by 1962, "SAC installations, inclusive of those overseas and of tenant bases, peaked at 85". "Project 465L, the SAC Control System (SACCS) [with] over a million lines, reached four times the size of the SAGE code and consumed 1,400 man-years of programming; SDC invented a major computer language, JOVIAL, specifically for this project."
SACCS "was delivered to Strategic Air Command by the contractor in March 1965" and was designed to survive nuclear attack and to provide rapid transmission, processing, and display of information to support command and control of SAC's geographically separated forces. On January 1, 1968, the SACCS attained operational capability (maintenance at Offutt and March were by the respective 55th Strategic and 33rd Communications Squadrons.) During construction of NORAD's nuclear bunker, SAC's 1963 plan for construction of a Deep Underground Command Center in Colorado beginning in 1965 was cancelled.
"Strategic Air Command Control System (SACCS): Description and Service Maintenance", Private Line Data Systems: Special Data Networks, Plant Series, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, July 1965, Section 314-411-504 (SACCS Description and Service Maintenance section), retrieved 2014-05-12, This section covers description, administrative procedures and maintenance requirements for the Strategic Air Command Control System (SACCS). This system was initially known as the 465L Project. … The customer may use the circuits for voice transmission when desired by patching 4-wire telephone terminating equipment on the circuit at each end. Signaling equipment is added with the telephone set at EDTCCS. Circuits from EDTCCS terminating at RCCS and SRCCS are provided with signal receiving equipment A 1600 cps tone is used for signaling from an EDTCC. No means of signaling is provided from an RCC or SRCC to an EDTCC. … Circuits which interconnect headquarters locations with operational bases and missile complexes or other headquarters locations… Over-all administration of these circuits is handled by the SAC Network Control Office. cf. SAC Communications Control … An RCC is the customer's data equipment location at an operational base command post. RCCS are normally connected by data circuits to two different EDTCCS. http://www.telephonecollectors.info/index.php/browse/bsps/by-division-number/signaling-testing/doc_view/7980-314-411-504-i3
Edwards, Paul N (1997). "SAGE". The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262550284. Retrieved 2014-05-14. SAGE--Air Force project 416L--became the pattern for at least twenty-five other major military command-control systems… These were the so-called "Big L" systems [and] included 425L, the NORAD system; 438L, the Air Force Intelligence Data Handling System; and 474L, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). 9780262550284
"tbd" (NewspaperArchive.com character recognition text). European Stars and Stripes. March 3, 1962. Retrieved 2014-05-09. Nearly $413,000 was contribute.*:by military and civilian personnel!!in the European area. … Data Displays Being Tested In SAC Booth PARAMUS, N.J. (Special) — On«rof the world's largest "isolation*booths" is being used here to equipment and man's mentalers in handling the forecast, problem of keeping track of the Strategic Air Comd battle force various simulated combattions. •'•'?.Built by International Electric Corp., a subsidiary of International Telephone and Telegraph;the booth incorporates two-way mirrors, hidden microphones and tape recorders. '-jFifty-feet long and 35-feet wlde,-^the booth is called Simfac (for":simulation facility) and is to be used in connection with a proposed working model of a new SAC command control system developed here by IEC. Known as SACCS, the command, control system will be a fully auto-mated, electronic computer net-work which will keep tab on SAC'*combat aircraft, refueling tankers, ballistic missiles and 270,000 mem Also, It will display up-to-the-minute, force status on 16 wall-sized projection screens at command headquarters. Statistics: The problem is one of Matingman's capability to that of a machine. That is, how much visually-displayed information can SAC controllers absorb at one time; how fast can they find a specific number of 20, 40. or 50; do colored displays help or hinder them, and will the staff operate less efficiently if given too much data at one time? These and other questions are being studied by IEC psychologists* human engineers and researchers in the closely controlled laboratory conditions of Simfac.(subscription required) https://newspaperarchive.com/de/hesse/darmstadt/european-stars-and-stripes/1962/03-03/page-8
