Polikarpov I-15

<h2 id="design-and-development">Design and development</h2>

The design for the 14th fighter for the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Air_Forces/9UwGvVhU">VVS</a>, the I-14, started as an advanced (for the era) monoplane under the direction of <a href="/facts/Andrei_Tupolev/1WvjVqpu">Andrei Tupolev</a>. He grew concerned that the design would not mature, and ordered two backup biplane designs as the I-14A and B just to be safe. <a href="/facts/Nikolai_Nikolaevich_Polikarpov/yW9xXxP3">Polikarpov</a> had just been released from prison in August 1932, and was handed the I-14A project. When both the I-14 and I-14A were ordered into production, Polikarpov's design, a development of the <a href="/facts/Polikarpov_I-5/vguvfY2a">I-5</a> fighter became the famous I-15.
The first flight was made in October 1933 with <a href="/facts/Valery_Chkalov/JWf9mBxc">V.P. Chkalov</a> at the controls, powered by an imported <a href="/facts/Wright_R-1820_Cyclone/omQKlIo7">Wright R-1820 Cyclone</a> engine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> The I-15, also known by its development name TsKB-3, was a small biplane fighter with a gulled upper wing. The single bay wings were of wooden construction, while the fuselage was of mixed steel and duralumin construction, with a fabric covered rear fuselage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
Production started in 1934, initially being powered by the <a href="/facts/Shvetsov/glJ823f5">Shvetsov</a> M-22, a licence-built version of the <a href="/facts/Bristol_Jupiter/5qtLjdjR">Bristol Jupiter</a> <a href="/facts/Radial_engine/tS0ljlb7">radial engine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> While less powerful than the Cyclone, the M-22 powered aircraft were still superior to the I-5 which it replaced, demonstrating excellent manoeuvrability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Production switched to the 515 kW (691 hp) <a href="/facts/Shvetsov_M-25/XhN0x964">Shvetsov M-25</a> engine (a license-built, <a href="/facts/Metrication/ARyQzqSE">metricified</a> Cyclone) in late 1936.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> A total of 671 I-15s were built, 284 in the Soviet Union and a further 287 under license by <a href="/facts/Construcciones_Aeron%C3%A1uticas_SA/z726esKI">CASA</a> in Spain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
The gulled upper wing of the I-15 was unpopular with some pilots, as it was felt to restrict visibility, so Polikarpov's <a href="/facts/OKB/Tf3D8le0">design bureau</a> produced a revised version, again powered by the M-25, with a longer span un-gulled upper wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> This version, the I-15bis, commenced production in 1937,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> a total of 2,408 I-15bis' being delivered by the time production finished in 1940.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h2 id="operational-history">Operational history</h2>

<h3>China</h3>
In August 1937, the Chinese <a href="/facts/Kuomintang/jxHMXkAo">Kuomintang</a> Government signed a non-aggression pact with the USSR, and in autumn of the same year, the Soviet Union commenced to ship I-15s as a part of a programme of military aid to the <a href="/facts/Republic_of_China_Air_Force/DDt8xupX">Chinese Air Force</a> (CAF) in its defensive war against Japan. More than 250 Soviet pilots volunteered to fly the 255 I-15s supplied to China in autumn 1937. By 1939, the total number of Polikarpov biplanes delivered to CAF reached 347 I-15/I-15bis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The I-15bis also saw a great amount of action in the <a href="/facts/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts/JUNwfSwE">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a> along the <a href="/facts/China%E2%80%93Mongolia_border/rbbwYMmk">China–Mongolia border</a>. From 1938 to 1941, I-15s in the <a href="/facts/Development_of_Chinese_Nationalist_air_force_(1937%E2%80%931945)/7WuU8Lqx">Nationalist Air Force of China</a>, fought many major battles, and skirmishes against invading and occupying Japanese forces, including the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Taierzhuang/3H7VyK01">Battle of Taierzhuang</a>, the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Wuhan/Edqwf724">Battle of Wuhan</a>, the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_South_Guangxi/ppBR7lGF">Battle of South Guangxi</a>, the <a href="/facts/Bombing_of_Chongqing/oWqU16Lx">Battle of Chongqing-Chengdu</a>, etc. The tough <a href="/facts/Biplane/sLsrVY1F">biplane</a> was quite clearly outmatched during the debut dogfight against the new <a href="/facts/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero/wrUJ1SSY">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a> fighter over <a href="/facts/Chongqing/TdWVCCKY">Chongqing</a> on 13 September 1940, although I-15bis pilots Maj. <a href="/facts/Zheng_Shaoyu/dH6yFAh0">Zheng Shaoyu</a>, Lt. Gao Youxin, and Lt. Xu Jixiang were able to target and damage some of the Zeroes, with Lt. Gao believing he had shot one down (all Zeroes returned to base in <a href="/facts/Wuhan/AGKKmphL">Wuhan</a>, with four Zeroes suffering some damage); all three of those pilots survived the battle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
Pilot Captain Shen Tse-Liu is credited with 4 victories in his I-15bis, the most with the aircraft in the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h3>Mongolia</h3>
In 1939 Polikarpov fighters were extensively used during the <a href="/facts/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol/Gl0GnAR5">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> fought around the <a href="/facts/Khalkha_River/1UpP7uYC">Khalkha River</a> in <a href="/facts/Dornod_Province/PLzKLq1H">Dornod Province</a>. The battles were fought during 11 May–16 September 1939, and involved more than 600 planes. When hostilities commenced, the only I-15bis in the area were 14 aircraft of 70th IAP. Their number increased in the following weeks: on 23 May, 35 I-15bis from 22nd IAP arrived from the Trans-Baikal region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> However the Mongolian Polikarpov pilots had been hastily trained and they suffered heavy losses against the more experienced Japanese pilots. During this conflict, the Soviet Union, Mongolia and Japan lost more than 200 aircraft each.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> 10 aircraft were delivered to the <a href="/facts/Mongolian_People%27s_Army/AjCsI5X1">Mongolian People's Army Air Force</a> in mid-July 1939 and flight personnel were trained for <a href="/facts/Rear_(military)/yuUvDozb">rear</a> air defence. Afterwards, they received more than 30 aircraft in March 1942.

