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Rabbitfish
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The genus <i>Siganus</i> was described in 1775 by the Danish <a href="/facts/Zoologist/6Kj13mBt">zoologist</a> <a href="/facts/Johan_Christian_Fabricius/TfggaLtJ">Johan Christian Fabricius</a> with <i>Siganus rivulatus</i>, a species also <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">described</a> by Fabricius in 1775, designated as the <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a>. The description was based on notes taken by the naturalist <a href="/facts/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l/IartkIWt">Peter Forsskål</a> when he was on the <a href="/facts/Danish_Arabia_expedition_(1761%E2%80%9367)/6Kngb2ru">Danish Arabia expedition (1761–67)</a> and was published in <a href="/facts/Carsten_Niebuhr/0pgBzAK8">Carsten Niebuhr</a>'s <i>Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr</i>. Catalog of Fishes lists the authority as " Fabricius [J. C.] (ex Forsskål) in Niebuhr 1775" and states that the genus is valid as "<i>Siganus</i> Fabricius 1775".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p><p>Carl Linnaeus originally described the genus <i>Teuthis</i>, with the type species being <i>Teuthis hepatus</i>. One of the type specimens he used looks like <i>Siganus javus</i>, although the other is definitely not a rabbitfish, and the <a href="/facts/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature/krrmj3EL">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> has been asked to suppress the name <i>Teuthis</i> in favour of <i>Siganus</i> to reflect the prevailing usage. </p><p>The name <i>Siganus</i> is a latinisation of the local Arabic name for the marbled rabbitfish (<i>S. rivulatus</i>) in Yemen, <i>Sidjan</i> which can also be written as <i>Sigian</i>, and means "rabbitfish".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <p>In 2007 Kurriwa <i>et al.</i>, outlined a way to split the genus—if the scientific community so desires:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>An ancient group containing e.g. <i>S. woodlandi</i></li> <li>Another fairly small group containing, e.g., the <i><a href="/facts/Siganus_canaliculatus/noTSFPD1">S. canaliculatus</a></i>/<i><a href="/facts/Siganus_fuscescens/773wzW34">S. fuscescens</a></i>) complex</li> <li>The remainder of<i> Siganus</i>, including the foxfaces</li></ul> <p>Other lineages might exist and make obsolete the somewhat weak distinction between the second and third groups. Also, it is not known where the <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a> <i><a href="/facts/Siganus_rivulatus/UTAvwmjl">S. rivulatus</a></i> would fall, hence names for these three <a href="/facts/Subgenera/csbIQaGC">subgenera</a> or <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genera</a> are not established at present. </p><p><a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">Hybridizaton</a> has played a role in the evolution of the Siganidae, as evidenced by comparison of <a href="/facts/MtDNA/goC0ex0X">mtDNA</a> <a href="/facts/Cytochrome_b/eTCkFSD8">cytochrome <i>b</i></a> and <a href="/facts/NDNA/5wzCJQlb">nDNA</a> <a href="/facts/Internal_transcribed_spacer/s1QsaLEv">internal transcribed spacer</a> 1 <a href="/facts/DNA_sequence/hsPsNCQW">sequence</a> data. Evidence exists of <a href="/facts/Interbreed/pzVJ54xU">interbreeding</a> between <i><a href="/facts/Siganus_guttatus/9baqIk5Q">S. guttatus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Siganus_lineatus/zDmRI8qp">S. lineatus</a></i>, as well as between <i><a href="/facts/Siganus_doliatus/v6h0n3VW">S. doliatus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Siganus_virgatus/tVVUDsSk">S. virgatus</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Also, either females of the last common ancestor of <i><a href="/facts/Siganus_puellus/lb4drmVX">S. puellus</a></i> and the <i><a href="/facts/Siganus_punctatus/oEhwFmYq">S. punctatus</a></i> interbred with females ancestral to the main non-foxface lineage, or males of the former hybridized with females of the last common ancestor of <i>S. punctatissimus</i> and the foxfaces, while males of the latter mated with females of the original foxface species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>An individual was found that looked like a slightly aberrant blue-spotted spinefoot (<i><a href="/facts/Siganus_corallinus/8g4HEKxv">S. corallinus</a></i>). On investigation, it turned out to be an offspring of a hybrid between a female of that species and a male masked spinefoot, which had successfully <a href="/facts/Backcross/mBzBcdNv">backcrossed</a> with the blue-spotted spinefoot.