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<h2 id="science-advice-structures">Science advice structures</h2> <p>A briefing paper,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> described four of the most commonly used science advice structures for jurisdictions: advisory councils, advisory committees, national academies, and chief scientific advisors. These structures are most commonly employed at the national level, but may also be used in sub-national jurisdictions like Quebec, or supra-national bodies like the <a href="/facts/European_Commission/Cc5JgbEI">European Commission</a>, which has an in-house science service, the <a href="/facts/Joint_Research_Centre/lY5TEJvy">Joint Research Centre</a>. </p><p>Science advice also occurs at sub-national levels, where structures may include departmental scientific advisors (for example, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency/ghI985SI">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>, and at the international level, where networks such as the <a href="/facts/International_Council_for_Science/H5tNtmVL">International Council for Science</a> coordinate science for policy, for example through serving as the science voice in the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a>. </p><p>For any of these structures, individual experts may be asked for advice in specific circumstances. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Science Advice Structure<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></th><th>Explanation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td>Advisory councils</td><td>Many economies have a high-level council for science (or science and innovation) policy. Members typically include senior scientists, alongside representatives of industry, higher education and civil society. Examples include Japan’s Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI) and the US President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). Another example is Australia, where chief scientist Ian Chubb established the Commonwealth Science Council to advise the government on policy. However, in most systems, the focus of such entities remains on policy advice in relation to the science system, which is distinct from science advice for public policy.</td></tr><tr><td>Advisory committees</td><td>Most governments also rely on an array of specialized scientific and expert committees, which can address detailed technical and regulatory issues in areas such as health, environment and food safety. For example, the US and Japan have hundreds of such committees; the UK has over seventy.</td></tr><tr><td>National academies</td><td>A growing number of national academies are active in science policy and/or policy for science. In economies such as Canada, China, Germany, Netherlands, South Africa, US and UK, academies are an important source of scientific advice. Furthermore, networks of national academies such as the International Council for Science, with a membership of 121 national bodies, representing 141 economies, and 31 International Scientific Unions, and the Inter-Academy Partnership, the global network of science academies from 107 economies are actively involved in science for policy processes at the international level.</td></tr><tr><td>Chief scientific advisors</td><td>The first chief scientific advisor was appointed by the US in 1957, followed by the UK in 1964. The first chief scientific advisor in Quebec, Canada, was appointed in 2011.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="science-advice-by-jurisdiction-nation-state-sub-national-jurisdictions-and-supra-national-bodies">Science advice by jurisdiction (nation-state, sub-national jurisdictions, and supra-national bodies)</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Jurisdiction</th><th>National Science Advice Structure/s<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></th><th>Chief Advisors/Key institutions</th></tr><tr><td>Austria</td><td>National academy</td><td><a href="/facts/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences/P67J0c7A">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>Advisory council</td><td><p>• The Science, Technology and Innovation Council<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>National academy</td><td>• <a href="/facts/The_Royal_Society_of_Canada/betD1djj">The Royal Society of Canada</a><p>• <a href="/facts/Council_of_Canadian_Academies/gohTCUn8">Council of Canadian Academies</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>Chief Science Advisors</td><td>National: <a href="/facts/Chief_Science_Advisor_(Canada)/Nv6r1NkU">Chief Science Advisor</a><p>• Quebec chief scientist: <a href="/facts/Remi_Quirion/x2kXX47Q">Remi Quirion</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Chile</td><td>National academy and National Congress Library</td><td>Chilean Science Academy <a href="/facts/Science_and_technology_in_Chile/aNuDxMWk">Science and technology in Chile</a></td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>National academy</td><td>Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters <a href="/facts/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters/qPsWehbL">Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters</a></td></tr><tr><td>European Union</td><td>National academies and Chief Science Advisors</td><td><a href="/facts/Scientific_Advice_Mechanism/EQEbMRq0">Scientific Advice Mechanism</a> and within it, <a href="/facts/Science_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_(SAPEA)/EQEbMRq0">SAPEA</a></td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>National