<h3>Spain</h3>
The I-15 was used extensively in combat by the Republicans in the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Civil_War/YykcMvC5">Spanish Civil War</a> and proved to be one of the best fighter biplanes of its time. The Nationalists called the fighter "Curtiss", apparently believing it to be the <a href="/facts/Curtiss_F9C_Sparrowhawk/l2s8WnrS">Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk</a>.
The first batch of 25 Polikarpovs arrived in <a href="/facts/Cartagena,_Spain/mTGXjjhW">Cartagena</a>, Spain, on 28 October 1936,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> with 15 pilots, led by future ace <a href="/facts/Pavel_Rychagov/V8Qw8pPk">Pavel Rychagov</a>. A few days later a further group of 10 pilots and 15 aircraft arrived in <a href="/facts/Bilbao/QkG7WHTC">Bilbao</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
The Soviet pilots first went into action 4 November, when I-15s shot down two <a href="/facts/Junkers_Ju_52/G6uYWu2j">Junkers Ju 52</a>/3ms and two CR.32s over Madrid, and forced a third Ju 52 and a Heinkel two-seater to crash-land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> No losses were reported among the Soviet pilots. During the next two days, Chato pilots claimed 12 more victories, at the cost of two I-15s lost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
On 16 November, while dogfighting with <a href="/facts/Fiat_CR.32/n533lgFg">Fiat CR.32s</a> over Madrid, future ace Rychagov was shot down <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> and four days later the number of combat-ready Polikarpov in the central area had fallen to 15 aircraft: seven had been lost in combat, two had force-landed and one was undergoing repair.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
In December 1936 and January 1937, two more shipments of 30 aircraft arrived in Spain, making it possible to form four full-strength I-15 squadrons. Until the spring of 1937, central Spain was the main war theatre for I-15s. And in May 1937, another batch of 31 Polikarpov landed in Spain, taking the total number of I-15s delivered to 116.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
Chato losses in the Spanish Civil War were comparable to those of its principal rival, the <a href="/facts/Fiat_CR.32/n533lgFg">Fiat CR.32</a>. By 1 January 1939, 197 Polikarpovs had been lost: 88 shot down by enemy aircraft and nine by anti-aircraft artillery, 27 destroyed on the ground and 67 written off in accidents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h3>World War II</h3>
More than 1,000 I-15bis fighters were still in Soviet use during the German invasion when the biplane was employed in the ground attack role. Many were destroyed in the opening hours of the invasion sitting in neat rows on their runways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> By November 1943, all examples still in service had been relegated to second line duties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

