Disney Digital Network

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<h3>As Maker Studios</h3>

<h4>2009–2012: Foundation and early years</h4>
Maker Studios was founded in 2009.
In June 2012, Maker Studios announced that over 1,000 channels signed under the network have received and accumulated over 1.1 billion views for the month of June 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> At the time, YouTube channels under Maker Studios collectively earned over 90 million subscribers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> In October 2012, Maker Studios surpassed <a href="/facts/Machinima.com/uGxSCu3F">Machinima</a> to become the number one independent YouTube network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> However, since that time, according to comScore, in December 2012, Fullscreen passed Maker to become the top ranked YouTube-based network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> 

<h4>2012–2013: Ray William Johnson dispute</h4>
From late 2012 through 2013, Maker Studios and <a href="/facts/Ray_William_Johnson/RAhnR2pm">Ray William Johnson</a> were involved in a public feud that received considerable media attention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Maker Studios formerly produced Johnson's Equals Three and Your Favorite Martian series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> In October 2012, Johnson announced he would be leaving Maker Studios in an episode of Equals Three.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Johnson also formed his own production studio, Runaway Machine (formerly Runaway Planet).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Johnson has stated online that he left Maker Studios due to the pressure the company put on him into signing a contract which gave Maker a 40% share of his channel's <a href="/facts/AdSense/ApWGT7cI">AdSense</a> revenue and 50% of his show's intellectual property rights. He stated that they were using "thuggish tactics" to pressure him into signing the contract, one of which was allegedly leveraging his AdSense account for the intellectual property rights to Your Favorite Martian. He also claimed that Maker Studios CEO, <a href="/facts/Danny_Zappin/rlseJsXU">Danny Zappin</a>, is a convicted felon, which he was not made aware of, when teaming up with Maker Studios. Zappin later publicly admitted to this claim.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> This was one of the first such publicized contract disputes between a YouTube content creator and their multi-channel network.
In December 2012, Maker announced that it had closed a $36 million round of financing led by Time Warner Investments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> 

<h4>2014: Acquisition by Disney</h4>
On March 24, 2014, Maker Studios, Inc. agreed to sell itself to <a href="/facts/The_Walt_Disney_Company/R8kCbAVc">The Walt Disney Company</a> for $500 million, rising to $950 million if financial milestones were met.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> On April 14, 2014, <a href="/facts/Relativity_Media/xqa7keHm">Relativity Media</a> submitted a competing bid of up to $1.1 billion, but Maker denied the bid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> In 2014, <a href="/facts/Jukin_Media/pqaL5Vtl">Jukin Media</a> partnered with Maker Studios, giving Maker Studios access to Jukin's library of video clips, and giving Jukin access to Maker's operational resources, The partnership also resulted in the launch of a dedicated website for FailArmy, Jukin's owned and operated entertainment brand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> In December 2015, the company became a subsidiary of <a href="/facts/Disney_Consumer_Products/SQh4TUyz">Disney Consumer Products</a> and the <a href="/facts/Disney_Interactive/1YESJEeQ">Disney Interactive</a> division of <a href="/facts/The_Walt_Disney_Company/R8kCbAVc">The Walt Disney Company</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The Network also partnered with <a href="/facts/Fusion_TV/jRpsP0ah">Fusion TV</a> in a deal that falls under the corporate umbrella of <a href="/facts/The_Walt_Disney_Company/R8kCbAVc">The Walt Disney Company</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h3>As Disney Digital Networks</h3>
In February 2017, Maker Studios had around 60,000 YouTube partnerships, but announced that it intends to reduce this to about 1,000. Many partnered YouTubers had been unhappy with the terms of their contracts, including difficulty with ending contracts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> On May 2, 2017, Disney absorbed the studio into the newly formed Disney Digital Network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
On January 19, 2018, <a href="/facts/Twitch_(service)/mpXWXcTj">Twitch</a> signed a deal with Disney to secure exclusive content from some of the entertainment giant's top YouTubers, including <a href="/facts/Markiplier/5Bz9HkCe">Markiplier</a>, <a href="/facts/Jacksepticeye/145m25Le">Jacksepticeye</a>, <a href="/facts/Meghan_Camarena/0lrUSyXN">Strawburry17</a> and LuzuGames. A total of four YouTubers (with a combined total of over 44 million subscribers), are involved in the deal, and each will manage their own channels on Twitch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> 

