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RNAi-Based Identification System and interference of Specific Cancer Cells
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<h2 id="cancer-cell-identification-and-classification">Cancer cell identification and classification</h2> <p>Cancer cells can be classified by identifying <a href="/facts/MicroRNA/UjqbYYpe">MicroRNA</a> expression.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> These mRNA expression levels can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in tumor and cancer classifications, although current tumor classification methods do not incorporate experimental knowledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> As is evident in experimental knowledge, different types of cancer can be associated with the irregular expression of particular miRNAs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Other parameters considered to be critical are the location of the miRNAs on the strand, cancer-associated genomic regions, epigenetic alteration of miRNA expression, and abnormalities in processing target genes and proteins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Recent evidence shows that miRNAs play an important role in human malignancies and could act as a tumor/oncogene suppressor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="rnai-for-apoptosis">RNAi for apoptosis</h2> <p>Recently, it has been discovered that <a href="/facts/Small_RNA/fqhXWhb0">small RNA</a> can trigger specific <a href="/facts/Gene_silencing/mh0JYYPD">gene silencing</a> in human cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/RNAi/oJRWBXJH">RNAi</a> reaction enables a complete elimination of a specific protein, which can potentially enable researchers to target pivotal structures within a cell to eliminate the cell altogether.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> RNAi silencing can also strongly inhibit <a href="/facts/Cell_proliferation/Jp3hWo2t">proliferation</a> of cells with genetic mutations that encourage <a href="/facts/Oncogenesis/PC8wc1Mf">oncogenic activation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="rnai-delivery-methods">RNAi delivery methods</h2> <p>Since its discovery, RNAi knowledge has grown substantially.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Although quite useful, RNAi in vivo delivery to tissues proves to be a challenge that still eludes science—especially to deep tissues within the body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> RNAi delivery is only easily accessible to surface tissues, such as the eye and respiratory tract.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In these instances, <a href="/facts/SiRNA/891ytkD9">siRNA</a> has been used in direct contact with the tissue for transport, and the resulting RNAi has been extremely successful in focusing on target genes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> When delivering siRNA to deep tissue layers within the body, measures need be taken to protect the siRNA from <a href="/facts/Nucleases/79mnW28W">nucleases</a>, but targeting specific areas becomes the main difficulty.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> This difficulty has been combatted with high-dosage levels of siRNA to ensure the tissues have been reached; however, in these cases, <a href="/facts/Hepatotoxicity/xbLcKPNG">hepatotoxicity</a> was reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Xie Z, Wroblewska L, Prochazka L, Weiss R, Benenson Y (September 2011). "Multi-input RNAi-based logic circuit for identification of specific cancer cells". Science. 333 (6047): 1307–11. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1307X. doi:10.1126/science.1205527. PMID 21885784. S2CID 13743291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Xie Z, Wroblewska L, Prochazka L, Weiss R, Benenson Y (September 2011). "Multi-input RNAi-based logic circuit for identification of specific cancer cells". Science. 333 (6047): 1307–11. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1307X. doi:10.1126/science.1205527. PMID 21885784. S2CID 13743291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Xie Z, Wroblewska L, Prochazka L, Weiss R, Benenson Y (September 2011). "Multi-input RNAi-based logic circuit for identification of specific cancer cells". Science. 333 (6047): 1307–11. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1307X. doi:10.1126/science.1205527. PMID 21885784. S2CID 13743291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Xie Z, Wroblewska L, Prochazka L, Weiss R, Benenson Y (September 2011). "Multi-input RNAi-based logic circuit for identification of specific cancer cells". Science. 333 (6047): 1307–11. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1307X. doi:10.1126/science.1205527. PMID 21885784. S2CID 13743291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Xie Z, Wroblewska L, Prochazka L, Weiss R, Benenson Y (September 2011). "Multi-input RNAi-based logic circuit for identification of specific cancer cells". Science. 333 (6047): 1307–11. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1307X. doi:10.1126/science.1205527. PMID 21885784. S2CID 13743291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Xie Z, Wroblewska L, Prochazka L, Weiss R, Benenson Y (September 2011). "Multi-input RNAi-based logic circuit for identification of specific cancer cells". Science. 333 (6047): 1307–11. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1307X. doi:10.1126/science.1205527. PMID 21885784. S2CID 13743291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Xie Z, Wroblewska L, Prochazka L, Weiss R, Benenson Y (September 2011). "Multi-input RNAi-based logic circuit for identification of specific cancer cells". Science. 333 (6047): 1307–11. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1307X. doi:10.1126/science.1205527. PMID 21885784. S2CID 13743291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Mitra R, Bandyopadhyay S, Maulik U, Zhang MQ (2010). "SFSSClass: an integrated approach for miRNA based tumor classification". BMC Bioinformatics. 11 (Suppl 1): S22. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-S1-S22. PMC 3009493. PMID 20122194. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3009493" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3009493</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Mitra R, Bandyopadhyay S, Maulik U, Zhang MQ (2010). "SFSSClass: an integrated approach for miRNA based tumor classification". BMC Bioinformatics. 11 (Suppl 1): S22. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-S1-S22. PMC 3009493. PMID 20122194. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3009493" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3009493</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Mitra R, Bandyopadhyay S, Maulik U, Zhang MQ (2010). "SFSSClass: an integrated approach for miRNA based tumor classification". BMC Bioinformatics. 11 (Suppl 1): S22. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-S1-S22. PMC 3009493. PMID 20122194. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3009493" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3009493</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mitra R, Bandyopadhyay S, Maulik U, Zhang MQ (2010). "SFSSClass: an integrated approach for miRNA based tumor classification". BMC Bioinformatics. 11 (Suppl 1): S22. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-S1-S22. PMC 3009493. 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PMID 12173041. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1205653" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1205653</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Grimm D, Kay MA (December 2007). "Therapeutic application of RNAi: is mRNA targeting finally ready for prime time?". J. Clin. Invest. 117 (12): 3633–41. doi:10.1172/JCI34129. PMC 2096424. PMID 18060021. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Grimm D, Kay MA (December 2007). "Therapeutic application of RNAi: is mRNA targeting finally ready for prime time?". J. Clin. Invest. 117 (12): 3633–41. doi:10.1172/JCI34129. PMC 2096424. PMID 18060021. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Grimm D, Kay MA (December 2007). "Therapeutic application of RNAi: is mRNA targeting finally ready for prime time?". J. Clin. Invest. 117 (12): 3633–41. doi:10.1172/JCI34129. PMC 2096424. PMID 18060021. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Grimm D, Kay MA (December 2007). "Therapeutic application of RNAi: is mRNA targeting finally ready for prime time?". J. Clin. Invest. 117 (12): 3633–41. doi:10.1172/JCI34129. PMC 2096424. PMID 18060021. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Grimm D, Kay MA (December 2007). "Therapeutic application of RNAi: is mRNA targeting finally ready for prime time?". J. Clin. Invest. 117 (12): 3633–41. doi:10.1172/JCI34129. PMC 2096424. PMID 18060021. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Grimm D, Kay MA (December 2007). "Therapeutic application of RNAi: is mRNA targeting finally ready for prime time?". J. Clin. Invest. 117 (12): 3633–41. doi:10.1172/JCI34129. PMC 2096424. PMID 18060021. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096424</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>