<h2 id="variants">Variants</h2>

TsKB-3bis
Prototype.
TsKB-3ter
Prototype fitted with the more powerful M-25V radial piston engine.
I-15
First production series.
I-15bis
Single-seat fighter biplane, armed with four 7.62 mm (0.30 in) PV-1 or ShKAS machine guns, plus up to 150 kg (330 lb) of bombs. The I-15bis was powered by the more powerful 570 kW (760 hp; 770 PS) <a href="/facts/Shvetsov_M-25/XhN0x964">Shvetsov M-25</a>V radial piston engine. It had a straight upper wing. A total of 2,408 machines were built.
I-152
Modernised version of I-15bis. One built in 1938. Series production was not undertaken, since it was decided to build I-153 instead.
I-152GK
(Germetichyeskoi Kabine – hermetic (pressure) cabin) – One aircraft fitted with a pressure cabin.
I-152TK
(Turbo Kompressor – turbo-charged) – One aircraft fitted with two turbochargers.
<a href="/facts/Polikarpov_I-153/rvAJLaUX">I-15ter (I-153)</a>
Development of the I-15 with retractable landing gear, see <a href="/facts/Polikarpov_I-153/rvAJLaUX">Polikarpov I-153</a>.
UTI-1
(Oochebno Trenirovochnyy Istrebitel' – fighter trainer) – Factory-built two-seat trainer version, front cockpit moved forwards, dual controls fitted, 20 built in 1934 but not used by VVS<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
Chung 28B
China product version. base on I-152,equip with 712hp Wright R-1820-F3 engine,armed with four .30 <a href="/facts/Browning_machine_gun/pzaGu79H">Browning machine gun</a>,total 30 built.
A.4
<a href="/facts/Spanish_Air_Force/Ho2MWHlh">Spanish Air Force</a> designation for the I-15.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
<h2 id="operators">Operators</h2>

<a href="/facts/Nationalist_government/AwXDHfFo">Republic of China</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Chinese_Nationalist_Air_Force/7WuU8Lqx">Chinese Nationalist Air Force</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Finnish_Air_Force/lBTDG9eY">Finnish Air Force</a> (captured)</li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Luftwaffe/k7PAsBlo">Luftwaffe</a> (captured)</li></ul>
<a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb"></a> <a href="/facts/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic/hMaGKtfM">Mongolia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Mongolian_People%27s_Army_Air_Force/AjCsI5X1">Mongolian People's Army Air Force</a>- received more than 40 aircraft in July 1939 – 1942</li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Soviet_Air_Force/9UwGvVhU">Soviet Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Soviet_Naval_Aviation/coT5572x">Soviet Naval Aviation</a></li></ul>
<a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY"></a> <a href="/facts/Second_Spanish_Republic/KruSyR1g">Spanish Republic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force/ytXcgSmN">Spanish Republican Air Force</a></li></ul>
 <a href="/facts/Francoist_Spain/YhRtTBc7">Spain</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Spanish_Air_Force/Ho2MWHlh">Spanish Air Force</a> – Post civil war.</li></ul>
<h2 id="specifications-i-15-m-25">Specifications (I-15 M-25)</h2>

Data from Of Chaika and Chato…<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>General characteristics
<ul><li>Crew: One</li>
<li>Length: 6.10 m (20 ft 0 in) (tail up)</li>
<li>Upper wingspan: 9.75 m (32 ft 0 in)</li>
<li>Lower wingspan: 7.50 m (24 ft 7 in)</li>
<li>Height: 2.20 m (7 ft 3 in) (tail down)</li>
<li>Wing area: 21.90 m2 (235.7 sq ft)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Airfoil/2d3l6hKd">Airfoil</a>: <a href="/facts/Clark_YH/s1WMX33z">Clark YH </a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></li>
<li>Empty weight: 1,012 kg (2,231 lb)</li>
<li>Gross weight: 1,385 kg (3,053 lb)</li>
<li>Max takeoff weight: 1,689 kg (3,724 lb)</li>
<li>Fuel capacity: 260 L (57 imp gal; 69 US gal)</li>
<li>Powerplant: 1 × <a href="/facts/Shvetsov_M-25/XhN0x964">Shvetsov M-25</a> 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 520 kW (700 hp) at 2,300 m (7,500 ft)</li>
<li>Propellers: 2-bladed variable-pitch propeller</li></ul>
Performance

<ul><li>Maximum speed: 367 km/h (228 mph, 198 kn) at 3,000 m (9,800 ft)</li>
<li>Cruise speed: 285 km/h (177 mph, 154 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) (max. continuous cruise)</li>
<li>Range: 510 km (320 mi, 280 nmi)</li>
<li>Service ceiling: 9,800 m (32,200 ft)</li>
<li>Time to altitude: 
<ul><li>1.1 min to 1,000 m (3,300 ft)</li>
<li>6.1 min to 5,000 m (16,400 ft)</li></ul></li></ul>
Armament

