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Trial of Benjamin Netanyahu
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>Netanyahu was investigated in five different cases, three of which were brought to trial. Case 1000, opened in December 2016, involves valuable gifts and presents that Netanyahu and his wife received from two wealthy businessmen over the years. In Case 2000, recorded conversations between Netanyahu and <a href="/facts/Arnon_Mozes/QpslMhHo">Arnon Mozes</a>, the chairman and editor of <i><a href="/facts/Yedioth_Ahronoth/JyfFUG4p">Yedioth Ahronoth</a></i>, one of the largest newspapers in Israel, were discussed. They talked about the possibility of legislation that could harm <i><a href="/facts/Israel_Hayom/JSF1RmQN">Israel Hayom</a></i>, Yedioth's major competitor. Case 4000 relates to the relationship between telecommunications company <a href="/facts/Bezeq/MaSPuM6s">Bezeq</a> and its regulator, the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Communications_(Israel)/UpE64IwR">communication ministry</a>, which was headed by Netanyahu at the time. </p><p>On 21 November 2019, Netanyahu was officially charged with fraud and breach of trust in Cases 1000 and 2000, and with fraud, breach of trust, and receiving bribes in Case 4000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>Case 1000</h3> <p>In Case 1000, Netanyahu is accused of having a conflict of interest while he was the Minister of Communications and handled affairs related to <a href="/facts/Arnon_Milchan/ALTbVHb9">Arnon Milchan</a>'s business interests. The prosecution alleges that Netanyahu received expensive cigars and champagne worth $195,000 from Milchan and <a href="/facts/James_Packer/xuKlL1eQ">James Packer</a>, a friend of Milchan's, over a period of 20 years, as well as jewelry for Netanyahu's wife <a href="/facts/Sara_Netanyahu/KLaLJUkN">Sara</a> worth $3,100.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The charges cite three separate incidents in which Netanyahu allegedly assisted Milchan: </p><p>As per the allegations, in 2013, Prime Minister Netanyahu actively advocated for the extension of tax exemptions for returning residents, a measure that held significant financial advantages for Milchan. It is alleged that he engaged with officials from the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Finance_(Israel)/XPKVsRNw">Ministry of Finance</a> on this matter. However, they opposed the initiative, citing its inconsistency with national interests, leading to the denial of the exemption extension.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>As per the allegations, in the years 2013–2014, Netanyahu asked <a href="/facts/John_Kerry/K1HWRIMo">John Kerry</a> on three separate occasions, to help Milchan in securing a US Visa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>As per the allegations, in 2015, Netanyahu instructed the director general of the Ministry of Communications, Shlomo Filber [he], to aid Milchan in regulatory matters. This directive was related to a merger deal between the communications companies <a href="/facts/Reshet/1BD985kF">Reshet</a> and <a href="/facts/Keshet_Media_Group/KIeFmcGf">Keshet</a>, with the aim of ensuring the profitability of an investment that Milchan was considering.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>Case 2000</h3> <p>Case 2000 (also known as the Netanyahu-Mozes affair) is a criminal investigation that concerns the relationship between Netanyahu and the publisher and controlling owner of <i><a href="/facts/Yedioth_Ahronoth/JyfFUG4p">Yedioth Ahronoth</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Arnon_Mozes/QpslMhHo">Arnon Mozes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The investigation was conducted by the National Fraud Investigation Unit of the <a href="/facts/Israel_Police/uLIJ0KDo">Israeli Police</a> beginning in January 2017. As per the allegations, Mozes offered Netanyahu a significant change for the better in the way Netanyahu and his family members are covered in <i>Yedioth Ahronoth</i>, and a change for the worse in the way his political opponents are covered. In exchange Netanyahu should be using his influence to promote legislation that would impose restrictions on <i><a href="/facts/Israel_Hayom/JSF1RmQN">Israel Hayom</a></i> and bring significant financial benefits to Mozes and his businesses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>In November 2019, Attorney General <a href="/facts/Avichai_Mandelblit/6KgbWIub">Avichai Mandelblit</a> announced that he had decided to file an indictment against Netanyahu for fraud and breach of trust and against Mozes for attempted bribery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The trial began In May 2020. </p> <h3>Case 4000</h3> <p>Case 4000 involves the communication conglomerate <a href="/facts/Bezeq/MaSPuM6s">Bezeq</a>. The investigation focused on allegations that Netanyahu had promised regulatory changes that would be favorable to the business interests of <a href="/facts/Shaul_Elovitch/5Gsgd55w">Shaul Elovitch</a>, the owner of Bezeq, in exchange for positive coverage of Netanyahu and his family by Elovitch's news website, <a href="/facts/Walla!_Communications_Ltd/4T3WcdSE">Walla!