<h2 id="key-personnel">Key personnel</h2>
Courtney Holt was the <a href="/facts/Chief_strategy_officer/YFpRr4ww">chief strategy officer</a> of Maker Studios.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Due to Danny Zappin stepping down as the company's CEO, <a href="/facts/Ynon_Kreiz/4JA6GV56">Ynon Kreiz</a>, former CEO and chairman of <a href="/facts/Endemol/CDp9VvLW">Endemol</a> became the CEO of Maker Studios in May 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Prior to Kreiz becoming the CEO of Maker, he was the company's chairman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> Ryan Lissack is the current <a href="/facts/Chief_technology_officer/0JRJyEoL">CTO</a> of Maker Studios.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> In December 2015, Courtney Holt replaced <a href="/facts/Ynon_Kreiz/4JA6GV56">Ynon Kreiz</a> as CEO, coming a year after <a href="/facts/The_Walt_Disney_Company/R8kCbAVc">Disney</a>'s acquisition of the group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h2 id="channels">Channels</h2>
<h3>Animonster</h3>
Animonster was an animation channel co-founded by Maker and Cosmic Toast Studios, which premiered shows such as Your Favorite Martian: The Series, Powerhouse, and Dino Yacht Club.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> In 2013, the channel ceased uploading.

<h3>Cartoonium</h3>
Cartoonium was an animation channel, launched on April 19, 2013 which focused on children programming.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

<h2 id="content">Content</h2>
Maker Studios produced videos for channels on YouTube, including <a href="/facts/Consider_the_Source_(web_series)/7Spfp6SE">Consider the Source</a>, <a href="/facts/Tessa_Violet/j8HeEIs3">Tessa Violet</a>, <a href="/facts/Chuggaaconroy/k4FFaELA">Chuggaaconroy</a>, Yves Bole, <a href="/facts/Kassem_G/KlrbxR3z">KassemG</a>, <a href="/facts/Timothy_DeLaGhetto/BS7ykS7m">Timothy DeLaGhetto</a>, Shimmy AP, <a href="/facts/Nice_Peter/tzRTaK2D">Nice Peter</a> and <a href="/facts/EpicLLOYD/LPhcveuM">EpicLLOYD</a>'s <a href="/facts/Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History/us5bpQPY">Epic Rap Battles of History</a> (seasons 1-5), <a href="/facts/Joseph_Garrett/LBYaf73D">Joseph Garrett</a>'s <a href="/facts/Wonder_Quest_(web_series)/370M7rR2">Wonder Quest</a> and <a href="/facts/Wonder_Quest_(web_series)/370M7rR2">I Wonder</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> KingManProds,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Sam Macaroni, along with several others<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> that have almost as many viewers as <a href="/facts/Nickelodeon/XFDhS5fX">Nickelodeon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> Maker's first three channels produced for YouTube included Maker Music Network, Tutele, and The Mom's View, with both Maker Music Network and Tutele channels shutting down within six months of their launch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Maker Studios have also signed celebrities such as famous rapper <a href="/facts/Snoop_Dogg/t9fuGW1t">Snoop Dogg</a> and his YouTube channel WestFestTV,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> actor <a href="/facts/Robert_De_Niro/5k4lkNfK">Robert De Niro</a>'s Tribeca Enterprises,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> and <a href="/facts/Kevin_Smith/SKd8BEER">Kevin Smith</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> 
In 2013, the most popular Maker production was <a href="/facts/Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History/us5bpQPY">Epic Rap Battles of History</a>, which averaged 30 million views an episode.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Maker's most successful channel was <a href="/facts/PewDiePie/EjMDr04r">PewDiePie</a>, who was the <a href="/facts/List_of_most_subscribed_users_on_YouTube/vekBzdFB">most-subscribed user on YouTube</a>. He was signed under the Maker sub-network Polaris and later Revelmode until February 13, 2017,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> when Maker dropped him as a result of the international backlash to jokes and actions that media outlets widely described as <a href="/facts/Antisemitism/kUpfFkqx">anti-semitic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> During his time with the network, Maker produced his YouTube Red (now <a href="/facts/YouTube_Premium/8SuedN5m">YouTube Premium</a>) show <a href="/facts/Scare_PewDiePie/0zUS1oAM">Scare PewDiePie</a> with <a href="/facts/Skybound_Entertainment/D7Xcs3Xt">Skybound Entertainment</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Disney Digital Network in 2017 produced <a href="/facts/Hyperlinked/wHvTXQ7a">Hyperlinked</a>, a series distributed on <a href="/facts/YouTube_Red/8SuedN5m">YouTube Red</a> and based on the story of the social network <a href="/facts/Juliette_Brindak/y1NBTnJz">Miss O and Friends</a>, and <a href="/facts/Club_Mickey_Mouse/Igo8WdPM">Club Mickey Mouse</a>, a reboot of The Mickey Mouse Club airing exclusively online on social media.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>