<ul><li>4 x<a href="/facts/7.62%C3%9754mmR/S26NjXPE">7.62×54mmR</a> <a href="/facts/PV-1_machine_gun/mDcUy2pk">PV-1 machine guns</a></li>
<li>Up to 100 kg (220 lb) of bombs</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

Related development

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Polikarpov_I-5/vguvfY2a">Polikarpov I-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Polikarpov_I-153/rvAJLaUX">Polikarpov I-153</a></li></ul>
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bl%C3%A9riot-SPAD_S.91/eyeG2eJP">Blériot-SPAD S.91</a>/5</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Curtiss_F11C_Goshawk/hn9rkjI4">Curtiss F11C Goshawk</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fiat_CR.32/n533lgFg">Fiat CR.32</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fokker_D.XVI/U7VUvzSu">Fokker D.XVI</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gloster_Gauntlet/4PHbly6B">Gloster Gauntlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Grumman_F2F/gJr1glSU">Grumman F2F</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Heinkel_He_51/j3yzXq2o">Heinkel He 51</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nakajima_A4N/XdIICrrz">Nakajima A4N</a></li></ul>

Related lists

<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_interwar_military_aircraft/HfYWHW8V">List of interwar military aircraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Spanish_Republican_Air_Force/Gem8rYWm">List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II/bxsNPfvu">List of aircraft of World War II</a></li></ul>

<h3>Notes</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>
<ul><li>Abanshin, Michael E. and Nina Gut. Fighting Polikarpov, Eagles of the East No. 2. Lynnwood, Washington: Aviation International, 1994. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-884909-01-9.</li>
<li>Cheung, Raymond. OSPREY AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES 126: Aces of the Republic of China Air Force. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978 14728 05614.</li>
<li>Drabkin, Artem. The Red Air Force at War: Barbarossa and the Retreat to Moscow – Recollections of Fighter Pilots on the Eastern Front. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2007. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-84415-563-3.</li>
<li>Gordon, Yefim and A. Dexter. "Polikarpov Biplane Fighter Variants". Wings of Fame, Volume 17. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1999, pp. 106–129. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-86184-041-1.</li>
<li>Gordon, Yefim and Keith Dexter. Polikarpov's Biplane Fighters (Red Star, vol.6). Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2002. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85780-141-5.</li>
<li>Gordon, Yefim and Dmitri Khazanov. Soviet Combat Aircraft of the Second World War, Volume One: Single-Engined Fighters. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 1998. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85780-083-4.</li>
<li>Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Of Chaika and Chato... Polikarpov's Fighting Biplanes". <a href="/facts/Air_Enthusiast/nwFyK41v">Air Enthusiast</a>. Issue 11, November 1979 – February 1980, pp. 9–29. ISSN 0143-5450.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bill_Gunston/Bl7slqF9">Gunston, Bill</a>. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London: Osprey, 1995. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85532-405-9.</li>
<li>Lannon, Frances. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 (Essential Histories 37). London: Osprey Publishing, 2002. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781841763699.</li>
<li>Laureau, Patrick (May 1978). "Polikarpov I-15 "Chato": Un chasseur russe au destin exotique..., partie 1" [Polkarpov I-15 "Chato": A Russian Fighter in an Exotic Destination, Part 1]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (102): 34–41. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169">0757-4169</a>.</li>
<li>Laureau, Patrick (June 1978). "Polikarpov I-15 "Chato": Un chasseur russe au destin exotique..., partie 2" [Polkarpov I-15 "Chato": A Russian Fighter in an Exotic Destination, Part 2]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (103): 42–45. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169">0757-4169</a>.</li>
<li>Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.</li>
<li>Léonard, Herbert. Les avions de chasse Polikarpov (in French). Rennes, France: Editions Ouest-France, 1981. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-85882-322-7.</li>
<li>Léonard, Herbert. Les chasseurs Polikarpov (in French). Clichy, France: Éditions Larivière, 2004. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-914205-07-4.</li>
<li>Maslov, Mikhail A. Polikarpov I-15bis (Wydawnictwo Militaria 199) (in Polish). Warsawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Militaria, 2004. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 83-7219-178-6.</li>
<li>Maslov, Mikhail A. Polikarpov I-15, I-16 and I-153. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2010. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84603-981-2.</li>
<li>Stapfer, Hans-Heiri. Polikarpov Fighters in Action, Part 1 (Aircraft in Action number 157). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1995. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-89747-343-4.</li>
<li>徐 (Xú), 露梅 (Lùméi). 隕落 (Fallen): 682位空军英烈的生死档案 - 抗战空军英烈档案大解密 (A Decryption of 682 Air Force Heroes of The War of Resistance-WWII and Their Martyrdom). 东城区, 北京， 中国: 团结出版社, 2016. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-7-5126-4433-5.</li>
<li>黄孝慈. 中國飛機尋根(之三十六)抗戰時期俄援戰機之I-152及I-153式戰鬥機(Polikarpov I-152, I-153, Jung-28B) <a href="http://cwlam2000.epizy.com/caf36.html">http://cwlam2000.epizy.com/caf36.html</a>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Falco, José (February 1989). "Mes derniers victoires; Villajuiga, Février 1939" [My Last Victories; Villajuiga, February 1939]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (231): 18–19. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169">0757-4169</a>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polikarpov I-15.