</a>. Netanyahu was charged with fraud, breach of trust, and bribery in this case. Elovitch was also charged with bribery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The charges against Netanyahu include receiving bribes and acting in a conflict of interest as Minister of Communications. The Israeli police recommended bribery charges against Netanyahu in December 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> On 21 November 2019, Israeli attorney general Avichai Mandelblit officially brought charges against Netanyahu and Elovitch. </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/2023_Israeli_judicial_reform_protests/TMgtPAEP">2023 Israeli judicial reform protests</a>, Netanyahu announced his intention to remove Defense Minister <a href="/facts/Yoav_Gallant/qx0JQhsQ">Yoav Gallant</a> from his post on 26 March 2023; Boaz Ben Zur, Netanyahu's lawyer in Case 4000, told Netanyahu he would quit if Netanyahu did not stop the proposed legislation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cases that did not go to trial</h3> <h4>Case 1270</h4> <p>Case 1270 related to a suspicion that Netanyahu's former media advisor offered District Court president Hila Gerstel an appointment to the vacated <a href="/facts/Attorney_General_of_Israel/a6vhCqXY">Attorney General of Israel</a>, in exchange for closing a case against Netanyahu's wife, an offer Gerstel refused.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The case has been compared to the "Bar-On Hebron affair" in 1997, during Netanyahu's first term, involving the appointment of <a href="/facts/Roni_Bar-On/0JvY6mAc">Roni Bar-On</a> to attorney general.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> In January 2019, the case was closed for lack of evidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h4>Case 3000</h4> <p>During the investigative phase, Netanyahu was dropped as a direct suspect in the case in which three <a href="/facts/Dolphin-class_submarine/CPAqRuMY">Dolphin-class submarines</a> and four <a href="/facts/Sa%2527ar_6-class_corvette/wSzLhc6g">Sa'ar 6-class corvette</a> were purchased from the German company <a href="/facts/ThyssenKrupp/AMBGaU8c">ThyssenKrupp</a> by Israel. The suspicion in this case refers to swaying the deal in ThyssenKrup's favor for the personal gain of several of the people involved. Netanyahu's cousin and personal lawyer David Shimron, who represented the German company in Israel, is one of the main suspects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="protests">Protests</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/2020%25E2%2580%25932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu/7MuNnQ3T">2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, <a href="/facts/2023_Israeli_judicial_reform_protests/TMgtPAEP">2023 Israeli judicial reform protests</a>, and <a href="/facts/Israeli_hostage_deal_protests/wlGTGh08">Israeli hostage deal protests</a></p> <p>In September 2017, protesters started holding weekly Sunday rallies in Petah Tikva for 41 consecutive weeks, protesting what they perceived as interference with the investigations and delays by <a href="/facts/Attorney_General_of_Israel/a6vhCqXY">Attorney General</a> <a href="/facts/Avichai_Mandelblit/6KgbWIub">Avichai Mandelblit</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> In addition, rallies against government corruption were held in Tel Aviv's Rabin Square. As Netanyahu remained in power despite being formally charged, the protests grew substantially in 2020 and 2021. These protests would later be linked to the 2023 demonstrations that were sparked by a proposed judicial reform, and a number of <a href="/facts/Gaza_war_protests_in_Israel/E7U7Xztg">protests that occurred after the onset of the 2023 Gaza war</a>. </p> <h2 id="indictment">Indictment</h2> <p>On 19 December 2018, Israeli State Prosecutor <a href="/facts/Shai_Nitzan/0tk1ET9a">Shai Nitzan</a> recommended to Israeli attorney general <a href="/facts/Avichai_Mandelblit/6KgbWIub">Avichai Mandelblit</a> that Netanyahu be indicted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> On 20 December 2018, Israeli Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit said he would "work quickly" on the case, but "not at the expense of quality decisions and professionalism".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>On 28 February 2019, the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_Israel/BcqcvxVQ">Supreme Court of Israel</a> rejected a motion filed by Netanyahu's Likud Party to stall the publication of the attorney general's recommendations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> The same day, Mandelblit announced that he had accepted police recommendations to indict Netanyahu on three of the charges and that the indictment will officially go into effect following a hearing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>The hearing took place in October 2019, and on 21 November, Netanyahu was indicted in cases 1000, 2000, and 4000 for charges including breach of trust, accepting bribes, and fraud.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>As a result of the indictment, Netanyahu was legally required to relinquish of his ministry portfolios other than prime minister.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h3>Immunity bid</h3> <p>Netanyahu submitted a request for <a href="/facts/Legal_immunity/r1k3KodU">immunity</a> to the parliamentary speaker, <a href="/facts/Yuli_Edelstein/bWyv0yBd">Yuli Edelstein</a>, on 1 January 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Many MKs, including <a href="/facts/Avigdor_Lieberman/QKyoITmf">Avigdor Lieberman</a> of <a href="/facts/Yisrael_Beiteinu/hk5IV5hE">Yisrael Beiteinu</a>, <a href="/facts/Benny_Gantz/7xL8e3zN">Benny Gantz</a> of <a href="/facts/Blue_and_White_(political_alliance)/6nKgEKul">Blue and White</a>, and <a href="/facts/Stav_Shaffir/yVgDPhgz">Stav Shaffir</a> of the <a href="/facts/Green_Party_(Israel)/0TNc19gl">Green Party</a>, criticized the request. Lieberman called for the Knesset to bring back committees that had been dissolved (and also indicated that his party would vote against a bid for immunity); without a Knesset committee, there would be no action on Netanyahu's immunity until after the <a