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Reductio ad Hitlerum
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<h2 id="definition">Definition</h2> <p><i>Reductio ad Hitlerum</i> is a type of <a href="/facts/Association_fallacy/pg0v9aL5">association fallacy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The argument is that a policy leads to—or is the same as—one advocated or implemented by <a href="/facts/Adolf_Hitler/3zyXG1L8">Adolf Hitler</a> or <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a> and so "proves" that the original policy is undesirable. Another type of <i>reductio ad Hitlerum</i> is asking a question of the form "You know who else...?" with the deliberate intent of impugning a certain idea or action by implying Hitler had that idea or performed such an action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>A comparison to Hitler or <a href="/facts/Nazism/JjsMI4lE">Nazism</a> is not a <i>reductio ad Hitlerum</i> if it illuminates an argument instead of causing distraction from it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Straightforward comparisons can be used to criticize fascist components of Nazism such as the <a href="/facts/F%C3%BChrerprinzip/2JbzlAC3">Führerprinzip</a>. However, one could argue fallaciously that because <a href="/facts/Adolf_Hitler_and_vegetarianism/UF7e63Mt">Hitler abstained from eating meat</a> or was <a href="/facts/Anti-tobacco_movement_in_Nazi_Germany/nzBP1plv">opposed to smoking</a>, anyone else who has these opinions so is a Nazi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The phrase <i>reductio ad Hitlerum</i> is first known to have been used in an article written by <a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago/z6zRMUmV">University of Chicago</a> professor <a href="/facts/Leo_Strauss/mIy0K2fV">Leo Strauss</a> for <i>Measure: A Critical Journal</i> in spring 1951,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> although it was made famous in a book by Strauss published in 1953<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> <i>Natural Right and History</i>, Chapter II: </p> <p>In following this movement towards its end we shall inevitably reach a point beyond which the scene is darkened by the shadow of Hitler. Unfortunately, it does not go without saying that in our examination we must avoid the fallacy that in the last decades has frequently been used as a substitute for the <i>reductio ad absurdum</i>: the <i>reductio ad Hitlerum</i>. A view is not refuted by the fact that it happens to have been shared by Hitler. </p> <p>The phrase was derived from the <a href="/facts/Logical_argument/1K1e3Xg4">logical argument</a> termed <a href="/facts/Reductio_ad_absurdum/5AJUtVmL">Reductio ad absurdum</a>. The <i>argumentum</i> variant takes its form from the names of many classic fallacies such as <i>argumentum ad hominem</i>. The <i>ad Nazium</i> variant may be further humorously derived from <i><a href="/facts/Ad_nauseam/sbnbDCWx">argumentum ad nauseam</a></i>. </p> <h2 id="limits-to-classification-as-a-fallacy">Limits to classification as a fallacy</h2> <p>Historian <a href="/facts/Daniel_Goldhagen/W4Wn8ojA">Daniel Goldhagen</a>, who had written about <a href="/facts/The_Holocaust/vGQsAb2y">the Holocaust</a>, argues that not all comparisons to Hitler and Nazism are logical fallacies since if they all were, there would be nothing to learn from the events that resulted in the Holocaust. He argues in his book <i><a href="/facts/Hitler%27s_Willing_Executioners/Um2VtFkK">Hitler's Willing Executioners</a></i> that many people who were complicit or active participants in the Holocaust and subsequently in <a href="/facts/Fascist/EhQWcPsE">fascist</a> and <a href="/facts/Neo-Nazi/2HJmfQhR">neo-Nazi</a> movements have manipulated the historical narrative to escape blame or to deny aspects of the Holocaust.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Claims that allegations of <a href="/facts/Antisemitism/kUpfFkqx">antisemitism</a> are <i>reductio ad Hitlerum</i> have also been employed by <a href="/facts/David_Irving/Douo7hXd">David Irving</a>, a British <a href="/facts/Holocaust_denier/PLP99orD">Holocaust denier</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>In 2000, <a href="/facts/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)/8zlJgBId">Thomas Fleming</a> claimed that <i>reductio ad Hitlerum</i> was being used by his opponents against his values: </p> <p>Leo Strauss called it the <i>reductio ad Hitlerum</i>. If Hitler liked neoclassical art, that means that classicism in every form is Nazi; if Hitler wanted to strengthen the German family, that makes the traditional family (and its defenders) Nazi; if Hitler spoke of the "nation" or the "folk", then any invocation of nationality, ethnicity, or even folkishness is Nazi ...