Camel

<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>
<h3>Extant species</h3>
Three species are <a href="/facts/Extant_taxa/YK8uj7qU">extant</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>

Genus Camelus – <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">1758</a> – nine species<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Common name</th><th scope="col">Scientific name and subspecies</th><th scope="col">Range</th><th scope="col">Size and ecology</th><th scope="col">IUCN status and estimated population</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Bactrian camel</th><td><a href="/facts/Camelus_bactrianus/wC08gJ6N">Camelus bactrianus</a> Linnaeus, 1758</td><td>Domesticated; <a href="/facts/Central_Asia/rB8k0CyT">Central Asia</a>, including the historical region of <a href="/facts/Bactria/JcTfl6bR">Bactria</a> and <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a>.</td><td>Size: Habitat: Diet:</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Dromedary/kBWcNAj1">Dromedary</a> / Arabian camel</th><td><a href="/facts/Camelus_dromedarius/kBWcNAj1">Camelus dromedarius</a> Linnaeus, 1758</td><td>Domesticated; the <a href="/facts/Middle_East/8CD6pLWv">Middle East</a>, <a href="/facts/Sahara/JVlJd2VC">Sahara Desert</a>, and <a href="/facts/South_Asia/7gTqe3hY">South Asia</a>; introduced to <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td><td>Size: Habitat: Diet:</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Wild Bactrian camel</th><td><a href="/facts/Camelus_ferus/QLnPkcVN">Camelus ferus</a> Przewalski, 1878</td><td>Remote areas of <a href="/facts/Northwest_China/JKAwxPun">northwest China</a> and <a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a></td><td>Size: Habitat: Diet:</td><td><a href="/facts/Critically_endangered/UI5nTQwF"> CR </a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="biology">Biology</h2>
The average <a href="/facts/Life_expectancy/uPc8bWWW">life expectancy</a> of a camel is 40 to 50 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> A full-grown adult dromedary camel stands 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the hump.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Bactrian camels can be a foot taller. Camels can run at up to 65 km/h (40 mph) in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 lb) and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg (660 to 1,320 lb). The widening toes on a camel's <a href="/facts/Hoof/akrIlYRN">hoof</a> provide supplemental grip for varying soil sediments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
The male dromedary camel has an organ called a dulla in his throat, a large, inflatable sac that he extrudes from his mouth when in <a href="/facts/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)/SxACJf8g">rut</a> to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of the camel's mouth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> The male usually <a href="/facts/Ejaculates/5RnfwCxG">ejaculates</a> three or four times within a single mating session.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h3>Ecological and behavioral adaptations</h3>

Camels do not directly store water in their humps; they are reservoirs of fatty tissue. When this tissue is metabolized, it yields a greater mass of water than that of the fat processed. This <a href="/facts/Lipolysis/wuQwM0nb">fat metabolization</a>, while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs during <a href="/facts/Breathing/92Wov2gk">respiration</a> (as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> The dromedary camel can drink as seldom as once every 10 days even under very hot conditions, and can lose up to 30% of its body mass due to dehydration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Unlike other mammals, camels' <a href="/facts/Red_blood_cell/Kggpq8Jh">red blood cells</a> are oval rather than circular in shape. This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> and makes them better at withstanding high <a href="/facts/Osmosis/vYPfyX76">osmotic</a> variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
Camels are able to withstand changes in <a href="/facts/Body_temperature/V692hIjw">body temperature</a> and water consumption that would kill most other mammals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C (93 °F) at dawn and steadily increases to 40 °C (104 °F) by sunset, before they cool off at night again.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> In general, to compare between camels and the other livestock, camels lose only 1.3 liters of fluid intake every day while the other livestock lose 20 to 40 liters per day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals; to assist this, camels have a <a href="/facts/Rete_mirabile/1JXk1Y1X">rete mirabile</a>, a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures reach 49 °C (120 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; the <a href="/facts/Heat_of_vaporization/TbEWQDNl">heat of vaporization</a> therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their body weight in water, whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12–14% dehydration before <a href="/facts/Congestive_heart_failure/7fckX3Jm">cardiac failure</a> results from circulatory disturbance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
When the camel exhales, <a href="/facts/Water_vapor/DX5IUFG0">water vapor</a> becomes trapped in their <a href="/facts/Nostrils/p0IABNqA">nostrils</a> and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated state without the need for drinking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

The camel's thick coat insulates it from the intense heat radiated from desert sand; a shorn camel must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color, reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The camel's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground, which can heat up to 70 °C (158 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over the <a href="/facts/Sternum/qIPMpyIz">sternum</a> called the pedestal. When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position, the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
Camels' mouths have a thick leathery lining, allowing them to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with nostrils that can close, form a barrier against sand. If sand gets lodged in their eyes, they can dislodge it using their translucent <a href="/facts/Third_eyelid/ekB8YpHv">third eyelid</a> (also known as the nictitating membrane). The camels' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
The <a href="/facts/Kidney/HBspPrv9">kidneys</a> and <a href="/facts/Intestines/nK2zwqBS">intestines</a> of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water. Camels' kidneys have a 1:4 <a href="/facts/Renal_cortex/SPHny2Y6">cortex</a> to <a href="/facts/Renal_medulla/wl4SDWen">medulla ratio</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Thus, the medullary part of a camel's kidney occupies twice as much area as a cow's kidney. Secondly, <a href="/facts/Renal_corpuscles/A5tQAMan">renal corpuscles</a> have a smaller diameter, which reduces surface area for filtration. These two major anatomical characteristics enable camels to conserve water and limit the volume of urine in extreme desert conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> <a href="/facts/Camel_urine/pc60yPAH">Camel urine</a> comes out as a thick syrup, and camel faeces are so dry that they do not require drying when used to fuel fires.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
The camel <a href="/facts/Immune_system/HRCTf1pb">immune system</a> differs from those of other mammals. Normally, the Y-shaped <a href="/facts/Antibody/MX8pdTdP">antibody</a> molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Camels, in addition to these, also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have developed 50 million years ago, after camelids split from ruminants and pigs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
The parasite <a href="/facts/Trypanosoma_evansi/xj3xvtqA">Trypanosoma evansi</a> causes the disease <a href="/facts/Surra/FgzkkMBk">surra</a> in camels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>: 2 

<h3>Genetics</h3>
The <a href="/facts/Karyotype/UM8j41yA">karyotypes</a> of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 study <a href="/facts/Flow_sorting/M2IvPdL8">flow sorted</a> camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotype consisted of one <a href="/facts/Centromere/AWxF1ClY">metacentric</a>, three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. The <a href="/facts/Y_chromosome/nBDd0Vlg">Y</a> is a small metacentric chromosome, while the <a href="/facts/X_chromosome/hpJxhSUr">X</a> is a large metacentric chromosome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>

The <a href="/facts/Hybrid_camel/ed1ullWu">hybrid camel</a>, a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) tall at the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg (1,430 lb) and can carry around 400 to 450 kg (880 to 990 lb), which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>
According to molecular data, the wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) separated from the domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) about 1 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> New World and Old World camelids diverged about 11 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> In spite of this, these species can hybridize and produce viable offspring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> The <a href="/facts/Cama_(animal)/Yf2KRHe6">cama</a> is a camel-llama hybrid bred by scientists to see how closely related the parent species are.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Scientists <a href="/facts/Collected_semen/ljt0Hhcy">collected semen</a> from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with <a href="/facts/Gonadotrophin/Jo53mSXC">gonadotrophin</a> injections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> The cama is halfway in size between a camel and a llama and lacks a hump. It has ears intermediate between those of camels and llamas, longer legs than the llama, and partially <a href="/facts/Cloven-hoof/stzq18md">cloven hooves</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Like the <a href="/facts/Mule/jIschaJU">mule</a>, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>