href="/facts/2020_Israeli_legislative_election/u6Vze5aE">March election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> According to <i><a href="/facts/The_Times_of_Israel/VPVdqXEm">The Times of Israel</a></i> columnist Raoul Wootliff, the election had in effect become a race to gain enough seats so that Netanyahu can successfully request immunity from over half of the MKs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Knesset legal advisor Eyal Yinon ruled on 12 January 2020 that there was no impediment to forming a Knesset committee that could prevent Netanyahu from receiving immunity. If his immunity bid was not accepted, his trial could begin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Such a committee was formed the next day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Consequently, Netanyahu withdrew his bid for immunity on 28 January 2020; the charges against him were thus officially confirmed and filed in <a href="/facts/Jerusalem/PKJ8LT0Y">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/facts/Judiciary_of_Israel/QWlemkHr">District Court</a> on the same day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="prelude-to-the-trial">Prelude to the trial</h2> <p>On 18 February 2020, the Justice Ministry announced that Netanyahu's trial would start in the Jerusalem District Court on 17 March 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p><p>On 9 March 2020, Netanyahu filed a motion to delay the trial for 45 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> On 10 March, the court rejected this bid and affirmed the original trial date.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> However, on 15 March 2020, the beginning of the trial was pushed back until 24 May as a result of <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">coronavirus</a>-related restrictions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> The Jerusalem District Court ordered Netanyahu to appear in person at the opening of his trial.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="trial">Trial</h2> <p>The trial began on 24 May 2020, in the Jerusalem District Court, with judges Rivka Friedman-Feldman, Moshe Bar-Am, and Oded Shaham presiding, and Friedman-Feldman serving as the lead judge. The prosecution team is headed by Deputy State Attorney Liat Ben-Ari [he], along with Yonatan Tadmor, Deputy Chief of the Tel Aviv District State Attorney's Office Economic Crimes Division, and Yehudit Tirosh, Director of the Securities Department of the <a href="/facts/Israel_Securities_Authority/swu1WbA6">Israel Securities Authority</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Netanyahu's defense team initially included Amit Hadad, the chief defense attorney, along with Noa Milstein, Avichai Yehosef, and Yair Leshem, with Micha Fettman also on the team. However, Fettman left the defense team after the first hearing and was replaced by Yossi Segev,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> and Boaz Ben-Tzur joined the team after the second hearing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p><p>The trial had four preliminary hearings in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> At the first hearing, Netanyahu and three other defendants, Shaul Elovitch, Iris Elovitch, and Arnon Mozes, were present, and the judges read out the charges. Netanyahu was exempted from appearing at most subsequent hearings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> On 5 April 2021, the trial moved into the phase of hearing witness testimonies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> In early 2022, reports surfaced about negotiations for a possible plea bargain, but that did not materialize.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> In April 2023, the prosecution and defense reached an agreement to cut non-essential prosecution witnesses, so as to reduce the number of prosecution witnesses who testify to around 60; with this agreement, the phase of hearing prosecution witnesses is expected to end in the first half of 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p><p>Three former confidants of Netanyahu were implicated in criminal charges, and agreed to serve as state witnesses as part of plea bargain agreements: Shlomo Filber, the former director of the Ministry of Communications,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> Nir Hefetz, a former advisor,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Ari_Harow/Qa0B7kmm">Ari Harow</a>, Netanyahu's former chief of staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> Other key witnesses include Ilan Yeshua, former CEO of Walla! News,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> Hadas Klein, Milchan's personal assistant who was in charge of purchasing and supplying the alleged illegal gifts and Arnon Milchan himself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Milchan's testimony, which took place in late June and early July 2023, took place via video from <a href="/facts/Brighton%2c_United_Kingdom/hp1fvPNt">Brighton, United Kingdom</a>, as he was allowed to be absent from appearing in person due to alleged health concerns. Prior to Milchan's testimony, in a private meeting with the prosecution and the defense, the judges suggested that the bribery charges may be difficult to prove, and implored both sides to consider a plea bargain "for the sake of the country".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p><p>On 5 December 2023, trial judges agreed to reduce the number of court hearings to two days a week due to the security concerns related to the ongoing <a href="/facts/Gaza_war/dmUoIpBw">Gaza war</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> At the end of December 2023, it was decided that the number of days would increase to four in February 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> In January they announced that there would be 3 days of discussions starting on the 22nd of that month.