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Solidago rugosa
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p><i>Solidago rugosa</i> is a rough-leaved <a href="/facts/Herbaceous/u6myDhE2">herbaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Perennial_plant/MQ3NvAUW">perennial</a> up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Its leaves are primarily <a href="/facts/Cauline/1m6wCNTg">cauline</a>. One plant can produce as many as 50 stems, each with 50–1500 yellow flower heads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> It flowers in late summer through fall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It can be distinguished from the similar-looking <i><a href="/facts/Solidago_ulmifolia/crofwcqM">Solidago ulmifolia</a></i> by the presence of creeping rhizomes, and by its more abrupt leaf bases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="galls">Galls</h2> <p>This species is host to the following insect induced galls: </p> <ul><li><i>Asphondylia rosulata</i> Dorchin, 2015 (bud and leaf snap)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Asteromyia_carbonifera/1bd54nvy">Asteromyia carbonifera</a></i> (Osten Sacken, 1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Asteromyia_tumifica/jBn16jL1">Asteromyia tumifica</a></i> (Beutenmuller, 1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Dasineura_folliculi/2M7vPS6b">Dasineura folliculi</a></i> (Felt, 1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Eurosta_comma/p7E1YMHv">Eurosta comma</a></i> (Wiedemann, 1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Goldenrod_gall_fly/Mt7eHLft">Eurosta solidaginis</a></i> (Fitch, 1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Eutreta_novaeboracensis/8LytpUCV">Eutreta novaeboracensis</a></i> (Fitch, 1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gnorimoschema_gallaesolidaginis/s2fSMckx">Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis</a></i> (Fitch, 1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Procecidochares_atra/eXfloKCy">Procecidochares atra</a></i> (Loew, 1862) (spring summer and autumn generations)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rhopalomyia_clarkei/LVa20gza">Rhopalomyia clarkei</a></i> Felt, 1907</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rhopalomyia_solidaginis/E4k0Xmve">Rhopalomyia solidaginis</a></i> (Loew, 1862) (spring summer and autumn generations)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Calycomyza_solidaginis/edAzGyAV">Calycomyza solidaginis</a></i> <a href="/facts/Johann_Heinrich_Kaltenbach/Y5lsQJAA">Kaltenbach</a>, 1869<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <p><a href="https://gallformers.org/host/463">external link to gallformers</a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p><i>Solidago rugosa</i> is a variable plant throughout its range. Five varieties are currently recognized, although their relationships are complex and poorly understood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The varieties are:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>Solidago rugosa</i> var. <i>aspera</i> (Aiton) Fernald - common throughout the east</li> <li><i>Solidago rugosa</i> var. <i>celtidifolia</i> (Small) Fernald - coastal plain from Texas to Virginia</li> <li><i>Solidago rugosa</i> var. <i>cronquistiana</i> Semple - high elevations in Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina</li> <li><i>Solidago rugosa</i> var. <i>rugosa</i> - common, generally more northern and Appalachian</li> <li><i>Solidago rugosa</i> var. <i>sphagnophila</i> C. Graves - cedar swamps from Nova Scotia to coastal Virginia</li></ul> <h2 id="conservation">Conservation</h2> <p><i>Solidago rugosa</i> is common throughout most of its range, and is not tracked at the species level in any state or province it is native to.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> However, in Connecticut the variety <i>sphagnophila</i> is listed as a special concern and believed to be <a href="/facts/Local_extinction/DbRYtFPq">extirpated</a> from the state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <p><i>Solidago rugosa</i> is grown as an ornamental garden plant. The <a href="/facts/Cultivar/nfaLJJM3">cultivar</a> 'Fireworks' has gained the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/facts/Award_of_Garden_Merit/zQ4Ya8S6">Award of Garden Merit</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="native-american-ethnobotany">Native American ethnobotany</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Iroquois/PnYFTuIP">Iroquois</a> use the whole plant for biliousness and as liver medicine, and take a <a href="/facts/Decoction/zphoyo1I">decoction</a> of flowers and leaves for dizziness, weakness or sunstroke.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>NRCS. "Solidago rugosa". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 19 November 2015. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Solidago rugosa". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2018. <a href="http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Solidago%20rugosa.png" target="_blank">http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Solidago%20rugosa.png</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Flora of North America, Solidago rugosa Miller, 1768. Rough-stemmed or wrinkle-leaf goldenrod, verge d’or rugueuse <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417298" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417298</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Flora of North America, Solidago rugosa Miller, 1768. Rough-stemmed or wrinkle-leaf goldenrod, verge d’or rugueuse <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417298" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417298</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Alan Weakley (2015). "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States". <a href="http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm" target="_blank">http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Yatskievych, George (2006). Flora of Missouri, Volume 2. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. p. 274. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kaltenbach, J.H. (1869). "Die deutschen Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Insekten [concl.]". Verh. Naturh. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl. 26 (3, 6): 106–224. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Yatskievych, George (2006). Flora of Missouri, Volume 2. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. p. 274. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Flora of North America, Solidago rugosa Miller, 1768. Rough-stemmed or wrinkle-leaf goldenrod, verge d’or rugueuse <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417298" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417298</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Alan Weakley (2015). "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States". <a href="http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm" target="_blank">http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Solidago rugosa NatureServe <a href="http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Solidago+rugosa" target="_blank">http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Solidago+rugosa</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 31 December 2017.(Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.) <a href="http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/wildlife/pdf_files/nongame/ets15.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/wildlife/pdf_files/nongame/ets15.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"RHS Plantfinder - Solidago rugossa 'Fireworks'". Retrieved 12 November 2018. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/101910/i-Solidago-rugosa-i-Fireworks/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/101910/i-Solidago-rugosa-i-Fireworks/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 461 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>