"New Applications: Command Control System -- Project 465L" (PDF). Computers and Automation. 10 -- No. 12. August 1964. Retrieved 2020-09-05. The system makes a 70mm positive film of the information. Three images of each message appear on the film, and a powerful beam of light carries them about 30 feet to the screen. Before striking the film, however, the light beam is split into the three primary colors by special mirrors. Combining these colors, gives the display system a color code of seven distinct colors for easy recognition of various types of information. The complete cycle, from display request to projected image, requires less than 15 seconds. … Data Processing Central (DPC), Project 465L, Prototype Equipment located at the ITT Data and Information Systems Division test facility. … Display equipment will be installed at Offutt AFB; March AFB, Calif.; Westover AFB, Mass.; and Barksdale AFB, La.; any of the four will be able to serve as a fully equipped SAC central headquarters at any time. … As late as 1957, the first widely accepted programming system, FORTRAN, was released for the IBM 704. http://bitsavers.org/magazines/Computers_And_Automation/196408.pdf
"Strategic Air Command Control System (SACCS): Description and Service Maintenance", Private Line Data Systems: Special Data Networks, Plant Series, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, July 1965, Section 314-411-504 (SACCS Description and Service Maintenance section), retrieved 2014-05-12, This section covers description, administrative procedures and maintenance requirements for the Strategic Air Command Control System (SACCS). This system was initially known as the 465L Project. … The customer may use the circuits for voice transmission when desired by patching 4-wire telephone terminating equipment on the circuit at each end. Signaling equipment is added with the telephone set at EDTCCS. Circuits from EDTCCS terminating at RCCS and SRCCS are provided with signal receiving equipment A 1600 cps tone is used for signaling from an EDTCC. No means of signaling is provided from an RCC or SRCC to an EDTCC. … Circuits which interconnect headquarters locations with operational bases and missile complexes or other headquarters locations… Over-all administration of these circuits is handled by the SAC Network Control Office. cf. SAC Communications Control … An RCC is the customer's data equipment location at an operational base command post. RCCS are normally connected by data circuits to two different EDTCCS. http://www.telephonecollectors.info/index.php/browse/bsps/by-division-number/signaling-testing/doc_view/7980-314-411-504-i3
"New Applications: Command Control System -- Project 465L" (PDF). Computers and Automation. 10 -- No. 12. August 1964. Retrieved 2020-09-05. The system makes a 70mm positive film of the information. Three images of each message appear on the film, and a powerful beam of light carries them about 30 feet to the screen. Before striking the film, however, the light beam is split into the three primary colors by special mirrors. Combining these colors, gives the display system a color code of seven distinct colors for easy recognition of various types of information. The complete cycle, from display request to projected image, requires less than 15 seconds. … Data Processing Central (DPC), Project 465L, Prototype Equipment located at the ITT Data and Information Systems Division test facility. … Display equipment will be installed at Offutt AFB; March AFB, Calif.; Westover AFB, Mass.; and Barksdale AFB, La.; any of the four will be able to serve as a fully equipped SAC central headquarters at any time. … As late as 1957, the first widely accepted programming system, FORTRAN, was released for the IBM 704. http://bitsavers.org/magazines/Computers_And_Automation/196408.pdf
"Strategic Air Command Control System (SACCS): Description and Service Maintenance", Private Line Data Systems: Special Data Networks, Plant Series, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, July 1965, Section 314-411-504 (SACCS Description and Service Maintenance section), retrieved 2014-05-12, This section covers description, administrative procedures and maintenance requirements for the Strategic Air Command Control System (SACCS). This system was initially known as the 465L Project. … The customer may use the circuits for voice transmission when desired by patching 4-wire telephone terminating equipment on the circuit at each end. Signaling equipment is added with the telephone set at EDTCCS. Circuits from EDTCCS terminating at RCCS and SRCCS are provided with signal receiving equipment A 1600 cps tone is used for signaling from an EDTCC. No means of signaling is provided from an RCC or SRCC to an EDTCC. … Circuits which interconnect headquarters locations with operational bases and missile complexes or other headquarters locations… Over-all administration of these circuits is handled by the SAC Network Control Office. cf. SAC Communications Control … An RCC is the customer's data equipment location at an operational base command post. RCCS are normally connected by data circuits to two different EDTCCS. http://www.telephonecollectors.info/index.php/browse/bsps/by-division-number/signaling-testing/doc_view/7980-314-411-504-i3
Wainstein, L. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part One (1945-1953) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 1–138.