<h3>Evolution</h3>
The earliest known camel, called <a href="/facts/Protylopus/8CdV4z5n">Protylopus</a>, lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during the <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now <a href="/facts/South_Dakota/R51Fbf1t">South Dakota</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> By 35 million years ago, the <a href="/facts/Poebrotherium/58rbgL1J">Poebrotherium</a> was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> The hoofed <a href="/facts/Stenomylus/mYGDQDYa">Stenomylus</a>, which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed around this time, and the long-necked <a href="/facts/Aepycamelus/HdqSy1gC">Aepycamelus</a> evolved in the <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> The split between the tribes <a href="/facts/Camelini/y7VM3eLK">Camelini</a>, which contains modern camels and <a href="/facts/Lamini/BUj7fyS7">Lamini</a>, modern <a href="/facts/Llama/k8q7YN1H">llamas</a>, <a href="/facts/Alpaca/RPNA1y3K">alpacas</a>, <a href="/facts/Vicu%C3%B1a/cfVcSnpJ">vicuñas</a>, and <a href="/facts/Guanaco/vWMzgHac">guanacos</a>, is estimated to have occurred over 16 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
The ancestor of modern camels, <a href="/facts/Paracamelus/yatArtLj">Paracamelus</a>, migrated into Eurasia from North America via <a href="/facts/Beringia/5AHokBkE">Beringia</a> during the late Miocene, between 7.5 and 6.5 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> During the Pleistocene, around 3 to 1 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America as part of the <a href="/facts/Great_American_Interchange/e8uuzTok">Great American Interchange</a> via the newly formed <a href="/facts/Isthmus_of_Panama/tWgYHHak">Isthmus of Panama</a>, where they gave rise to <a href="/facts/Guanacos/vWMzgHac">guanacos</a> and related animals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> Populations of Paracamelus continued to exist in the North American Arctic into the <a href="/facts/Early_Pleistocene/jPp2Cn7a">Early Pleistocene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet (2.7 metres) tall. The Bactrian camel diverged from the dromedary about 1 million years ago, according to the fossil record.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a>
The last camel native to North America was <a href="/facts/Camelops_hesternus/x2U1qLc4">Camelops hesternus</a>, which vanished along with <a href="/facts/Horse/uQ3FA0Ak">horses</a>, <a href="/facts/Arctodus/a4FRJH5N">short-faced bears</a>, <a href="/facts/Mammoth/k9MnxS2k">mammoths</a> and <a href="/facts/Mastodon/vUAJuegY">mastodons</a>, <a href="/facts/Ground_sloth/x7vVYmBo">ground sloths</a>, <a href="/facts/Sabertooth_cat/29SyW7vn">sabertooth cats</a>, and many other megafauna as part of the <a href="/facts/Quaternary_extinction_event/pMcgaUHC">Quaternary extinction event</a>, coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia at the end of the Pleistocene, around 13–11,000 years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>
An extinct giant camel species, <a href="/facts/Camelus_knoblochi/SP0XDStQ">Camelus knoblochi</a> roamed Asia during the Late Pleistocene, before becoming extinct around 20,000 years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>

<h2 id="domestication">Domestication</h2>

Like <a href="/facts/Horse/uQ3FA0Ak">horses</a>, camels originated in North America and eventually spread across <a href="/facts/Beringia/5AHokBkE">Beringia</a> to Asia. They survived in the Old World, and eventually humans domesticated them and spread them globally. Along with many other megafauna in North America, the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of the first <a href="/facts/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas/LG2r6wXm">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> from Asia into North America, 10 to 12,000 years ago; although fossils have never been associated with definitive evidence of hunting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>
Most camels surviving today are domesticated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> Although <a href="/facts/Feral/kr7vGvdx">feral</a> populations exist in <a href="/facts/Australian_feral_camel/ck82dyoG">Australia</a>, India and Kazakhstan, wild camels survive only in the <a href="/facts/Wild_Bactrian_camel/QLnPkcVN">wild Bactrian camel</a> population of the <a href="/facts/Gobi_Desert/Cgrf8RPQ">Gobi Desert</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>

<h3>History</h3>
When humans first domesticated camels is disputed. Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in <a href="/facts/Somalia/3wQYwIdS">Somalia</a> or <a href="/facts/South_Arabia/K651cYek">South Arabia</a> sometime during the <a href="/facts/3rd_millennium_BC/csYpGrX5">3rd millennium BC</a>, the Bactrian in <a href="/facts/Central_Asia/rB8k0CyT">central Asia</a> around 2,500 BC,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> as at Shar-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> A study from 2016, which genotyped and used world-wide sequencing of modern and ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), suggested that they were initially domesticated in the southeast Arabian Peninsula,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> with the Bactrian type later being domesticated around Central Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a>
Martin Heide's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that humans had domesticated the Bactrian camel by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the <a href="/facts/Zagros_Mountains/2h0Dr5nj">Zagros Mountains</a>, with the practice then moving into Mesopotamia. Heide suggests that mentions of camels "in the patriarchal narratives may refer, at least in some places, to the Bactrian camel", while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship to <a href="/facts/Canaan/PyX3f92e">Canaan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> Heide and Joris Peters reasserted that conclusion in their 2021 study on the subject.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
In 2009–2013, excavations in the <a href="/facts/Timna_Valley/dkvXLIaw">Timna Valley</a> by Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones yet found in Israel or even outside the <a href="/facts/Arabian_Peninsula/x1fDka2b">Arabian Peninsula</a>, dating to around 930 BC. This garnered considerable media coverage, as it is strong evidence that the stories of <a href="/facts/Abraham/gHguuYch">Abraham</a>, <a href="/facts/Jacob/z6lKzP3W">Jacob</a>, <a href="/facts/Esau/44zbjLNE">Esau</a>, and <a href="/facts/Joseph_(Genesis)/vmL6TTIg">Joseph</a> were <a href="/facts/Historicity_of_the_Bible/WopoWMUw">written after this time</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>
The existence of camels in Mesopotamia—but not in the eastern Mediterranean lands—is not a new idea. The historian <a href="/facts/Richard_Bulliet/0vwYrFGo">Richard Bulliet</a> did not think that the occasional mention of camels in the Bible meant that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> The archaeologist <a href="/facts/William_F._Albright/PX5lthdr">William F. Albright</a>, writing even earlier, saw camels in the Bible as an <a href="/facts/Anachronism/vjnKorAb">anachronism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>
The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph says:

The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the <a href="/facts/Southern_Levant/gUwQGVrL">southern Levant</a> ... substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112–116; Jasmin 2005). This ... has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558–584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early <a href="/facts/Iron_Age/mpQYShI0">Iron Age</a> (not before the 12th century [BC])
and concludes:

Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of <a href="/facts/Radiocarbon_dating/qjNglhKP">radiocarbon dates</a>. The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century [BC] and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region—attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh <a href="/facts/Shoshenq_I/MGUPSrrC">Shoshenq I</a>—raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>

