they perceive to be Clinton's <a href="/facts/Opportunism/qptXwd8K">opportunism</a>, directly influenced by the <a href="/facts/Michael_Dukakis_presidential_campaign,_1988/KqmSIUJt">failed presidential campaign</a> of <a href="/facts/Michael_Dukakis/kdeDPA70">Michael Dukakis</a>, who was labeled by <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republicans</a> as too soft on crime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
Clinton's critics from the anti-capital punishment sector have seen the case of Rector as an unpleasant example of what they view as Clinton's cynical <a href="/facts/Careerism/9qDTC8Xp">careerism</a>. The writer <a href="/facts/Christopher_Hitchens/6pafsKgF">Christopher Hitchens</a>, in particular, devotes much of a chapter of his book on Clinton, <a href="/facts/No_One_Left_to_Lie_To/7h8CHVYQ">No One Left to Lie To</a>, to what he regards as the immorality of the then Democratic candidate's decision to condone, and take political advantage of, Rector's execution. Hitchens argues that among other actions, Clinton was attempting to deflect attention from the ongoing <a href="/facts/Gennifer_Flowers/yKL79Cdu">Gennifer Flowers</a> sex scandal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Capital_punishment_in_Arkansas/dGT4Dsc5">Capital punishment in Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States/D3YCzcrL">Capital punishment in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_people_executed_in_Arkansas/IK85bwHS">List of people executed in Arkansas</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Ricky Ray Rector, Appellant, v. Steve Clark, Attorney General, State of Arkansas; And, A.l.lockhart, Director of Arkansas Department Of correction, Appellees, 923 F.2d 570 Justia (United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit January 2, 1991). <a href="http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/923/570/127863/" target="_blank">http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/923/570/127863/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">RECTOR v. BRYANT 501 U.S. 1239 115 L.Ed.2d 1038 Archived 2018-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Supreme Court, 24 June 1991. Retrieved December 9, 2013. <a href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/501/1239.html" target="_blank">https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/501/1239.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Bright, Stephen B. "Capital Punishment: Race, Poverty & Disadvantage" (PDF). Yale Campus Press. Yale Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015. <a href="http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf" target="_blank">http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Robinson, Nathan J. (November 2016). "The Death of Ricky Ray Rector". Jacobin. Retrieved 14 March 2022. <a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/bill-clinton-rickey-rector-death-penalty-execution-crime-racism/" target="_blank">https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/bill-clinton-rickey-rector-death-penalty-execution-crime-racism/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Bright, Stephen B. "Capital Punishment: Race, Poverty & Disadvantage" (PDF). Yale Campus Press. Yale Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015. <a href="http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf" target="_blank">http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Bright, Stephen B. "Capital Punishment: Race, Poverty & Disadvantage" (PDF). Yale Campus Press. Yale Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015. <a href="http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf" target="_blank">http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Janos, Adam (May 12, 2020). "Rickey Ray Rector, The Death Row Inmate Who Lobotomized Himself". A&E. <a href="https://www.aetv.com/real-crime/rickey-ray-rector-killer-who-lobotomized-himself" target="_blank">https://www.aetv.com/real-crime/rickey-ray-rector-killer-who-lobotomized-himself</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Bright, Stephen B. "Capital Punishment: Race, Poverty & Disadvantage" (PDF). Yale Campus Press. Yale Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015. <a href="http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf" target="_blank">http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"A man wanted on murder charges in a fraternity..." UPI. March 24, 1981. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/03/24/A-man-wanted-on-murder-charges-in-a-fraternity/6665354258000/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/03/24/A-man-wanted-on-murder-charges-in-a-fraternity/6665354258000/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Bright, Stephen B. "Capital Punishment: Race, Poverty & Disadvantage" (PDF). Yale Campus Press. Yale Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015. <a href="http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf" target="_blank">http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Patrolman Robert W. Martin". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP). <a href="https://www.odmp.org/officer/8627-patrolman-robert-w-martin" target="_blank">https://www.odmp.org/officer/8627-patrolman-robert-w-martin</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Nguyen, Alexander (2001-12-19). "Bill Clinton's Death Penalty Waffle --". The American Prospect. <a href="https://prospect.org/article/bill-clinton-s-death-penalty-waffle/" target="_blank">https://prospect.org/article/bill-clinton-s-death-penalty-waffle/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Bright, Stephen B. "Capital Punishment: Race, Poverty & Disadvantage" (PDF). Yale Campus Press. Yale Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015. <a href="http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf" target="_blank">http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Police Officer Killed During Mission to Apprehend Suspect". The Daily Oklahoman. March 25, 1981. p. 46. Retrieved December 30, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115460456/police-officer-killed-during-mission-to/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115460456/police-officer-killed-during-mission-to/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Arkansas Policeman Slain in Shooting". The Memphis Press-Scimitar. March 25, 1981. p. 3. Retrieved December 30, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115460293/arkansas-policeman-slain-in-shooting/" target="_blank">https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115460293/arkansas-policeman-slain-in-shooting/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Graetz, Michael J.; Greenhouse, Linda (2016). The Burger Court and the Rise of the Judicial Right. Simon & Schuster. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4767-3252-7. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2017-12-18. <a href="978-1-4767-3252-7" target="_blank">978-1-4767-3252-7</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"A man wanted on murder charges in a fraternity..." UPI. March 24, 1981. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/03/24/A-man-wanted-on-murder-charges-in-a-fraternity/6665354258000/" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/03/24/A-man-wanted-on-murder-charges-in-a-fraternity/6665354258000/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Bright, Stephen B. "Capital Punishment: Race, Poverty & Disadvantage" (PDF). Yale Campus Press. Yale Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015. <a href="http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf" target="_blank">http://campuspress.yale.edu/capitalpunishment/files/2014/12/Class-1-Part-1-Rector-q7tpo2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Ricky Ray RECTOR, Appellant, v. STATE of Arkansas, Appellee., 277 Ark. 17, 638 S.W.2d 672 (1982) (Supreme Court of Arkansas. September 13, 1982). <a href="http://174.123.24.242/leagle/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=19821310638SW2d672_11305.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985" target="_blank">http://174.123.24.242/leagle/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=19821310638SW2d672_11305.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Ricky Ray RECTOR, Appellant, v. STATE of Arkansas, Appellee., 280 Ark. 385 659 S.W.2d 168 (1983) (Supreme Court of Arkansas. October 17, 1983). <a href="http://174.123.24.242/leagle/xmlResult.aspx?page=2&xmldoc=1983827659SW2d168_1827.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985&SizeDisp=7" target="_blank">http://174.123.24.242/leagle/xmlResult.aspx?page=2&xmldoc=1983827659SW2d168_1827.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985&SizeDisp=7</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">RICKY RAY RECTOR, PETITIONER v. A.L. "ART" LOCKHART, Director Arkansas Department of Corrections and STEVE CLARK, Attorney General of the State of Arkansas, RESPONDENTS, 727 F.Supp. 1285 (1990) (UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS, PINE BLUFF DIVISION January 3, 1990). <a href="http://ar.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19900103_0000001.EAR.htm/qx" target="_blank">http://ar.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19900103_0000001.EAR.htm/qx</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Frady, Marshall (February 22, 1993). "Death in Arkansas". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017. <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1993/02/22/death-in-arkansas" target="_blank">http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1993/02/22/death-in-arkansas</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Grant, Patrick (2012). Imperfection. Athabasca University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-926836-75-1. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2017-12-18. <a href="978-1-926836-75-1" target="_blank">978-1-926836-75-1</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Grant, Patrick (2012). Imperfection. Athabasca University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-926836-75-1. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2017-12-18. <a href="978-1-926836-75-1" target="_blank">978-1-926836-75-1</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Hitchens, Christopher (2000). No One Left to Lie To. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1859847367. <a href="978-1859847367" target="_blank">978-1859847367</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Lusane, Clarence (1994). African Americans at the Crossroads: The Restructuring of Black Leadership and the 1992 Elections. Boston: South End Press. p. 158. Archived from the original on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2018-08-26.[ISBN missing] <a href="https://www.questia.com/read/102120253/african-americans-at-the-crossroads-the-restructuring" target="_blank">https://www.questia.com/read/102120253/african-americans-at-the-crossroads-the-restructuring</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Lusane, Clarence (1994). African Americans at the Crossroads: The Restructuring of Black Leadership and the 1992 Elections. Boston: South End Press. p. 158. Archived from the original on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2018-08-26.[ISBN missing] <a href="https://www.questia.com/read/102120253/african-americans-at-the-crossroads-the-restructuring" target="_blank">https://www.questia.com/read/102120253/african-americans-at-the-crossroads-the-restructuring</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972) <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_408" target="_blank">/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_408</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Hartman, Andrew (2015). A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars. The University of Chicago Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-226-25464-7. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2017-12-18. <a href="978-0-226-25464-7" target="_blank">978-0-226-25464-7</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Soss, Joe; Langbein, Laura; Metelko, Alan R. (September 27, 2001). "Why Do White Americans Support the Death Penalty?". The Journal of Politics. 65 (2): 399. doi:10.1111/1468-2508.t01-2-00006. S2CID 38112237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Robinson, Nathan J. (November 2016). "The Death of Ricky Ray Rector". Jacobin. Retrieved 14 March 2022. <a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/bill-clinton-rickey-rector-death-penalty-execution-crime-racism/" target="_blank">https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/bill-clinton-rickey-rector-death-penalty-execution-crime-racism/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">O'Connor, Brendon (September 2002). "Policies, Principles, and Polls: Bill Clinton's Third Way Welfare Politics 1992–1996". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 48 (3): 401. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00267. ISSN 1467-8497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Hitchens, Christopher (2000). No One Left to Lie To. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1859847367. <a href="978-1859847367" target="_blank">978-1859847367</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Ricky Ray Rector open-in-new

Ricky Ray Rector