Moriarty, J. K. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Two (1954-1960) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 139–266. http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/US_Misc/S-467_US_C3I_45-72_Pt2.htm
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-18. Retrieved 2014-10-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "One of the first is the SAC Communications System, [sic] now the Strategic Automated Command and Control System (SACCS)… The 279L system, originally with Blue Scout missiles based in Nebraska, and later with modified Minuteman II missiles, used UHF transmitters in the missile payload sections. It became known as the Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS). …responsibility to be the Missile Radio Communications System (MRCS) station for the wing or squadron was passed between LCCs periodically" https://web.archive.org/web/20140518190214/http://www.afmissileers.org/newsletters/NL2011/Dec11.pdf
"Vigilance and Vacuum Tubes: The SAGE System 1956-63" (SAGE Talk Transcript). Ed-Thelen.org. 1998. Retrieved 2013-02-16. the Whirlwind computer, which was a digital version of the ASCA, was about five million dollars, in 1950s dollars … For the 1949 fiscal year, MIT requested 1.5 million dollars for the Whirlwind project. … one [SAGE computer] was at Lincoln Lab, …the XD-1, and the other one was at Kingston, the XD-2. So we used both those sites for development. … The XD-1 was a simplex system…not duplex … the original vacuum-tube computers—the last one was finally taken down in 1983, still operating. … IBM got…about 500 million dollars…to build the 56 computers. http://ed-thelen.org/Sage-Talk.html
"Designations Of U.S. Air Force Projects". www.designation-systems.net. Retrieved 6 October 2023. http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/projects.html
Schaffel, Kenneth (1991). Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense 1945-1960 (45MB pdf). General Histories (Report). Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-60-9. Retrieved 2011-09-26. 0-912799-60-9
http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Science_and_Technology/DARPA/301.pdf Archived 2015-03-27 at the Wayback Machine "ADEPT, which accepted nearly natural-language computer commands and which could be operated initially on the time-sharing IBM 360/67's and later on other computers. ADEPT incorporated special provisions for security, and beginning in 1968 was used for some time at the National Command Center (NCC) and the Air Force Command Center. SAC also used ADEPT for its status reporting system, for which it later took back the Q-32 computer from SDC to SAC HQ at Omaha.39" http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Science_and_Technology/DARPA/301.pdf
"Strategic Automated Command Control System". Global Security.org. Retrieved 2014-05-13. In 1956, Gen. Curtis LeMay, commander-in-chief of SAC, saw a need for improving SAC's command and control system. A coordinated effort was undertaken by government and industry to provide this system. The project was designated 465L, and was the predecessor to the current Strategic Automated Command Control System network. In the mid-1960s, SAC procured the 465L system http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/saccs.htm
"Strategic Automated Command Control System". Federation of American Scientists. 1999. Retrieved 2006-06-20. http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/saccs.htm
Wohlman, John (1968). "Computer-Generated Map Data: An Aid to Command and Control". Air University Review. Archived from the original (webpage transcript) on March 9, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) https://web.archive.org/web/20090309010149/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1968/jan-feb/wohlman.html
Preface by Buss, L. H. (Director) (1 November 1959). North American Air Defense Command and Continental Air Defense Command Historical Summary: January–June 1959 (Report). Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services.
Maloney, Sean M. (1 January 2007). Learning to Love the Bomb: Canada's Nuclear Weapons During the Cold War. Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 9781574886160 – via Google Books. 9781574886160
Preface by Buss, L. H. (Director) (1 October 1958). North American Air Defense Command Historical Summary: January–June 1958 (Report). Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services.