<h3>Textiles</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Camel_hair/ou0A4E1M">Camel hair</a>
Desert tribes and Mongolian nomads use camel hair for tents, <a href="/facts/Yurt/ePJj024Y">yurts</a>, clothing, bedding and accessories. Camels have outer guard hairs and soft inner down, and the fibers may also be sorted by color and age of the animal. The guard hairs can be felted for use as waterproof coats for the herdsmen, while the softer hair is used for premium goods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> The fiber can be spun for use in weaving or made into yarns for hand knitting or crochet. Pure camel hair is recorded as being used for <a href="/facts/Western_wear/rNCfAlj5">western garments</a> from the 17th century onwards, and from the 19th century a mixture of wool and camel hair was used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>

<h3>Military uses</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Camel_cavalry/1Nsyj72A">Camel cavalry</a>

By at least 1200 BC the first camel saddles had appeared, and <a href="/facts/Bactrian_camels/wC08gJ6N">Bactrian camels</a> could be ridden. The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel, and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick. However, between 500 and 100 BC, Bactrian camels came into military use. New saddles, which were inflexible and bent, were put over the humps and divided the rider's weight over the animal. In the seventh century BC the military Arabian saddle evolved, which again improved the saddle design slightly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>
Military forces have used <a href="/facts/Camel_cavalry/1Nsyj72A">camel cavalries</a> in wars throughout Africa, the Middle East, and their use continues into the modern-day within the <a href="/facts/Border_Security_Force/xea203V2">Border Security Force</a> (BSF) of <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>. The first documented use of camel cavalries occurred in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Qarqar/Y8oTBNJf">Battle of Qarqar</a> in 853 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>
The <a href="/facts/East_Roman_Empire/njEELXWF">East Roman Empire</a> used <a href="/facts/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)/dr6wwSQU">auxiliary</a> forces known as <a href="/facts/Dromedarii/kqsrmT1M">dromedarii</a>, whom the Romans recruited in desert provinces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close range (horses are afraid of the camels' scent),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> a quality famously employed by the <a href="/facts/Achaemenid/avlzWxF0">Achaemenid</a> Persians when fighting <a href="/facts/Lydia/zlta9sIJ">Lydia</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Thymbra/Q0A6dAL3">Battle of Thymbra</a> (547 BC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a>

<h4>19th and 20th centuries</h4>

The <a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">United States Army</a> established the <a href="/facts/U.S._Camel_Corps/cveLJJLK">U.S. Camel Corps</a>, stationed in <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>, in the 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> One may still see stables at the <a href="/facts/Benicia_Arsenal/mRk1sIGT">Benicia Arsenal</a> in <a href="/facts/Benicia,_California/19M7aGJy">Benicia, California</a>, where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success (<a href="/facts/John_B._Floyd/kTxq0tvK">John B. Floyd</a>, <a href="/facts/Secretary_of_War/pz3atTqL">Secretary of War</a> in 1858, recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels), the outbreak of the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a> in 1861 saw the end of the Camel Corps: Texas became part of the Confederacy, and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a>
France created a <a href="/facts/M%C3%A9hariste/TDLRpqzu">méhariste</a> camel corps in 1912 as part of the <a href="/facts/Army_of_Africa_(France)/bYdQaDoD">Armée d'Afrique</a> in the Sahara<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> in order to exercise greater control over the camel-riding <a href="/facts/Tuareg/A697J6Ju">Tuareg</a> and Arab insurgents, as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> The <a href="/facts/Free_French_Camel_Corps/Hjfvch4H">Free French Camel Corps</a> fought during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, and camel-mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a>
In 1916, the British created the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Camel_Corps/DVDvFqrQ">Imperial Camel Corps</a>. It was originally used to fight the <a href="/facts/Senussi/gT0XydQN">Senussi</a>, but was later used in the <a href="/facts/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign/sXxMkGFQ">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a> in <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>. The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert, though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to become run down, receiving no new reinforcements, and was formally disbanded in 1919.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a>
In World War I, the British Army also created the <a href="/facts/Egyptian_Camel_Transport_Corps/CDJm0fWP">Egyptian Camel Transport Corps</a>, which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British war operations in <a href="/facts/Sinai_Peninsula/SEyERdHm">Sinai</a>, Palestine, and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>
The <a href="/facts/Somaliland_Camel_Corps/EsE3UkU4">Somaliland Camel Corps</a> was created by colonial authorities in <a href="/facts/British_Somaliland/0SF1Mloy">British Somaliland</a> in 1912; it was disbanded in 1944.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a>
Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> in the Caucasian region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> At the same period the Soviet units operating around <a href="/facts/Astrakhan/JrIjkRUs">Astrakhan</a> in 1942 adopted local camels as draft animals due to shortage of trucks and horses, and kept them even after moving out of the area. Despite severe losses, some of these camels ended up as far west as to <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Berlin/r06fTYj1">Berlin itself</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a>
The <a href="/facts/Bikaner_Camel_Corps/NftLURhE">Bikaner Camel Corps</a> of <a href="/facts/British_India/qdbjMfvI">British India</a> fought alongside the <a href="/facts/British_Indian_Army/1Pm2dYQM">British Indian Army</a> in World Wars I and II.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a>
The <a href="/facts/Tropas_N%C3%B3madas/WPV5Dmqn">Tropas Nómadas</a> (Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment of <a href="/facts/Sahrawi_people/376dThRV">Sahrawi</a> tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara (today <a href="/facts/Western_Sahara/xAmSkuJl">Western Sahara</a>). Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, the Tropas Nómadas were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a>

<h4>21st century competition</h4>
The annual King Abdulaziz Camel Festival is held in Saudi Arabia. In addition to camel racing and camel milk tasting, the festival holds a camel "<a href="/facts/Beauty_pageant/SrbDFt4z">beauty pageant</a>" with prize money of $57m (£40m). In 2018, 12 camels were disqualified from the beauty contest after their owners were found to have injected them with <a href="/facts/Botox/F2LTx09G">botox</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> In a similar incident in 2021, over 40 camels were disqualified.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a>

<h3>Food uses</h3>
Camel meat and milk are foods that are found in many cuisines, typically in <a href="/facts/Middle_Eastern_cuisine/E4INx7RA">Middle Eastern</a>, <a href="/facts/North_African_cuisine/k0WBbtao">North African</a> and some <a href="/facts/Australian_cuisine/C2a5y2Qc">Australian cuisines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> Camels provide food in the form of meat and milk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a>

<h4>Dairy</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Camel_milk/lF8P02Q7">Camel milk</a>

Camel milk is a <a href="/facts/Staple_food/GNo3putV">staple food</a> of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal itself; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a>
Camel milk can readily be made into <a href="/facts/Yogurt/JoQjepa7">yogurt</a>, but can only be made into <a href="/facts/Butter/FqydR0dC">butter</a> if it is soured first, churned, and a <a href="/facts/Clarifying_agent/tAMvvryw">clarifying agent</a> is then added.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> Until recently, camel milk could not be made into <a href="/facts/Camel_milk/lF8P02Q7">camel cheese</a> because <a href="/facts/Rennet/VJgHPk2M">rennet</a> was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection of <a href="/facts/Curd/yqRzqk51">curds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, the <a href="/facts/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization/13WV8JJK">FAO</a> commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the <a href="/facts/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27Agronomie_et_des_Industries_Alimentaires/bEMQnyme">École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires</a>, who was able to produce curdling by the addition of <a href="/facts/Calcium_phosphate/tn03xvdb">calcium phosphate</a> and vegetable rennet in the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a> The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a>
Camel milk can also be made into <a href="/facts/Ice_cream/jVhC4nwR">ice cream</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a>