<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="antecedents">Antecedents</h2> <p>Although named for Hitler, the logical fallacy existed before <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>. Other individuals from history were used as stand-ins for evil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Author <a href="/facts/Tom_Holland_(author)/Gqus6tzx">Tom Holland</a> compares the use of Hitler as the standard of evil with earlier invocations of the <a href="/facts/Devil/4FBx2qpz">Devil</a> (such as the phrase '<a href="/facts/Deal_with_the_Devil/jYWaQRKT">Deal with the Devil</a>').<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> During the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, the <a href="/facts/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus/a21BU5HB">Pharaoh of the Book of Exodus</a> was commonly considered the most villainous person in history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> During the years prior to the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/facts/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States/GCRJLaJl">abolitionists</a> referred to enslavers as modern-day Pharaohs. After <a href="/facts/VE_Day/vCUm3Fn9">VE Day</a>, Pharaoh continued to appear in the speeches of social reformers like <a href="/facts/Martin_Luther_King_Jr./dhWS0DP0">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Judas_Iscariot/oJHk5uW7">Judas Iscariot</a> and <a href="/facts/Pontius_Pilate/2NnfEDhS">Pontius Pilate</a> were also commonly held up as pure evil. However, there was no universal Hitler-like person, and different regions and times used different stand-ins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> In the years after the <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">American Revolution</a>, <a href="/facts/King_George_III/1RGERms7">King George III</a> was often vilified in the United States. "King George" comparison was publicly used as recently as 1992 by <a href="/facts/Pat_Buchanan/E5kUyuYD">Pat Buchanan</a> when referring to president <a href="/facts/George_H._W._Bush/Xk5UxRqp">George H. W. Bush</a>, in the course of the <a href="/facts/1992_United_States_presidential_election/sj7PoYSy">U.S. presidential campaign</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> During the American Civil War, some <a href="/facts/Confederate_States_of_America/jMSDM4q3">Confederates</a> called Lincoln a "modern Pharaoh".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="invocations">Invocations</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Nazi_gun_control_argument/VtzYryCS">Nazi gun control argument</a></p> <p>In 1991, Michael André Bernstein alleged <i>reductio ad Hitlerum</i> over a full-page advertisement placed in <i><a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></i> by the <a href="/facts/Lubavitch/gK9obwFs">Lubavitch</a> community after the <a href="/facts/Crown_Heights_riot/RXWs6byI">Crown Heights riot</a> under the heading "This Year <i><a href="/facts/Kristallnacht/U9ovTHbK">Kristallnacht</a></i> Took Place on August 19th Right Here in Crown Heights". <a href="/facts/Henry_Schwarzschild/PM97lPou">Henry Schwarzschild</a>, who had witnessed <i>Kristallnacht</i>, wrote to <i>The New York Times</i> that "however ugly were the anti-Semitic slogans and the assaultive behavior of people in the streets [during the Crown Heights riots] ... one thing that clearly did not take place was a <i>Kristallnacht</i>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p><i><a href="/facts/The_American_Conservative/G5XI93XI">The American Conservative</a></i> accused <a href="/facts/Jonah_Goldberg/qWblNNgt">Jonah Goldberg</a>'s book <i><a href="/facts/Liberal_Fascism/tGyRMBgq">Liberal Fascism</a></i> of employing the <i>reductio</i> fallacy: </p> <p>That Nazism and <a href="/facts/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States/HGn9XCda">contemporary liberalism</a> both promote healthy living is as meaningless a finding as that <a href="/facts/Bloody_Mary_(cocktail)/aBpmvNF2">bloody marys</a> and <a href="/facts/Martini_(cocktail)/WH77ln7w">martinis</a> may both be made with <a href="/facts/Gin/h6kcsFID">gin</a>. Repeatedly, Goldberg fails to recognize a <i>reductio ad absurdum</i>. ... In no case does Goldberg uncover anything more ominous than a coincidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></p> <p>Since <a href="/facts/Anti-tobacco_movement_in_Nazi_Germany/nzBP1plv">Hitler was against smoking</a>, some in the tobacco industry invoked the argument to compare those who are <a href="/facts/Anti-smoking/VYgG7nls">against smoking</a> to Nazis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparisons_between_Donald_Trump_and_fascism/Q6NYvYfm">Comparisons between Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Godwin%27s_law/P8kUFJjL">Godwin's law</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_fallacies/C1wl1kEA">List of fallacies</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Red-baiting/7u2SpDog">Red-baiting</a> (<i>reductio ad Stalinum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Weaponization_of_antisemitism/p2t5yxjM">Weaponization of antisemitism</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10618638">"Is it ever OK to call someone a Nazi?"