<h2 id="brands">Brands</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Pixar/McUyzor2">Pixar</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Star_Wars/9Y5j3IPP">Star Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Marvel_Entertainment/xlnAcRHd">Marvel</a></li>
<li>Oh My Disney</li>
<li>Disney Style</li>
<li>Babble</li>
<li>Disney Family</li>
<li>Disney Eats</li>
<li>Polaris</li>
<li>The Platform</li>
<li>Animonster</li>
<li>The Station</li>
<li>Cartoonium</li>
<li>The Mom View</li></ul>
<h2 id="television-shows">Television shows</h2>
<ul><li>Disney FHO - Friends Hanging Out (2015–2016)</li>
<li>Polaris Primetime (2017)</li>
<li>Player Select (Polaris: Player Select for first season) (2017–2020)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Parker_Plays/RJQYXcFT">Parker Plays</a> (2017–2018)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Club_Mickey_Mouse/Igo8WdPM">Club Mickey Mouse</a> (2017–2018)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Legend_of_the_Three_Caballeros/VDS1gSDK">Legend of the Three Caballeros</a> (2018)</li>
<li>Disney Dream Job: Game Designer (2018 TV Special)</li>
<li>Disney Comics in Motion (2018–2019)</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_YouTubers/VUlwKjao">List of YouTubers</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_multi-channel_networks/HBky9SQg">List of multi-channel networks</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://makerstudios.com">Official website for Maker Studios</a> (<a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Archive</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://makerstudios.com">Official website for Disney Digital Network</a> (<a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Archive</a>)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Laura Sydell (June 18, 2012). "Lights, Camera, YouTube: Studio Cashes In On An Entertainment Revolution". NPR. Retrieved July 6, 2012. <a href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2012/06/18/155300875/lights-camera-youtube-a-new-studio-cashes-in-on-an-entertainment-revolution" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2012/06/18/155300875/lights-camera-youtube-a-new-studio-cashes-in-on-an-entertainment-revolution</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Claire Cain Miller (April 10, 2011). "Actors in Smaller Studios, Making Pictures for the Smaller Screen". New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2012. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/11/business/media/11youtube.html?pagewanted=all" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/11/business/media/11youtube.html?pagewanted=all</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Rosen, Christine (September 30, 2022). "'Like, Comment, Subscribe' Review: Watching YouTube Rise". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 28, 2023. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/like-comment-subscribe-book-review-youtube-cant-stop-watching-11664551837" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/like-comment-subscribe-book-review-youtube-cant-stop-watching-11664551837</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"DRAW MY LIFE – Philip DeFranco". The Philip DeFranco Show. YouTube. April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyXpiRaF2Pw" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyXpiRaF2Pw</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Mike Shields (December 15, 2015). "Maker Studios Head to Step Down". The Wall Street Journal. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/maker-studios-head-to-step-down-1450205321?mod=yahoo_hs" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/maker-studios-head-to-step-down-1450205321?mod=yahoo_hs</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Disney Reveals Digital Network Combining Maker Talent With Editorial Brands". The Hollywood Reporter. May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017. <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-reveals-digital-network-combining-maker-studios-talent-editorial-brands-999507" target="_blank">https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-reveals-digital-network-combining-maker-studios-talent-editorial-brands-999507</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Disney Reveals Digital Network Combining Maker Talent With Editorial Brands". The Hollywood Reporter. May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017. <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-reveals-digital-network-combining-maker-studios-talent-editorial-brands-999507" target="_blank">https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-reveals-digital-network-combining-maker-studios-talent-editorial-brands-999507</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Will Haskins (June 4, 2014). "Maker Sets Sights on Asian Talent". Media Business Asia. Retrieved June 10, 2014. <a href="http://www.mediabusinessasia.com/article.php?id=511" target="_blank">http://www.mediabusinessasia.com/article.php?id=511</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Roettgers, Janko (February 14, 2017). "Disney's Maker Studios Drops PewDiePie Because of Anti-Semitic Videos". Retrieved May 18, 2017. <a