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p><p>The prosecution rested in July 2024. Netanyahu's testimony was scheduled to begin on 2 December, following a request from the defense to postpone his testimony so as to give him time to prepare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> On 10 November, the defense filed another motion to postpone the testimony, by 10 additional weeks, until the end of February 2025; on 13 November, the court denied the motion and ruled that the testimony should start on 2 December as scheduled,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> although later partially accepted another request and agreed to begin the testimony on 10 December.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> A hearing scheduled for 17 December was canceled as well,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> as were two weeks of hearings during January, following Netanyahu's undergoing minor surgery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> Netanyahu's cross examination began on June 3, 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="reactions">Reactions</h2> <p>On 26 June 2025, United States President <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> said Netanyahu's trial should be cancelled, stating that "Bibi Netanyahu's trial should be CANCELLED, IMMEDIATELY, or a Pardon given to a Great Hero, who has done so much for the State" after the <a href="/facts/Iran%25E2%2580%2593Israel_war/cqFcawYL">Iran–Israel war</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> On the following day, Jerusalem District Court rejected Netanyahu's request to delay the trial testimony regardless of Trump request, citing that the request "does not present a detailed basis or reason that might justify canceling evidentiary hearings".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Corruption_in_Israel/LRU1N35m">Corruption in Israel</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"משפט נתניהו: רה"מ טען - "אף פעם לא נפגשתי ביחידות עם אלוביץ'"". כאן | תאגיד השידור הישראלי (in Hebrew). Retrieved 27 June 2025. <a href="https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/local/live-834352/" target="_blank">https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/local/live-834352/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kaplan, Allison (2020). "Netanyahu on Trial: Everything You Need to Know". Haaretz. <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2020-05-15/ty-article/.premium/netanyahu-trial-corruption-news-israel/0000017f-e70e-da9b-a1ff-ef6f1a2d0000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2020-05-15/ty-article/.premium/netanyahu-trial-corruption-news-israel/0000017f-e70e-da9b-a1ff-ef6f1a2d0000</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Netanyahu turns to rich friend to fund corruption trial fees". AP News. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2025. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/81f767e416c4df35a0e007345fc6b4d0" target="_blank">https://apnews.com/article/81f767e416c4df35a0e007345fc6b4d0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Netanyahu stands trial on corruption charges". NBC News. 24 May 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2025. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/netanyahu-stands-trial-charges-bribery-fraud-breach-trust-n1212806" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/netanyahu-stands-trial-charges-bribery-fraud-breach-trust-n1212806</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Israel's Benjamin Netanyahu takes stand in ongoing corruption trial". www.euronews.com. 4 March 2025. Retrieved 11 June 2025. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2025/03/04/israels-benjamin-netanyahu-takes-stand-in-ongoing-corruption-trial" target="_blank">https://www.euronews.com/2025/03/04/israels-benjamin-netanyahu-takes-stand-in-ongoing-corruption-trial</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Crowcroft, Orlando (13 May 2014). "Former Israeli PM Ehud Olmert handed six-year jail sentence". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 27 June 2025. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/13/former-israeli-pm-ehud-olmert-six-years-jail" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/13/former-israeli-pm-ehud-olmert-six-years-jail</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>ToI Staff. "Netanyahu fumes at court in corruption trial testimony; 'Lower your tone,' judge responds". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 11 June 2025. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-fumes-at-court-in-corruption-trial-testimony-lower-your-tone-judge-responds/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-fumes-at-court-in-corruption-trial-testimony-lower-your-tone-judge-responds/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Israel's Netanyahu appears in court for 24th time in his corruption trial". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 11 June 2025. <a href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-s-netanyahu-appears-in-court-for-24th-time-in-his-corruption-trial/3545377" target="_blank">https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-s-netanyahu-appears-in-court-for-24th-time-in-his-corruption-trial/3545377</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Beaumont, Peter (10 December 2024). "Netanyahu describes corruption charges against him as 'ocean of absurdity' at trial". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. 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