<h4>Meat</h4>

Approximately 3.3 million camels and camelids are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300–400 kg (661–882 lb), while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg (1,433 lb). The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg (550 and 770 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a delicacy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> The hump contains "white and sickly fat", which can be used to make the khli (preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> On the other hand, camel milk and meat are rich in protein, vitamins, glycogen, and other nutrients making them essential in the diet of many people. From chemical composition to meat quality, the dromedary camel is the preferred breed for meat production. It does well even in arid areas due to its unusual physiological behaviors and characteristics, which include tolerance to extreme temperatures, radiation from the sun, water paucity, rugged landscape and low vegetation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> although camel meat becomes tenderer the more it is cooked.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>
Camel is one of the animals that can be ritually slaughtered and divided into three portions (one for the home, one for extended family/social networks, and one for those who cannot afford to slaughter an animal themselves) for the <a href="/facts/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)/e3hxczdx">qurban</a> of <a href="/facts/Eid_al-Adha/lxHKhuDt">Eid al-Adha</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a>
The <a href="/facts/Abu_Dhabi/0fXh0jQ2">Abu Dhabi</a> Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> In <a href="/facts/Karachi,_Pakistan/pz65ABkw">Karachi, Pakistan</a>, some restaurants prepare <a href="/facts/Nihari/fapEmAcC">nihari</a> from camel meat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> Specialist camel butchers provide expert cuts, with the hump considered the most popular.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a>
Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greece/PTVBrWXq">ancient Greek</a> writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient <a href="/facts/Persia/24yukge8">Persia</a>, usually roasted whole.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> The <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/facts/Elagabalus/auhwHQ2l">Heliogabalus</a> enjoyed camel's heel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including <a href="/facts/Eritrea/tuhgQTdR">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/facts/Somalia/3wQYwIdS">Somalia</a>, <a href="/facts/Djibouti/77jY0eII">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a>, <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a>, <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a>, <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a>, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a>, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of <a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a>, <a href="/facts/Vitamin_D/No0zQB2W">vitamin D</a>, salts and minerals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a>
A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Health_(Saudi_Arabia)/kN4BSqKm">Ministry of Health</a> and the United States <a href="/facts/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention/NmoJNDV5">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> details four cases of human <a href="/facts/Bubonic_plague/N9dCQ3EP">bubonic plague</a> resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a>
Camel meat is also occasionally found in <a href="/facts/Australian_cuisine/C2a5y2Qc">Australian cuisine</a>: for example, a camel <a href="/facts/Lasagna/JC0Qnpbh">lasagna</a> is available in <a href="/facts/Alice_Springs/5q9PX26H">Alice Springs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> Australia has exported camel meat, primarily to the <a href="/facts/Middle_East/8CD6pLWv">Middle East</a> but also to Europe and the US, for many years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> The meat is very popular among <a href="/facts/African_Australians/MTyCWRv0">East African Australians</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Somalis/lsrMaU57">Somalis</a>, and other Australians have also been buying it. The feral nature of the animals means they produce a different type of meat to farmed camels in other parts of the world,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a> and it is sought after because it is disease-free, and a unique genetic group. Demand is outstripping supply, and governments are being urged not to cull the camels, but redirect the cost of the cull into developing the market. Australia has seven camel dairies, which produce milk, cheese and skincare products in addition to meat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a>

<h3>Religion</h3>
<h4>Islam</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Animals_in_Islam/9TRCmlUz">Animals in Islam</a>
<a href="/facts/Muslims/W2ukq4pg">Muslims</a> consider camel meat <a href="/facts/Halal/KtJQsKl8">halal</a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: حلال, 'allowed'). However, according to some <a href="/facts/Islamic_schools_and_branches/jmWNJqPb">Islamic schools of thought</a>, a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must perform <a href="/facts/Wudhu/sDJgAn7M">wudhu</a> (ablution) before the next time they <a href="/facts/Salat/ugIxkezS">pray</a> after eating camel meat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it <a href="/facts/Haram/nPbjapYE">haram</a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: حرام, 'forbidden') for a Muslim to perform <a href="/facts/Salat/ugIxkezS">Salat</a> in places where camels lie, as it is said to be a dwelling place of the <a href="/facts/Devil_(Islam)/fBFXCV6H">Shaytan</a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: شيطان, '<a href="/facts/Devil/4FBx2qpz">Devil</a>').<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> According to <a href="/facts/Abu_Yusuf/8yWvd0Rx">Abu Yusuf</a> (d.798), the <a href="/facts/Camel_urine/pc60yPAH">urine of camels</a> may be used for medical treatment if necessary, but according to <a href="/facts/Ab%C5%AB_%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa/Ij7MdbW5">Abū Ḥanīfah</a>, the drinking of camel urine is discouraged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a>
Islamic texts contain several stories featuring camels. In the story of the people of <a href="/facts/Thamud/KW3K7jFY">Thamud</a>, the prophet <a href="/facts/Salih/kAIV0UQl">Salih</a> miraculously brings forth a <a href="/facts/She-Camel_of_God/Yncpy6Sj">naqat</a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: ناقة, '<a href="/facts/Milch-camel/lF8P02Q7">milch-camel</a>') out of a rock. After <a href="/facts/Muhammad/5VcA7XrT">Muhammad</a> migrated from <a href="/facts/Mecca/udqyuk0k">Mecca</a> to <a href="/facts/Medina/nbDykVmK">Medina</a> (the <a href="/facts/Hijrah/xQdbr0JY">Hijrah</a>), he allowed <a href="/facts/Qaswa/9TRCmlUz">his she-camel</a> to roam there; the location where the camel stopped to rest determined the location where he would build his house in Medina.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a>

<h4>Judaism</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/Food_and_drink_prohibitions/SJwsL9bA">Food and drink prohibitions</a>
According to <a href="/facts/Jewish/T9Y4wE6A">Jewish</a> tradition, camel meat and milk are not <a href="/facts/Kosher/vA7yLY7x">kosher</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> Camels possess only one of the two <a href="/facts/Kosher_foods/5oAkrMph">kosher criteria</a>; although they <a href="/facts/Ruminant/tTcBMxk4">chew their cud</a>, they do not have <a href="/facts/Cloven_hoof/stzq18md">cloven hooves</a>: "But these you shall not eat among those that bring up the cud and those that have a cloven hoof: the camel, because it brings up its cud, but does not have a [completely] cloven hoof; it is unclean for you."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a>
The Palestinian Muslim <a href="/facts/Makhamra_family/YeooS3B8">Makhamara clan</a> in <a href="/facts/Yatta,_Hebron/D52uGPSo">Yatta</a>, who claim descent from Jews, reportedly avoid eating camel meat, a practice cited as evidence of their Jewish origins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>

<h3>Cultural depictions</h3>
What may be the oldest carvings of camels were discovered in 2018 in Saudi Arabia. They were analysed by researchers from several scientific disciplines and, in 2021, were estimated to be 7,000 to 8,000 years old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> The dating of <a href="/facts/Rock_art/xHd4nVIV">rock art</a> is made difficult by the lack of organic material in the carvings that may be tested, so the researchers attempting to date them tested animal bones found associated with the carvings, assessed erosion patterns, and analysed tool marks in order to determine a correct date for the creation of the sculptures. This <a href="/facts/Neolithic/wRS0Bnh4">Neolithic</a> dating would make the carvings significantly older than Stonehenge (5,000 years old) and the Egyptian pyramids at Giza (4,500 years old) and it predates estimates for the domestication of camels.