</a>. BBC News. 14 July 2010.</li> <li><a href="http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/fotostrecke-60763.html">Toying with Hitler and History</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/facts/Der_Spiegel/pjoz3IIF">Der Spiegel</a></i></li> <li><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lincoln-mitchell/mike-huckabees-ireducto-a_b_3033369.html">Mike Huckabee's reductio ad Hitlerum, Lincoln Mitchell, April 7, 2013</a></li> <li>Harris, Adam J. L.; Hsu, Anne S.; Madsen, Jens K. (11 June 2012). <a href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lagnado-lab/publications/harris/Harris_Hsu_Madsen_2012.pdf">"Because Hitler did it! Quantitative tests of Bayesian argumentation using ad hominem"</a> (PDF). <i>Thinking & Reasoning</i>. 18 (3). London, UK: Psychology Press: 311–343. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13546783.2012.670753">10.1080/13546783.2012.670753</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15921519">15921519</a>. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</li> <li>Scalambrino, Frank (2018). "Reductio ad Hitlerum". <i>Bad Arguments</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 212–214. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119165811.ch44">10.1002/9781119165811.ch44</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781119165811. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171609352">171609352</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Godwin's Law, or Playing the Nazi Card". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 21 April 2020. <a href="https://www.jta.org/jewniverse/2015/godwins-law-or-playing-the-nazi-card" target="_blank">https://www.jta.org/jewniverse/2015/godwins-law-or-playing-the-nazi-card</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Playing the Nazi Card". FAIR. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2020. <a href="https://fair.org/home/playing-the-nazi-card/" target="_blank">https://fair.org/home/playing-the-nazi-card/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Natural Right and History". University of Oklahoma. 2008. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224172232/http://www.ou.edu/cas/psc/bookstrauss.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100224172232/http://www.ou.edu/cas/psc/bookstrauss.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965 [1953], p. 42. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Curtis, Gary N. (2004). "Logical Fallacy: The Hitler Card". Fallacy Files. Retrieved 8 October 2007. <a href="http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adnazium.html" target="_blank">http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adnazium.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Curtis, Gary N. (2004). "Logical Fallacy: The Hitler Card". Fallacy Files. Retrieved 8 October 2007. <a href="http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adnazium.html" target="_blank">http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adnazium.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Curtis, Gary N. (2004). "Logical Fallacy: Guilt by Association". Fallacy Files. Retrieved 8 October 2007. <a href="http://www.fallacyfiles.org/guiltbya.html" target="_blank">http://www.fallacyfiles.org/guiltbya.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"You know who else ___? Origin? - catchphrase meme". Ask MetaFilter. Retrieved 10 January 2013. <a href="http://ask.metafilter.com/71925/You-know-who-else-Origin" target="_blank">http://ask.metafilter.com/71925/You-know-who-else-Origin</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Gabriel H. Teninbaum, Reduction ad Hitlerum: Trumping the Judicial Nazi Card. Michigan State Law Review, Vol. 2009, p. 541–578, 2009 <a href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1445423" target="_blank">https://ssrn.com/abstract=1445423</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Curtis, Gary N. "Logical Fallacy: The Hitler Card". Fallacy Files. Retrieved 4 August 2022. <a href="https://www.fallacyfiles.org/adnazium.html" target="_blank">https://www.fallacyfiles.org/adnazium.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Hutchins, Robert Maynard (1951). Measure: A Critical Journal. H. Regnery Company. Retrieved 5 February 2014. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6z3WAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6z3WAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Natural Right and History". University of Oklahoma. 2008. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224172232/http://www.ou.edu/cas/psc/bookstrauss.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100224172232/http://www.ou.edu/cas/psc/bookstrauss.