Strategic Air Command: "Study of SAC Communications System", 6 February 1958
"New Applications: Command Control System -- Project 465L" (PDF). Computers and Automation. 10 -- No. 12. August 1964. Retrieved 2020-09-05. The system makes a 70mm positive film of the information. Three images of each message appear on the film, and a powerful beam of light carries them about 30 feet to the screen. Before striking the film, however, the light beam is split into the three primary colors by special mirrors. Combining these colors, gives the display system a color code of seven distinct colors for easy recognition of various types of information. The complete cycle, from display request to projected image, requires less than 15 seconds. … Data Processing Central (DPC), Project 465L, Prototype Equipment located at the ITT Data and Information Systems Division test facility. … Display equipment will be installed at Offutt AFB; March AFB, Calif.; Westover AFB, Mass.; and Barksdale AFB, La.; any of the four will be able to serve as a fully equipped SAC central headquarters at any time. … As late as 1957, the first widely accepted programming system, FORTRAN, was released for the IBM 704. http://bitsavers.org/magazines/Computers_And_Automation/196408.pdf
This was cited using "Ibid"[where?] under the citation for Study of SAC Communications System
/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)
Moriarty, J. K. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Two (1954-1960) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 139–266. http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/US_Misc/S-467_US_C3I_45-72_Pt2.htm
Moriarty, J. K. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Two (1954-1960) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 139–266. http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/US_Misc/S-467_US_C3I_45-72_Pt2.htm
Moriarty, J. K. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Two (1954-1960) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 139–266. http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/US_Misc/S-467_US_C3I_45-72_Pt2.htm
Moriarty, J. K. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Two (1954-1960) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 139–266. http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/US_Misc/S-467_US_C3I_45-72_Pt2.htm
Moriarty, J. K. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part Two (1954-1960) (Report). Vol. Study S-467. Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 139–266. http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/US_Misc/S-467_US_C3I_45-72_Pt2.htm
Weitze, Karen J. (November 1999). Cold War Infrastructure for Strategic Air Command: The Bomber Mission (PDF) (Report). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 2013-08-15. http://cryptocomb.org/Cold%20War%20Infrastructure%20for%20Strategic%20Air%20Command-The%20Bomber%20Mission.pdf
Edwards, Paul N (1997). "SAGE". The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262550284. Retrieved 2014-05-14. SAGE--Air Force project 416L--became the pattern for at least twenty-five other major military command-control systems… These were the so-called "Big L" systems [and] included 425L, the NORAD system; 438L, the Air Force Intelligence Data Handling System; and 474L, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). 9780262550284
Wohlman, John (1968). "Computer-Generated Map Data: An Aid to Command and Control". Air University Review. Archived from the original (webpage transcript) on March 9, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) https://web.archive.org/web/20090309010149/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1968/jan-feb/wohlman.html
"Strategic Automated Command Control System". Federation of American Scientists. 1999. Retrieved 2006-06-20. http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/saccs.htm
"History of Strategic Air Command: January–June 1968"[full citation needed] /wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include
"Air Force History Index". Air Force. Retrieved 6 October 2023. http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/247/171.xml
The Air Force in Space Fiscal Year 1968, Part I (PDF) (Report). October 1970. http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-110318-007.pdf
Air Force Historical Research Agency: "History of the 3902d Air Base Wing, July - September 1968", pg 40[full citation needed] /wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include
Worden, Col Mike (July 2000) [March 1998]. Rise of the Fighter Generals: The Problem of Air Force Leadership 1945–1982 (PDF) (Report). Air University Press. p. 174. ISBN 1-58566-048-5. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved 2013-08-30. 1-58566-048-5
"ALERT" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20150327131750/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Science_and_Technology/DARPA/301.pdf
"B-188272, Aug. 31, 1978, 57 Comp.gen. 715". www.gao.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-11-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128080247/http://www.gao.gov/products/464949
Currie, Dr. Malcolm R (18 January 1977). The Department of Defense Program of Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, FY 1978 (Report to the Congress). p. V-5 (pdf 239).