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h3>Species</h3> <p>As noted above, several presumed species are suspected to actively interbreed even today; these might warrant merging as a single species. This applies to the white-spotted spinefoot (<i><a href="/facts/Siganus_canaliculatus/noTSFPD1">S. canaliculatus</a></i>) and the mottled spinefoot (<i><a href="/facts/Siganus_fuscescens/773wzW34">S. fuscescens</a></i>), and to the <a href="/facts/Blotched_foxface/BQ5KsRl3">blotched foxface</a> (<i>S. unimaculatus</i>) and the <a href="/facts/Foxface_rabbitfish/U2w8XaU0">foxface rabbitfish</a> (<i>S. vulpinus</i>). Alternatively they might be very recently <a href="/facts/Evolution/Hj0qAaBk">evolved</a> species that have not yet undergone complete <a href="/facts/Lineage_sorting/Nh3x93Xy">lineage sorting</a>, but their <a href="/facts/Biogeography/0FV2wM36">biogeography</a> suggests that each group is just color <a href="/facts/Morph_(zoology)/lf32kgfV">morphs</a> of a single species. On the other hand, the <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphologically</a> diverse <a href="/facts/Blue-spotted_spinefoot/8g4HEKxv">blue-spotted spinefoot</a> (<i>S. corallinus</i>) might represent more than one species; orange individuals are found at the north of its range, while yellow ones occur to the south, and these two may be completely <a href="/facts/Parapatric/Ir9QKSVb">parapatric</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <p>There are currently 29 recognized species in this genus:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_argenteus/lwBuwH8s">Siganus argenteus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Constant_Quoy/ejERVCxL">Quoy</a> & <a href="/facts/Joseph_Paul_Gaimard/JogJph08">Gaimard</a>, 1825) (Streamlined spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_canaliculatus/noTSFPD1">Siganus canaliculatus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Mungo_Park_(explorer)/NzmmYj18">M. Park</a>, 1797) (White-spotted spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_corallinus/8g4HEKxv">Siganus corallinus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Achille_Valenciennes/6Y6VAjA5">Valenciennes</a>, 1835) (Blue-spotted spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_doliatus/v6h0n3VW">Siganus doliatus</a></i> <a href="/facts/F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89douard_Gu%C3%A9rin-M%C3%A9neville/4YkIhSGW">Guérin-Méneville</a>, 1829 (Barred spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_fuscescens/773wzW34">Siganus fuscescens</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Martinus_Houttuyn/88r07d8L">Houttuyn</a>, 1782) (Mottled spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_guttatus/9baqIk5Q">Siganus guttatus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Marcus_Elieser_Bloch/QmJ7aoJq">Bloch</a>, 1787) (Goldlined spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_insomnis/Pkh3VbsG">Siganus insomnis</a></i> Woodland & R. C. Anderson, 2014 (Bronze-lined rabbitfish)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_javus/qeHqL5Uf">Siganus javus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus</a>, 1766) (Streaked spinefoot)</li> <li><i>Siganus labyrinthodes</i> (<a href="/facts/Pieter_Bleeker/Qu3obMnw">Bleeker</a>, 1853) (Labyrinth spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_lineatus/zDmRI8qp">Siganus lineatus</a></i> (Valenciennes, 1835) (Golden-lined spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_luridus/bFHsbbvn">Siganus luridus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Eduard_R%C3%BCppell/vRog6bge">Rüppell</a>, 1829) (Dusky spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_magnificus/6zegaQtt">Siganus magnificus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/George_H._Burgess/Gv9CVyD8">G. H. Burgess</a>, 1977) (Magnificent rabbitfish)</li> <li><i>Siganus niger</i> Woodland, 1990 (Black foxface)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_puelloides/vs49e4ug">Siganus puelloides</a></i> Woodland & <a href="/facts/John_Ernest_Randall/1Rm2lc5W">Randall</a>, 1979 (Blackeye rabbitfish)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_puellus/lb4drmVX">Siganus puellus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Hermann_Schlegel/SuRCpIld">Schlegel</a>, 1852) (Masked spinefoot)</li> <li><i>Siganus punctatissimus</i> <a href="/facts/Henry_Weed_Fowler/G61dH0LV">Fowler</a> & <a href="/facts/Barton_Appler_Bean/f0U35dmu">B. A. Bean</a>, 1929 (Peppered spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_punctatus/oEhwFmYq">Siganus punctatus</a></i> (Schneider & <a href="/facts/Johann_Reinhold_Forster/BRw9NJc0">Forster</a>, 1801) (Goldspotted spinefoot)</li> <li><i>Siganus randalli</i> Woodland, 1990 (Variegated spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_rivulatus/UTAvwmjl">Siganus