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, Daniel Jonah Goldhagen 1997 <a href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/8690dfba45e051dab6cbf8b92ef45f3b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=589" target="_blank">https://www.proquest.com/openview/8690dfba45e051dab6cbf8b92ef45f3b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=589</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Eichmann was Outrageously Stupid". Hannah Arendt: The Last Interview: And Other Conversations. November 9, 1964. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Broomfield, Matt (7 May 2017). "Undercover at a secret 'neo-Nazi' meeting with Holocaust denier David Irving". The Independent. Independent News. Retrieved 22 November 2019. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-irving-holocaust-denial-neo-nazi-alt-right-london-forum-meeting-auschwitz-hitler-revisionist-a7719291.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-irving-holocaust-denial-neo-nazi-alt-right-london-forum-meeting-auschwitz-hitler-revisionist-a7719291.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Thomas Fleming, editor, Chronicles (Rockford, Illinois), May 2000, p. 11. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Brian Palmer (4 October 2011). "Before Hitler, Who Was the Stand-In for Pure Evil?". Slate. Retrieved 27 November 2014. <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html" target="_blank">http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Does God Exist? A Conversation with Tom Holland, Stephen Meyer, and Douglas Murray, 10 January 2023, 26 minutes, retrieved 22 January 2023 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2u54a1FL28" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2u54a1FL28</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Brian Palmer (4 October 2011). "Before Hitler, Who Was the Stand-In for Pure Evil?". Slate. Retrieved 27 November 2014. <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html" target="_blank">http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Brian Palmer (4 October 2011). "Before Hitler, Who Was the Stand-In for Pure Evil?". Slate. Retrieved 27 November 2014. <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html" target="_blank">http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Brian Palmer (4 October 2011). "Before Hitler, Who Was the Stand-In for Pure Evil?". Slate. Retrieved 27 November 2014. <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html" target="_blank">http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"CAMPAIGN NOTEBOOK". Washington Post. 26 February 2024. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 17 March 2024. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/02/19/campaign-notebook/133a25fe-8ace-4244-9997-d7ebe9d81b67/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/02/19/campaign-notebook/133a25fe-8ace-4244-9997-d7ebe9d81b67/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Will Pat Stay Put? - September 20, 1999". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/time/1999/09/13/buchanan.gop.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/time/1999/09/13/buchanan.gop.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Brian Palmer (4 October 2011). "Before Hitler, Who Was the Stand-In for Pure Evil?". Slate. Retrieved 27 November 2014. <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html" target="_blank">http://www.slate.com/articles/briefing/explainer/2011/10/hank_williams_jr_firing_who_was_the_rhetorical_worst_person_in_h.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Foregone Conclusions". Escholarship.org. Retrieved 7 July 2011. The Lubavitcher community itself, in the form of the 'Crown Heights Emergency Fund,' placed a full-page advertisement in The New York Times on September 20, 1991, under the heading 'This Year Kristallnacht Took Place on August 19th Right Here in Crown Heights.' Their version of Leo Strauss's reductio ad Hitlerum was rightly perceived by those who had been in Germany on Kristallnacht (November 9, 1938) as an outrageous comparison. <a href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft3x0nb2ns" target="_blank">http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft3x0nb2ns</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Austin Bramwell (28 January 2008). "Goldberg's Trivial Pursuit". The American Conservative. Retrieved 30 January 2014. <a href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/goldbergs-trivial-pursuit/" target="_blank">http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/goldbergs-trivial-pursuit/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Schneider, N. K; Glantz, S. A (1 October 2008). "'Nicotine Nazis strike again': a brief analysis of the use of Nazi rhetoric in attacking tobacco control advocacy". Tobacco Control. 17 (5): 291–296. doi:10.1136/tc.2007.024653. PMC 2736555. PMID 18818222. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736555" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736555</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>