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070727063151/http://www.aviation.ru/Po/#15">https://web.archive.org/web/20070727063151/http://www.aviation.ru/Po/#15</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.wio.ru/tacftr/polikarp.htm">http://www.wio.ru/tacftr/polikarp.htm</a></li>
<li><a href="http://cwlam2000.epizy.com/caf36.htm">http://cwlam2000.epizy.com/caf36.htm</a></li></ul>

The initial version of this article was based on material from <a href="http://www.aviation.ru">aviation.ru</a>. It has been released under the <a href="/facts/GNU_Free_Documentation_License/IhVHF3zP">GFDL</a> by the copyright holder.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Gunston 1995, p. 299. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 10. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Lannon 2002, p. 46. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 9. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 10. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 635. ISBN 978-1783400546. <a href="978-1783400546" target="_blank">978-1783400546</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 10. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Gunston 1995, p. 299. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Gordon and Dexter 1999, p. 120. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 635. ISBN 978-1783400546. <a href="978-1783400546" target="_blank">978-1783400546</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Gunston 1995, p. 299. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 18. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Gunston 1995, p. 299. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Maslov 2010, p. 33. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Cheung, 2015, pp. 74-75. Lt. Gao had shot A6M Zeroes of the tails of other Chinese fighters in the melee over Chongqing on 13 September 1940, closing in to 160 ft of one... claiming one shot down... <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Chen, C. Peter. "Gao Youxin". WW2DB. Retrieved 2020-11-27. <In Sep 1940 (9/13/1940), Lt. Gao Youxin flew against the new A6M Zero fighters, damaging one... he had claimed a victory but no A6M fighters were lost in that action. <a href="https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=965" target="_blank">https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=965</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">萨沙, 资深中国近代军事历史作家 (2019-05-09). "永不归航的红色年轻战鹰：1位"八路军"青年战士的抗日空战". 知乎专栏 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2020-12-21. <郑少愚在此战中第五次受伤，他的右手和左足均中弹负伤，座机更被击成重伤。他虽然受伤，但依旧表现英勇。根据《空军第一路司令官毛邦初关于敌我空军交战情况的战斗要报》（1940年9月13日）中记载："总领队郑大队长虽手足均受弹伤，但仍奋勇迎敌，援救友机多架，战斗终结，掩护各机飞返遂宁。 <a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/65241552" target="_blank">https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/65241552</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Chinese biplane fighter aces - Shen Tse-Liu". surfcity.kund.dalnet.se. Retrieved 2024-06-17. <a href="http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_tse-liu.htm" target="_blank">http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_tse-liu.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 635. ISBN 978-1783400546. <a href="978-1783400546" target="_blank">978-1783400546</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Maslov 2010, p. 42. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 635. ISBN 978-1783400546. <a href="978-1783400546" target="_blank">978-1783400546</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Maslov 2010, p. 16. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 635. ISBN 978-1783400546. <a href="978-1783400546" target="_blank">978-1783400546</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 635. ISBN 978-1783400546. <a href="978-1783400546" target="_blank">978-1783400546</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Maslov 2010, p. 18. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Maslov 2010, p. 17. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Maslov 2010, p. 18. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Maslov 2010, p. 21. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Maslov 2010, p. 24. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 635. ISBN 978-1783400546. <a href="978-1783400546" target="_blank">978-1783400546</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 635. ISBN 978-1783400546. <a href="978-1783400546" target="_blank">978-1783400546</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 635. ISBN 978-1783400546. <a href="978-1783400546" target="_blank">978-1783400546</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Spanish Military Aircraft Designations". www.designation-systems.net. Retrieved 2025-03-21. <a href="https://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/spain.html" target="_blank">https://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/spain.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 12. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. <a href="https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html" target="_blank">https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Polikarpov I-15 open-in-new

Polikarpov I-15