<h2 id="distribution-and-numbers">Distribution and numbers</h2>

There are approximately 14 million camels alive as of 2010<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit">[update]</a>, with 90% being dromedaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> Dromedaries alive today are <a href="/facts/List_of_domesticated_animals/Fk2MhQzL">domesticated animals</a> (mostly living in the <a href="/facts/Horn_of_Africa/jU4Xk52j">Horn of Africa</a>, the <a href="/facts/Sahel/LEmEpoaR">Sahel</a>, <a href="/facts/Maghreb/oIcU24Mz">Maghreb</a>, <a href="/facts/Middle_East/8CD6pLWv">Middle East</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Asia/7gTqe3hY">South Asia</a>). The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> where the dromedaries constitute an <a href="/facts/Nomadic_pastoralism/1XDhFaMB">important part of local nomadic life</a>. They provide nomadic people in Somalia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a>

Over one million dromedary camels are estimated to be <a href="/facts/Australian_feral_camel/ck82dyoG">feral in Australia</a>, descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> This population is growing about 8% per year;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> it was estimated at 700,000 in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a>
A small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wandered through <a href="/facts/Southwestern_United_States/LjLFs9fC">Southwestern United States</a> after having been imported in the 19th century as part of the <a href="/facts/U.S._Camel_Corps/cveLJJLK">U.S. Camel Corps</a> experiment. When the project ended, they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released. Twenty-five U.S. camels were bought and exported to Canada during the <a href="/facts/Cariboo_Gold_Rush/wpQdx0W4">Cariboo Gold Rush</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a>
The Bactrian camel is, as of 2010<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit">[update]</a>, reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, most of which are domesticated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> The <a href="/facts/Wild_Bactrian_camel/QLnPkcVN">Wild Bactrian camel</a> is the only truly wild (as opposed to feral) camel in the world. It is a distinct species that is not ancestral to the domestic Bactrian camel. The wild camels are critically endangered and number approximately 950, inhabiting the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in China and Mongolia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Animals portal</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Afghan_cameleers_in_Australia/fSsWFDb3">Afghan cameleers in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Australian_feral_camel/ck82dyoG">Australian feral camel</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Camel_howdah/LCMxV3rX">Camel howdah</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Camel_milk/lF8P02Q7">Camel milk</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Camel_racing/XFU5jXAq">Camel racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Camel_train/cYdURLSp">Camel train</a> (caravan)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Camel_urine/pc60yPAH">Camel urine</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Camel_wrestling/d37luL2J">Camel wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Camelops/x2U1qLc4">Camelops</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Camelus_moreli/aoAuLume">Camelus moreli</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dromedary/kBWcNAj1">Dromedary</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_animals_with_humps/v7tSgapH">List of animals with humps</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Xerocole/meUSghgX">Xerocole</a></li></ul>

Notes

Bibliography

<ul><li><a href="http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6528E/X6528E00.htm#TOC">Camels and Camel Milk. Report Issued by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1982)</a></li>
<li>Ramet, J. P. (2011). <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0755E/T0755E00.htm">The technology of making cheese from camel milk (Camelus dromedarius)</a>. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-92-5-103154-4. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-6019">0254-6019</a>. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476039542">476039542</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2012.</li>
<li>Vannithone, S.; Davidson, A. (1999). <a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/127">"Camel"</a>. The Oxford companion to food. Oxford <a href="/facts/Oxfordshire/dc4jQkHB">Oxfordshire</a>: Oxford University Press. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/127">127</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-211579-9.</li>
<li>Wilson, R.T. (1984). The camel. New York: Longman. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-582-77512-1.</li>
<li>Yagil, R. (1982). <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6528E/X6528E00.htm">Camels and Camel Milk</a>. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. Vol. 26. Rome: Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-92-5-101169-0. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-6019">0254-6019</a>.</li></ul>
Further reading

<ul><li>Gilchrist, W. (1851). A Practical Treatise on the Treatment of the Diseases of the Elephant, Camel & Horned Cattle: with instructions for improving their efficiency; also, a description of the medicines used in the treatment of their diseases; and a general outline of their anatomy. <a href="/facts/Kolkata/k0HVgEYm">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>: Military Orphan Press.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camelus.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Camels.

<a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to Camelus.