href="https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/disney-pewdiepie-anti-semitic-videos-1201987380/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/disney-pewdiepie-anti-semitic-videos-1201987380/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Report: Disney's Maker Studios cutting support for more than 55,000 YouTubers". Polygon. February 23, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017. <a href="https://www.polygon.com/2017/2/23/14717408/maker-studios-disney-youtube-pewdiepie" target="_blank">https://www.polygon.com/2017/2/23/14717408/maker-studios-disney-youtube-pewdiepie</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Cohen, Joshua (June 30, 2012). "Maker Studios Gets One Billion Views ...a Month". Tubefilter. Retrieved July 6, 2012. <a href="http://www.tubefilter.com/2012/06/30/maker-studios-billion-views/" target="_blank">http://www.tubefilter.com/2012/06/30/maker-studios-billion-views/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Manarino, Matthew (June 28, 2012). "Maker Studios: 1 Billion YouTube Views in One Month". NewMediaRockstars. Retrieved July 6, 2012. <a href="http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/06/maker-studios-hits-1-billion-youtube-views-in-one-month-exclusive/" target="_blank">http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/06/maker-studios-hits-1-billion-youtube-views-in-one-month-exclusive/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Graser, Marc (July 30, 2012). "'Fistful' of online content". Variety. Retrieved August 9, 2012. <a href="https://variety.com/2012/digital/news/a-fistful-of-rupees-mashes-up-games-and-youtube-talent-1118057247/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2012/digital/news/a-fistful-of-rupees-mashes-up-games-and-youtube-talent-1118057247/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Luo, Benny (October 19, 2012). "Updated: Maker Studios Beats Machinima – Now Ranked the #1 Independent YouTube Network on Comscore". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved October 20, 2012. <a href="http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/10/maker-studios-surpasses-machinima/" target="_blank">http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/10/maker-studios-surpasses-machinima/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Carrasco, Ed (January 15, 2013). "Fullscreen Now The #1 Independent YouTube Network According to ComScore". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved February 3, 2013. <a href="http://newmediarockstars.com/2013/01/fullscreen-now-the-1-independent-youtube-network-according-to-comscore-interview/" target="_blank">http://newmediarockstars.com/2013/01/fullscreen-now-the-1-independent-youtube-network-according-to-comscore-interview/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"This YouTube Star Is In The Middle Of A Very Ugly, Public Fight With His Studio". Business Insider. December 13, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2022. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ray-william-johnson-fight-with-maker-studios-2012-12" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/ray-william-johnson-fight-with-maker-studios-2012-12</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Gutelle, Sam (April 29, 2013). "Ray William Johnson Escalates Maker Studios Feud, Threatens To Sue". Tubefilter. Retrieved August 21, 2022. <a href="https://www.tubefilter.com/2013/04/29/ray-william-johnson-maker-studios-lawsuit/" target="_blank">https://www.tubefilter.com/2013/04/29/ray-william-johnson-maker-studios-lawsuit/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Wallenstein, Andrew (October 18, 2012). "YouTube's top star in contract dispute". Variety. Retrieved August 21, 2022. <a href="https://variety.com/2012/digital/news/youtube-s-top-star-in-contract-dispute-1118060971/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2012/digital/news/youtube-s-top-star-in-contract-dispute-1118060971/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Luo, Benny (October 19, 2012). "Updated: Maker Studios Beats Machinima – Now Ranked the #1 Independent YouTube Network on Comscore". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved October 20, 2012. <a href="http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/10/maker-studios-surpasses-machinima/" target="_blank">http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/10/maker-studios-surpasses-machinima/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">World's Greatest Ninja!! – Ray William Johnson (YouTube). Equals Three. Ray William Johnson. October 16, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2013. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rur_5gFq3bg" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rur_5gFq3bg</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Rapp, Logan (December 11, 2012). "Maker Studios And Ray William Johnson Battle". SourceFed News. Retrieved January 21, 2013. <a href="http://sourcefednews.com/maker-studios-and-ray-william-johnson-battle/" target="_blank">http://sourcefednews.com/maker-studios-and-ray-william-johnson-battle/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Disney Digital Network open-in-new

Disney Digital Network