academy</td><td><a href="/facts/French_Academy_of_Sciences/zF42DYQv">French Academy of Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>National academy</td><td>Royal Irish Academy <a href="/facts/Royal_Irish_Academy/2R9VtUPw">Royal Irish Academy</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>Chief science advisors</td><td><a href="/facts/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser_(Ireland)/2DU1DxyW">Government Chief Scientific Adviser (Ireland)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>United States of America</td><td>National academy</td><td><a href="/facts/National_Academy_of_Sciences/M3oePVeG">National Academy of Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><td>United States of America</td><td>Chief Science Advisors</td><td><a href="/facts/Science_Advisor_to_the_President/1Wrv4QM9">Science Advisor to the President</a></td></tr><tr><td>United States of America (California)</td><td>Advisory organization</td><td><a href="/facts/California_Ocean_Science_Trust/Wb6hmRnQ">California Ocean Science Trust</a></td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>National Academy</td><td>The Royal Society<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>Chief Science Advisors</td><td>National: <a href="/facts/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser_(United_Kingdom)/g7PNJgoH">Government Chief Scientific Adviser</a><p>• Departmental science advisors are listed online.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Academia das Ciências de Lisboa</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Royal Society of New Zealand<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>Chief scientific Advisor</td><td>Prof <a href="/facts/Juliet_Gerrard/XCGu7mSv">Juliet Gerrard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Academy of Athens</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>National Academy</td><td>German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cuba</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Academia de Ciencias de Cuba</td></tr><tr><td>Cuba</td><td>Chief Science Advisors</td><td>Castro Díaz-Balart</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>National Academy</td><td><a href="/facts/Australian_Academy_of_Science/wefV4Bf2">Australian Academy of Science</a></td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>Chief Science Advisors</td><td>National: <a href="/facts/Alan_Finkel/WYSD49IT">Alan Finkel</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><p>• NSW Chief Scientist and Engineer, <a href="/facts/Hugh_F._Durrant-Whyte/RwjF8axh">Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></p><p>• QLD Chief Scientist, incumbent suspended<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></p><p>• SA Chief Scientist, <a href="/facts/Caroline_McMillen/q6BXxdjo">Caroline McMillen</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></p><p>• VIC Lead Scientist, Amanda Caples<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></p><p>• Chief Scientist of WA, <a href="/facts/Peter_Klinken/8t22B9eH">Peter Klinken</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>State government science agency</td><td>The NSW Office of Environment & Heritage, with Dr. Kate Wilson<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><p>Western Australia Office of science<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p></td></tr><tr><td>Kenya</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Kenya National Academy of Sciences</td></tr><tr><td>Kenya</td><td>Chief Science Advisors</td><td>Shaukat A. Abdulrazak</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Academy of Sciences Malaysia</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>Chief Science Advisors</td><td>Zakri Abdul Hamid</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>National Academy</td><td>• <a href="/facts/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences/zzHb3yVm">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a><p>• <a href="/facts/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences/W7Mqlm5C">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a>• <a href="/facts/Chinese_Academy_of_Engineering/4gyNY7AW">Chinese Academy of Engineering</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>Advisory Council</td><td>The Council of Finnish Academies</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Indian National Science Academy</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>National Academy</td><td>L'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>Advisory Council</td><td>Council for Science Technology and Innovation (CSTI)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mongolia</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Mongolian Academy of Sciences</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>National Academy</td><td>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>National Academy</td><td>The Swiss Academy of Sciences</td></tr><tr><td>South Korea</td><td>National Academy</td><td>National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Korea</td></tr><tr><td>South Africa</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>El Salvador</td><td>National Academy</td><td>Viceministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>Advisory Council</td><td>National Research Council of Thailand<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ezrahi, Yaron (2008-05-07). 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