rivulatus</a></i> <a href="/facts/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l/IartkIWt">Forsskål</a> & <a href="/facts/Carsten_Niebuhr/0pgBzAK8">Niebuhr</a>, 1775 (Marbled spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_spinus/Qt21eHj6">Siganus spinus</a></i> (Linnaeus, <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">1758</a>) (Little spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_stellatus/49kxcPHJ">Siganus stellatus</a></i> (Forsskål, 1775) (Brown-spotted spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_sutor/ygeNBer2">Siganus sutor</a></i> (Valenciennes, 1835) (Shoemaker spinefoot)</li> <li><i>Siganus trispilos</i> Woodland & <a href="/facts/Gerald_R._Allen/oUjk1yvw">G. R. Allen</a>, 1977 (Threeblotched rabbitfish)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_unimaculatus/BQ5KsRl3">Siganus unimaculatus</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Barton_Warren_Evermann/a90t53de">Evermann</a> & <a href="/facts/Alvin_Seale/WF1xNzBA">Seale</a>, 1907) (Blotched foxface)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_uspi/1qqbuEdp">Siganus uspi</a></i> Gawel & Woodland, 1974 (Bicolored foxface)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_vermiculatus/BUfPIBvE">Siganus vermiculatus</a></i> (Valenciennes, 1835) (Vermiculated spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_virgatus/tVVUDsSk">Siganus virgatus</a></i> (Valenciennes, 1835) (Barhead spinefoot)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Siganus_vulpinus/U2w8XaU0">Siganus vulpinus</a></i> (Schlegel & <a href="/facts/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller/3SMNBPuf">J. P. Müller</a>, 1845) (Foxface)</li> <li><i>Siganus woodlandi</i> Randall & Kulbicki, 2005</li></ul> <h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <p>Rabbitfishes have laterally compressed, oval bodies which may be deep, or slender. A few species have a tubular snout. The mouth is very small and is with non protractile jaws which have one row of compressed, closely set, incisor-like teeth in each jaw. The teeth overlap slightly and create a beak like structure. The <a href="/facts/Dorsal_fin/zAPuxI1G">dorsal fin</a> has 13 robust spines and 10 soft rays and the front spine is short, sharp and points forward, sometimes projecting from its "pocket" but it may be enfolded. The <a href="/facts/Anal_fin/kS10PMPf">anal fin</a> has 7 robust spines and 9 soft rays. The <a href="/facts/Pelvic_fin/YgynRkfE">pelvic fins</a> have 2 spines with 3 soft rays between them; this characteristic is unique to the Siganidae. There is a membrane which extends from the inner pelvic fin spine to the belly with the anus sitting between these membranes. The tiny scales are <a href="/facts/Cycloid/8Qokqud5">cycloid</a> and may be absent from the head region. If present on the head they are restricted to a small area of the cheek under the eye.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The fin spines are equipped with well-developed <a href="/facts/Venom_(poison)/2jMUVqKe">venom</a> glands. The sting is very painful, but it is generally not considered medically significant in healthy adults.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> They range in maximum <a href="/facts/Total_length/eFsVjjTu">total lengths</a> of 20 cm (7.9 in) in the case of the blotched foxface (<i>S. unimaculatus</i>) to 53 cm (21 in) in the streaked spinefoot (<i>S. javus</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p>Rabbitfishes are found in the <a href="/facts/Indo-Pacific/pVfP1gxV">Indo-Pacific</a> from the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea/0dKWSgEe">Red Sea</a> and the coast of eastern Africa through the Pacific Ocean as far as <a href="/facts/Pitcairn_Island/9juBdv3s">Pitcairn Island</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Two Red Sea species <i>S. rivulatus</i> and <i>S. luridus</i> have invaded the Mediterranean Sea through the <a href="/facts/Suez_Canal/1zYoNryp">Suez Canal</a>, a process known as <a href="/facts/Lessepsian_migration/sctHwew0">Lessepsian migration</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> These fishes are found in inshore tropical and subtropical waters where they occur in reefs, lagoons, mangroves and seagrass beds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <p>All rabbitfish are <a href="/facts/Diurnal_animal/GgXnXvN7">diurnal</a>; some live in schools, while others live more solitary lives among the <a href="/facts/Coral/j7fBLrpw">corals</a>. Rabbitfish sleep in crevices in the reef matrix at night. While sleeping, the rabbitfish <i>Siganus canaliculatus</i> was observed being cleaned by the cleaner shrimp <i><a href="/facts/Urocaridella_antonbruunii/NnXDjqET">Urocaridella