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527094435/http://www.isocard.org/index.htm">International Society of Camelid Research and Development</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/08/6-reasons-camel-milk/">Six Green Reasons to Drink Camel's Milk</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119115428/http://abbott-infotech.co.za/kalahari-use-of-camels-by-south-african-police.html">Use of camels by South African police</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413090005/http://www.camelsandfriends.com/">The Camel as a pet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.thenational.ae/uae/science/could-emirati-camels-hold-the-key-to-treating-venomous-snake-bites-1.843889">"Could Emirati camels hold the key to treating venomous snake bites?"</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:29">Halpern, E. Anette (1999). "Camel". In Mares; Michael A. (eds.). Deserts. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9780806131467. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. <a href="9780806131467" target="_blank">9780806131467</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Bronx Zoo. "Camel Adaptations". Wildlife Conservation Society. Archived from the original (Flash) on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626071454/http://www.bronxzoo.com/files/engage.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120626071454/http://www.bronxzoo.com/files/engage.html</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:32">Inside Nature's Giants. Channel 4 (UK) documentary. Transmitted 30 August 2011 <a href="/wiki/Inside_Nature%27s_Giants" target="_blank">/wiki/Inside_Nature%27s_Giants</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Bronx Zoo. "Camel Adaptations". Wildlife Conservation Society. Archived from the original (Flash) on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626071454/http://www.bronxzoo.com/files/engage.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120626071454/http://www.bronxzoo.com/files/engage.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Silverstein, Alvin; Silverstein, Virginia B; Silverstein, Virginia; Silverstein Nunn, Laura (2008). Adaptation. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9780822534341. <a href="9780822534341" target="_blank">9780822534341</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:87">Scarre, Chris (15 September 1993). Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World. London: D. Kindersley. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-56458-305-5. Both the dromedary (the seven-humped camel of Arabia) and the Bactrian camel (the two-humped camel of Central Asia) had been domesticated since before 2000 BC. <a href="978-1-56458-305-5" target="_blank">978-1-56458-305-5</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Bulliet, Richard (20 May 1990) [1975]. The Camel and the Wheel. Morningside Book Series. Columbia University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-231-07235-9. As has already been mentioned, this type of utilization [camels pulling wagons] goes back to the earliest known period of two-humped camel domestication in the third millennium B.C.—Note that Bulliet has many more references to early use of camels <a href="978-0-231-07235-9" target="_blank">978-0-231-07235-9</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Richard, Suzanne (2003). Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060835. Retrieved 2016-01-08. <a href="9781575060835" target="_blank">9781575060835</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Hirst, K. Kris. "Camels". About.com Archaeology. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105002229/http://archaeology.about.com/od/cterms/g/camels.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140105002229/http://archaeology.about.com/od/cterms/g/camels.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Almathen, Faisal; Charruau, Pauline; Mohandesan, Elmira; Mwacharo, Joram M.; Orozco-terWengel, Pablo; Pitt, Daniel; Abdussamad, Abdussamad M.; Uerpmann, Margarethe; Uerpmann, Hans-Peter; De Cupere, Bea; Magee, Peter; Alnaqeeb, Majed A.; Salim, Bashir; Raziq, Abdul; Dessie, Tadelle (2016-06-14). "Ancient and modern DNA reveal dynamics of domestication and cross-continental dispersal of the dromedary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6707–6712. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6707A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1519508113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4914195. PMID 27162355. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914195" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914195</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Ming, Liang; Yuan, Liyun; Yi, Li; Ding, Guohui; Hasi, Surong; Chen, Gangliang; Jambl, Tuyatsetseg; Hedayat-Evright, Nemat; Batmunkh, Mijiddorj; Badmaevna, Garyaeva Khongr; Gan-Erdene, Tudeviin; Ts, Batsukh; Zhang, Wenbin; Zulipikaer, Azhati; Hosblig (2020-01-07). "Whole-genome sequencing of 128 camels across Asia reveals origin and migration of domestic Bactrian camels". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0734-6. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6946651. PMID 31925316. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946651" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946651</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Heide, Martin (2011). "The Domestication of the Camel: Biological, Archaeological and Inscriptional Evidence from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Israel and Arabia, and Literary Evidence from the Hebrew Bible". Ugarit-Forschungen. 42: 367–68. doi:10.13140/2.1.2090.8161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Heide, Martin; Peters, Joris (2021). Camels in the Biblical World. Penn State Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-64602-169-7. <a href="978-1-64602-169-7" target="_blank">978-1-64602-169-7</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Hasson, Nir (Jan 17, 2014). "Hump stump solved: Camels arrived in region much later than biblical reference". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/.premium-1.569091" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/.premium-1.569091</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Erez Ben-Yosef (2013). "The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley" (PDF). Tel Aviv. 40 (2): 277–285. doi:10.1179/033443513x13753505864089. S2CID 44282748. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014. <a href="http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/ben-yosef/pub/Pub_PDFs/Sapir-Hen&Ben-Yosef13_CamelAravah_TelAviv.pdf" target="_blank">http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/ben-yosef/pub/Pub_PDFs/Sapir-Hen&Ben-Yosef13_CamelAravah_TelAviv.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Dias, Elizabeth (Feb 11, 2014). "The Mystery of the Bible's Phantom Camels". Time. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215013057/http://world.time.com/2014/02/11/the-mystery-of-the-bibles-phantom-camels/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140215013057/http://world.time.com/2014/02/11/the-mystery-of-the-bibles-phantom-camels/</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Heide, Martin (2011). "The Domestication of the Camel: Biological, Archaeological and Inscriptional Evidence from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Israel and Arabia, and Literary Evidence from the Hebrew Bible". Ugarit-Forschungen. 42: 368. <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Erez Ben-Yosef (2013). "The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley" (PDF). Tel Aviv. 40 (2): 277–285. doi:10.1179/033443513x13753505864089. S2CID 44282748. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014. <a href="http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/ben-yosef/pub/Pub_PDFs/Sapir-Hen&Ben-Yosef13_CamelAravah_TelAviv.pdf" target="_blank">http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/ben-yosef/pub/Pub_PDFs/Sapir-Hen&Ben-Yosef13_CamelAravah_TelAviv.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Petrie, OJ (1995). Harvesting of textile animal fibres. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-92-5-103759-1. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="978-92-5-103759-1" target="_blank">978-92-5-103759-1</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, CW; Cunnington, PE (2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History. Oxford: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781847887382. <a href="9781847887382" target="_blank">9781847887382</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Fagan, Brian M, ed. (2004). "Transportation". The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 150–152. ISBN 978-0-500-05130-6.[page needed] <a href="978-0-500-05130-6" target="_blank">978-0-500-05130-6</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Baum, Doug (1 November 2018). "The Art of Saddling a Camel". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202718/http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/November-2018/The-Art-of-Saddling-A-Camel?page=9" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202718/http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/November-2018/The-Art-of-Saddling-A-Camel?page=9</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). Soldiers' Lives Through History: The Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xvi. ISBN 9780313333484. <a href="9780313333484" target="_blank">9780313333484</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Bhatia, Vimal (23 July 2012). "BSF to ditch camels to ride sand scooters". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSF-to-ditch-camels-to-ride-sand-scooters/articleshow/15099086.cms" target="_blank">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSF-to-ditch-camels-to-ride-sand-scooters/articleshow/15099086.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Gann, Lewis Henry; Duignan, Peter (1972). Africa and the World: An Introduction to the History of Sub-Saharan Africa from Antiquity to 1840. University Press of America. p. 156. ISBN 9780761815204. The camel was acclimatized in Egypt long before the time of Christ and was subsequently adopted by the Berbers of the desert, who used camel cavalry to fight the Romans. The Berbers spread the use of the camel across the Sahara. <a href="9780761815204" target="_blank">9780761815204</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Fleming, Walter L. (February 1909). "Jefferson Davis's Camel Experiment". The Popular Science Monthly. Vol. 74, no. 8. Bonnier Corporation. p. 150. ISSN 0161-7370. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Other trials of the camel were made in 1859 by Major D. H. Vinton, who used twenty-four of them in carrying burdens for a surveying party...All in all, he concluded, the camel was much superior to the mule. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DyADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA150" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DyADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA150</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Mantz, John (20 April 2006). "Camels in the Cariboo". In Basque, Garnet (ed.). Frontier Days in British Columbia. Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 51–54. ISBN 9781894384018. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. <a href="9781894384018" target="_blank">9781894384018</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Southern, Pat (1 October 2007). The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780195328783. <a href="9780195328783" target="_blank">9780195328783</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Nicolle, David (26 March 1991). The Desert Frontier. Rome's Enemies. Vol. 5 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 9781855321663. Nevertheless the military prowess of desert peoples impressed the Romans, who recruited large numbers as auxiliary cavalry and archers. In addition to providing the Roman Army with its best archers, the Easterners (largely Arabs but generally known as 'Syrians') served as Rome's most effective dromedarii or camel-mounted troops. <a href="9781855321663" target="_blank">9781855321663</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">"Bactrian & Dromedary Camels". Factsheets. San Diego Zoo Global Library. March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922092103/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/camel/camel.