United States General Accounting Office (1979). Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States, Volume 57. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 737. https://books.google.com/books?id=TYtaUIY-GRgC&q=%22satin%20iv%22&pg=PA737
"Histories of Subordinate Units Reporting Directly to the Strategic Communications Division", 1 January - 31 December 1982, Vol 4 of 41
Clark, Major Rita F (1 May 1990). SAC Missile Chronology 1939–1988 (PDF) (Report). Office of the Historian, HQ. SAC, Offutt AFB. Retrieved 2013-09-26. 1958…1 January Headquarters SAC established the Office of Assistant CINCSAC (SAC MIKE) at Inglewood, California. This position was designated to serve as an extension of Headquarters SAC and was responsible for working closely with the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division … 1966…17 April The first attempted launch of a Minuteman II ICBM by means of the Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS) http://www.siloworld.net/SAC/SAC%20Missile%20Chronology-6-4.pdf
Technical Manual, Operation Instructions, Communication and Ancillary Equipment, USAF ICBM Systems, 21 Nov 1995, Section 1 (PDF) (Technical Order), Change 14 identifies SLFCS, AFSAT II, etc., retrieved 2014-05-12, The single SACDIN cabinet at PLCCs is the communications processor set (HUTE rack). … SAC Digital Network System http://oscarzero.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/t-o-21m-lgm30f-1-22-21-nov-1995-section-1.pdf
Clark, Major Rita F (1 May 1990). SAC Missile Chronology 1939–1988 (PDF) (Report). Office of the Historian, HQ. SAC, Offutt AFB. Retrieved 2013-09-26. 1958…1 January Headquarters SAC established the Office of Assistant CINCSAC (SAC MIKE) at Inglewood, California. This position was designated to serve as an extension of Headquarters SAC and was responsible for working closely with the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division … 1966…17 April The first attempted launch of a Minuteman II ICBM by means of the Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS) http://www.siloworld.net/SAC/SAC%20Missile%20Chronology-6-4.pdf
Clark, Major Rita F (1 May 1990). SAC Missile Chronology 1939–1988 (PDF) (Report). Office of the Historian, HQ. SAC, Offutt AFB. Retrieved 2013-09-26. 1958…1 January Headquarters SAC established the Office of Assistant CINCSAC (SAC MIKE) at Inglewood, California. This position was designated to serve as an extension of Headquarters SAC and was responsible for working closely with the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division … 1966…17 April The first attempted launch of a Minuteman II ICBM by means of the Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS) http://www.siloworld.net/SAC/SAC%20Missile%20Chronology-6-4.pdf
Council, National Research; Studies, Division on Earth Life; Sciences, Commission on Life; Research, Board on Radiation Effects; (Gwen), Committee on Assessment of the Possible Health Effects of Ground Wave Emergency Network (1993). Introduction - Assessment of the Possible Health Effects of Ground Wave Emergency Network - The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/2046. ISBN 978-0-309-04777-7. PMID 24967486. 978-0-309-04777-7
Clark, Major Rita F (1 May 1990). SAC Missile Chronology 1939–1988 (PDF) (Report). Office of the Historian, HQ. SAC, Offutt AFB. Retrieved 2013-09-26. 1958…1 January Headquarters SAC established the Office of Assistant CINCSAC (SAC MIKE) at Inglewood, California. This position was designated to serve as an extension of Headquarters SAC and was responsible for working closely with the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division … 1966…17 April The first attempted launch of a Minuteman II ICBM by means of the Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS) http://www.siloworld.net/SAC/SAC%20Missile%20Chronology-6-4.pdf
Hutzler, Patricia L. (April 1990). Defense Planning and Programming Categories: A Special Tool for Special Needs (PDF) (Report). Vol. 3. Appendix E, Proposed Expanded DPPC Structure. Logistics Management Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-18. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a230860.pdf
"0101316F USSTRATCOM Command and Control". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-05-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061932/http://www.brookings.edu/fp/projects/nucwcost/definitions/010131606.htm
Technical Manual, Operation Instructions, Communication and Ancillary Equipment, USAF ICBM Systems, 21 Nov 1995, Section 1 (PDF) (Technical Order), Change 14 identifies SLFCS, AFSAT II, etc., retrieved 2014-05-12, The single SACDIN cabinet at PLCCs is the communications processor set (HUTE rack). … SAC Digital Network System http://oscarzero.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/t-o-21m-lgm30f-1-22-21-nov-1995-section-1.pdf
Exhibit R-2, RDT&E Budget Item Justification: PB 2013 Air Force dtic.mil https://apps.dtic.mil/descriptivesum/Y2013/AirForce/stamped/0303131F_7_PB_2013.pdf
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-27. Retrieved 2014-05-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20141127022937/http://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120207-054.pdf