antonbruunii</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> They are <a href="/facts/Herbivorous/me4YFdQA">herbivorous</a>, feeding on <a href="/facts/Benthic/N3lM6P7I">benthic</a> <a href="/facts/Algae/U1ftVKU3">algae</a> in the wild. However, <i>Siganus rivulatus</i> was recently observed feeding on jellyfish (<a href="/facts/Scyphozoa/ttY7jL3W">Scyphozoa</a>) and comb jellies (<a href="/facts/Ctenophora/3eGCj2e8">Ctenophora</a>) in the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea/0dKWSgEe">Red Sea</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Also <i>Siganus fuscescens</i> have been observed eating <a href="/facts/Prawn/br8vDAIB">prawns</a> and other baits, suggesting that some species are opportunistic omnivorous feeders. The live passage of benthic organisms in the guts of invasive rabbitfish (ichthyochory) was shown to play a major role in the <a href="/facts/Biological_dispersal/aju7c9ku">long distance dispersal</a> and <a href="/facts/Invasive_species/Ya1v6RGx">bioinvasion</a> of <a href="/facts/Foraminifera/8Yo9cPTI">foraminifera</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Rabbitfish lay adhesive eggs and some species live as monogamous pairs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="venom">Venom</h2> <p>Rabbitfish have venomous spines in the dorsal and pelvic fins. In at least one species the venom has been found to be similar to that found in <a href="/facts/Stonefish/xhyEQD0m">stonefish</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="utilization">Utilization</h2> <p>Rabbitfish can be important species for commercial fisheries, particularly the schooling species. The catch is largely sold fresh but juveniles may be dried or processed to make fish paste. Some species are used in aquaculture and some of the more colorful species are found in the aquarium trade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Some species have been reported to be <a href="/facts/Hallucinogenic_fish/cSUKVWI3">hallucinogenic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Siganidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 21 August 2021. <a href="/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer" target="_blank">/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 21 August 2021. <a href="https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes2/" target="_blank">https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes2/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kaoru Kuriiwaa; Naoto Hanzawab; Tetsuo Yoshinoc; Seishi Kimurad & Mutsumi Nishida (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization in rabbitfishes (Teleostei: Siganidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kaoru Kuriiwaa; Naoto Hanzawab; Tetsuo Yoshinoc; Seishi Kimurad & Mutsumi Nishida (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization in rabbitfishes (Teleostei: Siganidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kaoru Kuriiwaa; Naoto Hanzawab; Tetsuo Yoshinoc; Seishi Kimurad & Mutsumi Nishida (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization in rabbitfishes (Teleostei: Siganidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Kaoru Kuriiwaa; Naoto Hanzawab; Tetsuo Yoshinoc; Seishi Kimurad & Mutsumi Nishida (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization in rabbitfishes (Teleostei: Siganidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kaoru Kuriiwaa; Naoto Hanzawab; Tetsuo Yoshinoc; Seishi Kimurad & Mutsumi Nishida (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization in rabbitfishes (Teleostei: Siganidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.04.018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Siganus". FishBase. June 2021 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>D.J. Woodland (2001). "Siganidae". In Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H. (eds.). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes and marine mammal (PDF). FAO Rome. p. 3627. ISBN 92-5-104587-9. <a href="92-5-104587-9" target="_blank">92-5-104587-9</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Lieske, E. & Myers, R. (1999). Coral Reef Fishes (2 ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 0-691-00481-1. <a href="0-691-00481-1" target="_blank">0-691-00481-1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Taylor, Geoff (2000). "Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience". Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medical Society. 30 (1): 7–8. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Siganidae". FishBase. October 2023 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Siganus". FishBase. June 2021 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Debelius, H. (1997). 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