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120922092103/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/camel/camel.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Potts, Danel. "Bactrian Camels and Bactrian-Dromedary Hybrids". Silkroad. 3 (1). Archived from the original on 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2012-11-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623020952/http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol3num1/7_bactrian.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160623020952/http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol3num1/7_bactrian.php</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Herodotus (440). The History of Herodotus. Translated by Rawlinson, George. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012 – via The Internet Classics Archive. He collected together all the camels that had come in the train of his army to carry the provisions and the baggage, and taking off their loads, he mounted riders upon them accoutred as horsemen. These he commanded to advance in front of his other troops against the Lydian horse; behind them were to follow the foot soldiers, and last of all the cavalry. When his arrangements were complete, he gave his troops orders to slay all the other Lydians who came in their way without mercy, but to spare Croesus and not kill him, even if he should be seized and offer resistance. The reason why Cyrus opposed his camels to the enemy's horse was because the horse has a natural dread of the camel, and cannot abide either the sight or the smell of that animal. By this stratagem he hoped to make Croesus's horse useless to him, the horse being what he chiefly depended on for victory. The two armies then joined battle, and immediately the Lydian war-horses, seeing and smelling the camels, turned round and galloped off; and so it came to pass that all Croesus's hopes withered away. <a href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html" target="_blank">http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">"Cameliers and camels at war". New Zealand History online. History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 30 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316110701/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/camel-corps" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120316110701/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/camel-corps</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:117">Mantz, John (20 April 2006). "Camels in the Cariboo". In Basque, Garnet (ed.). Frontier Days in British Columbia. Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 51–54. ISBN 9781894384018. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. <a href="9781894384018" target="_blank">9781894384018</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">"Vitrine N° 108 (partie droite): LES PELOTONS MEHARISTES" (in French). Musée de l'infanterie. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526202745/http://www.musee-infanterie.com/vitrine/114-vitrine-n-108-partie-droite--les-pelotons-meharistes" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130526202745/http://www.musee-infanterie.com/vitrine/114-vitrine-n-108-partie-droite--les-pelotons-meharistes</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Hall, Bruce S. (6 June 2011). A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 9781107002876. <a href="9781107002876" target="_blank">9781107002876</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:123">Murray, Archibald James (1920). Sir Archibald Murray's despatches (June 1916 – June 1917). J.M. Dent. p. 123. A great deal of the work of supplying the troops on both fronts has been done by the Camel Transport Corps <a href="https://archive.org/details/sirarchibaldmur00murrgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/sirarchibaldmur00murrgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:125">Federal Research Division (30 June 2004). Somalia a Country Study. Area handbook series (3rd ed.). Kessinger Publishing. pp. 230–231. ISBN 9781419147999. <a href="9781419147999" target="_blank">9781419147999</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">"Romanian troops using camels". WWII in Color. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. <a href="http://www.ww2incolor.com/Romanian+Forces/F_32844_l.html" target="_blank">http://www.ww2incolor.com/Romanian+Forces/F_32844_l.html</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:137">Tariq, M., Rabia, R., Jamil, A., Sakhwat, A., Aadil, A., & Muhammad S., 2010. Minerals and Nutritional Composition of Camel (Camelus Dromedarius) Meat in Pakistan. Journal- Chemical Society of Pakistan, Vol 33(6). <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">"Bactrian & Dromedary Camels". Factsheets. San Diego Zoo Global Library. March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922092103/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/camel/camel.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120922092103/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/camel/camel.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Davidson, Alan; Davidson, Jane (15 October 2006). Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, US. pp. 68, 129, 266, 762. ISBN 978-0192806819. <a href="978-0192806819" target="_blank">978-0192806819</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Bulliet, Richard W. (1975). The Camel and the Wheel. Columbia University Press. pp. 23, 25, 28, 35–36, 38–40. ISBN 9780231072359. <a href="9780231072359" target="_blank">9780231072359</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">"Camel Milk". Milk & Dairy Products. FAO's Animal Production and Health Division. 25 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101015011/http://www.fao.org/AG/AGAInfo/themes/en/dairy/camel.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121101015011/http://www.fao.org/AG/AGAInfo/themes/en/dairy/camel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">"Bactrian & Dromedary Camels". Factsheets. San Diego Zoo Global Library. March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922092103/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/camel/camel.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120922092103/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/camel/camel.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Ramet. Camel milk and cheese making. Archived from the original on 2012-06-24. <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0755E/t0755e02.htm" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0755E/t0755e02.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">"Fresh from your local drome'dairy'?". Food and Agriculture Organization. 6 July 2001. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. <a href="http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/highlights/2001/010701-e.htm" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/highlights/2001/010701-e.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">Ramet. Methods of processing camel milk into cheese. Archived from the original on 2012-06-24. <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0755E/t0755e04.htm" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0755E/t0755e04.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">Young, Philippa. "In Mongolian the Word 'Gobi' Means 'Desert'". Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2012. As evening approaches we are offered camel meat boats, dumplings stuffed with a finely chopped mixture of meat and vegetables, followed by camel milk tea and finally, warm fresh camel's milk to aid digestion and help us sleep. <a href="http://philippayoung.com/?tag=camelcheese&page=2" target="_blank">http://philippayoung.com/?tag=camelcheese&page=2</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">"Netherlands' 'crazy' camel farmer". BBC. 5 November 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-15589766" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-15589766</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">"Al Ain Dairy launches camel-milk ice cream". The National. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 2019-02-22. <a href="https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/food/al-ain-dairy-launches-camel-milk-ice-cream-1.637218" target="_blank">https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/food/al-ain-dairy-launches-camel-milk-ice-cream-1.637218</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">"FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25. <a href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981). The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review. International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph. Vol. 5. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1, 3, 20–21, 65, 67–68. <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Yagil. Camels Products Other Than Milk. Archived from the original on 2011-02-20. <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6528E/X6528E06.htm" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6528E/X6528E06.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Madame Guinaudeau (2003). Traditional Moroccan Cooking: Recipes from Fez. London: Serif. ISBN 978-1-897959-43-5. <a href="978-1-897959-43-5" target="_blank">978-1-897959-43-5</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">Aleme, A., D., 2013. A Review of Camel Meat as a Precious Source of Nutrition in some part of Ethiopia. Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology Research. Vol. 1, No. 4, December 2013, PP: 40–43. Available online at "Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology Research". Archived from the original on 2016-12-03. Retrieved 2016-12-03.. <a href="http://asetr.org/" target="_blank">http://asetr.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">"The amazing characteristics of the camels". Camello Safari. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012. <a href="http://www.camellosafari.com/?page_id=251" target="_blank">http://www.camellosafari.com/?page_id=251</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981). The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review. International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph. Vol. 5. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1, 3, 20–21, 65, 67–68. <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Rubenstein, Dustin (23 July 2010). "How to Cook Camel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012. He cut the pieces very small and cooked them for a long time. I decided to try something a bit different the following night and cut the pieces a bit bigger and cooked them for less time, as I like my meat rarer than he does. This was a bad idea. It seems that the more you cook camel, the more tender it becomes. So we had what amounted to two pounds or more of rubber for dinner that night. <a href="https://scientistatwork.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/23/how-to-cook-camel/" target="_blank">https://scientistatwork.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/23/how-to-cook-camel/</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">"Eid al-Adha: More than just slaughtering animals". Daily Sabah. 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2022-10-04. <a href="https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2017/09/01/eid-al-adha-more-than-just-slaughtering-animals" target="_blank">https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2017/09/01/eid-al-adha-more-than-just-slaughtering-animals</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">"Qurbani Meat Distribution Rules". Muslim Aid. Retrieved 2022-10-04. <a href="https://www.muslimaid.org/what-we-do/religious-dues/qurbani/qurbani-rules/" target="_blank">https://www.muslimaid.org/what-we-do/religious-dues/qurbani/qurbani-rules/</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Arthur, Rick (4 January 2012). "The Instant Expert: camels, the ships of the desert". The National. UAE: Abu Dhabi Media. As the meat can be dry, however, the Abu Dhabi Officer's Club, for one, serves camel burger with beef or lamb fat mixed in, improving texture and taste. <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Jasra, Abdel Wahid; Isani, G. B.; Camel Applied Research and Development Network (2000). Socio-economics of camel herders in Pakistan. The Camel Applied Research and Development Network. p. 164. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRRJAAAAYAAJ&q=nihari+camel+pakistan" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=aRRJAAAAYAAJ&q=nihari+camel+pakistan</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Anyone for camel meat? One hump or two? Archived 2017-01-26 at the Wayback MachineThe Guardian, Word of Mouth <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/16/camel-meat-one-hump-two" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/16/camel-meat-one-hump-two</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Sherwood, Andy (17 September 2012). "Camel burgers in Abu Dhabi". Time Out Abu Dhabi. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2012. <a href="http://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/restaurants/features/35060-camel-burgers-in-abu-dhabi/page/2#.UMIy67ZjyFA" target="_blank">http://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/restaurants/features/35060-camel-burgers-in-abu-dhabi/page/2#.UMIy67ZjyFA</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Davidson, Alan; Davidson, Jane (15 October 2006). Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, US. pp. 68, 129, 266, 762. ISBN 978-0192806819. <a href="978-0192806819" target="_blank">978-0192806819</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981). The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review. International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph. Vol. 5. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1, 3, 20–21, 65, 67–68. <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Davidson, Alan; Davidson, Jane (15 October 2006). Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, US. pp. 68, 129, 266, 762. ISBN 978-0192806819. <a href="978-0192806819" target="_blank">978-0192806819</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Yagil. Camels Products Other Than Milk. Archived from the original on 2011-02-20. <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6528E/X6528E06.htm" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6528E/X6528E06.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981). The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review. International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph. Vol. 5. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1, 3, 20–21, 65, 67–68. <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Yagil. Camels Products Other Than Milk. Archived from the original on 2011-02-20. <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6528E/X6528E06.htm" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6528E/X6528E06.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Webster, George (9 February 2010). "Dubai diners flock to eat new 'camel burger'". CNN World. CNN. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2012. <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/02/09/camel.burgers.dubai/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/02/09/camel.burgers.dubai/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">Bin Saeed, Abdulaziz A.; Al-Hamdan, Nasser A.; Fontaine, Robert E. (2005). "Plague from eating raw camel liver". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (9): 1456–7. doi:10.3201/eid1109.050081. PMC 3310619. PMID 16229781. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310619" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310619</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">Sherwood, Andy (17 September 2012). "Camel burgers in Abu Dhabi". Time Out Abu Dhabi. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2012. <a href="http://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/restaurants/features/35060-camel-burgers-in-abu-dhabi/page/2#.UMIy67ZjyFA" target="_blank">http://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/restaurants/features/35060-camel-burgers-in-abu-dhabi/page/2#.UMIy67ZjyFA</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Webster, George (9 February 2010). "Dubai diners flock to eat new 'camel burger'". CNN World. CNN. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2012. <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/02/09/camel.burgers.dubai/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/02/09/camel.burgers.dubai/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">McBride, Louise (14 June 2010). "SA hits world camel meat supply hump". Stock Journal. Retrieved 27 April 2020. <a href="http://www.stockjournal.com.au/story/3652303/sa-hits-world-camel-meat-supply-hump/" target="_blank">http://www.stockjournal.com.au/story/3652303/sa-hits-world-camel-meat-supply-hump/</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Burin, Margaret (7 August 2015). "Australians urged to develop taste for camel meat". ABC News. Retrieved 27 April 2020. <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-07/camel-meat-halal-butcher-sold-here/6663716" target="_blank">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-07/camel-meat-halal-butcher-sold-here/6663716</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Bazckowski, Halina (22 March 2020). "The beasts that beat the drought: Camels sought after for meat, milk and cheese". ABC News. Retrieved 27 April 2020. <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-22/camel-meat-and-dairy-sought-after-internationally/12070310" target="_blank">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-22/camel-meat-and-dairy-sought-after-internationally/12070310</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">"Book 1, Number 0184". Purification (Kitab al-Taharah). Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 1. Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Narrated Al-Bara' ibn Azib: The Messenger of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) was asked about performing ablution after eating the flesh of the camel. He replied: Perform ablution, after eating it. He was asked about performing ablution after eating meat. He replied: Do not perform ablution after eating it. He was asked about saying prayer in places where the camels lie down. He replied: Do not offer prayer in places where the camels lie down. These are the places of Satan. He was asked about saying prayer in the sheepfolds. He replied: You may offer prayer in such places; these are the places of blessing. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145540/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/001.sat.html#001.0184" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145540/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/001.sat.html#001.0184</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">"Book 1, Number 0184". Purification (Kitab al-Taharah). Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 1. Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Narrated Al-Bara' ibn Azib: The Messenger of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) was asked about performing ablution after eating the flesh of the camel. He replied: Perform ablution, after eating it. He was asked about performing ablution after eating meat. He replied: Do not perform ablution after eating it. He was asked about saying prayer in places where the camels lie down. He replied: Do not offer prayer in places where the camels lie down. These are the places of Satan. He was asked about saying prayer in the sheepfolds. He replied: You may offer prayer in such places; these are the places of blessing. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145540/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/001.sat.html#001.0184" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145540/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/001.sat.html#001.0184</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Williams, John Alden (1994). The Word of Islam. University of Texas Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-292-79076-6. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2016. <a href="978-0-292-79076-6" target="_blank">978-0-292-79076-6</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" target="_blank">/wiki/Infobase_Publishing</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Heinemann, Moshe (2013-08-20). "Cholov Yisroel: Does a Neshama Good". Kashrus Kurrents. Star-K. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017. <a href="http://www.star-k.org/articles/articles/1179/cholov-yisroel-does-a-neshama-good/" target="_blank">http://www.star-k.org/articles/articles/1179/cholov-yisroel-does-a-neshama-good/</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9912#v=41 Archived 2015-02-07 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9912#v=41" target="_blank">http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9912#v=41</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Ben-Zvi, Itzhak (1967). שאר ישוב: מאמרים ופרקים בדברי ימי הישוב העברי בא"י ובחקר המולדת [She'ar Yeshuv] (in Hebrew). תל אביב תרפ"ז. pp. 407–413. <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" target="_blank">/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Sar-Avi, Doron (2019). "מניין באו הערבים 'היהודים'?". Segula Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-18. <a href="https://segulamag.com/articles/%d7%9e%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%95-%d7%94%d7%a2%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%94%d7%95%d7%93%d7%99%d7%9d/" target="_blank">https://segulamag.com/articles/%d7%9e%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%95-%d7%94%d7%a2%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%94%d7%95%d7%93%d7%99%d7%9d/</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Saudi Arabia camel carvings dated to prehistoric era Archived 2022-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, September 15, 2021 <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58570259" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58570259</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">Dolby, Karen (10 August 2010). You Must Remember This: Easy Tricks & Proven Tips to Never Forget Anything, Ever Again. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 170. ISBN 9780307716255. <a href="9780307716255" target="_blank">9780307716255</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">Bernstein, William J. (2009). A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Grove Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780802144164. <a href="9780802144164" target="_blank">9780802144164</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981). The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review. International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph. Vol. 5. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1, 3, 20–21, 65, 67–68. <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:189">Abokor, Axmed Cali (1987). The Camel in Somali Oral Tradition. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 7, 10–11. ISBN 9789171062697. <a href="9789171062697" target="_blank">9789171062697</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Camel open-in-new

Camel