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Cortijo
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>A <i>cortijo</i> would usually include a large house, together with accessory buildings such as workers' quarters, sheds to house livestock, granaries, <a href="/facts/Oil_mill/x3Uy8Qwz">oil mills</a>, barns and often a wall limiting the enclosure where there were no buildings surrounding it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> It was also common for isolated <i>cortijos</i> to include a small <a href="/facts/Chapel/SreoramU">chapel</a>. </p><p>In mountain areas, rough <a href="/facts/Stone/FXCJkmop">stone</a> was often used for wall construction and <a href="/facts/Ashlar/Aut7wuN1">ashlar</a> for corners, doorways, windows and arches. In ancient <i>cortijos</i>, <a href="/facts/Mud/0zvotxXd">mud</a> or <a href="/facts/Slaked_lime/Kz2KzRd8">slaked lime</a> were used as <a href="/facts/Mortar_(masonry)/UsDMxYAh">mortar</a>. However, the traditional materials were replaced by <a href="/facts/Cement/VfDMkk12">cement</a> and brick construction in more recent ones. In places where stone was hard to come by, adobe was more common as a construction material. <i>Cortijos</i> were often <a href="/facts/Whitewash/79dQsUWm">whitewashed</a>. Roofs were built with wooden <a href="/facts/Beam_(structure)/V9BPDeS8">beam</a> structures and covered with red ceramic <a href="/facts/Roof_tile/csUmXBGs">roof tiles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The master of the <i>cortijo</i> or <i>"señorito"</i> would usually live with his family in a two-story building when visiting, while the accessory structures were for the labourers and their families —also known as <i>"cortijeros"</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The latter buildings were usually of more simple construction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The <i>cortijo</i> was usually a habitat surrounded by extensive lands, such as <a href="/facts/Olive/tWecyIbg">olive</a> groves or other kinds of agricultural exploitation. In certain desolate areas of the southern <a href="/facts/Central_Meseta/jB6Aqk5U">Central Meseta</a>, <a href="/facts/Extremadura/RMkwR0bW">Extremadura</a> and <a href="/facts/Sierra_Morena/wJ255oCH">Sierra Morena</a>, a <i>cortijo</i> would be the only inhabited center for many miles around. Thus, most of them were self-sufficient units, as far as that was possible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Many <i>cortijos</i> became deserted following <a href="/facts/General_Franco/uSnuj0gf">General Franco</a>'s <i>Plan de Estabilización</i> and the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices by the local youth, including the lifestyle changes that swept over rural Spain during the second half of the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="famous-cortijos">Famous <i>cortijos</i></h2> <ul><li>Cortijo de Arroyovil, where <a href="/facts/Francisco_Franco/uSnuj0gf">Francisco Franco</a> used to overnight when hunting, near <a href="/facts/Mancha_Real/W2QdFuGz">Mancha Real</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cortijo_de_Miraflores/y74xWTQS">Cortijo de Miraflores</a>, a historical building in <a href="/facts/Marbella/CVYPAtqE">Marbella</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cortijo_Jurado/afGNBI7m">Cortijo Jurado</a>, near <a href="/facts/Campanillas/BjBxh6wW">Campanillas</a>; reputed to be <a href="/facts/Haunted_house/UazmSPtu">haunted</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>Cortijo de las Mezquitas, located between <a href="/facts/Antequera/2VoM3U6U">Antequera</a>, <a href="/facts/Campillos/rg038moH">Campillos</a> and <a href="/facts/Sierra_de_Yeguas/xhQrzlvn">Sierra de Yeguas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>Cortijo de Alventu, located near río Guadalquivir.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Cortijo Bacardí, located in Málaga<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>Cortijo del Fraile, in <a href="/facts/N%25C3%25ADjar/kK3YGTxt">Níjar</a> municipality, known as the scene of a crime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Cortijo de Aparicio el Grande</li> <li>Cortijo Cañaveral de los Frailes</li> <li>Cortijo del Búho in <a href="/facts/Ri%25C3%25B3par/LTcUPJJV">Riópar</a>, <a href="/facts/Albacete_Province/tnpNr3ep">Albacete Province</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>El Cortijo, a <a href="/facts/Nightclub/krTvUzaj">nightclub</a> in Barcelona.</li> <li>Casa Zaldívar, a <i>cortijo</i> in <a href="/facts/Casas_de_Don_Pedro/RrrwLfRk">Casas de Don Pedro</a> that became a <a href="/facts/Francoist/YhRtTBc7">Francoist</a> <a href="/facts/Concentration_camp/fMT7HaTK">concentration camp</a> where <a href="/facts/Spanish_Republican_Army/DdMon3L5">Spanish Republican</a> military personnel were interned and where many were shot.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> at the time of the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Civil_War/YykcMvC5">Spanish Civil War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>Cortijo del Enjembraero, located in <a href="/facts/Helechal/uh6sJLD2">Helechal</a>, <a href="/facts/Benquerencia_de_la_Serena/tC5X277v">Benquerencia de la Serena</a> municipality, where four political prisoners: Sinesio Calderón, Antonio Cortés, Antonio Iglesias and Manuel Merinot were executed extrajudicially on 1 February 1949 accused by the <a href="/facts/Francoist/YhRtTBc7">Francoist</a> authorities of assisting the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Maquis/FMqlup28">Spanish Maquis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>Cortijo del Carmen and cortijo de San Patricio, in <a href="/facts/G%25C3%25A1dor/BMfPooxL">Gádor</a>, scene of the <a href="/facts/Crime_of_G%25C3%25A1dor/cgFe7So8">crime of Gádor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Housing portal</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Alquer%25C3%25ADa/fbgnv1Tr">Alquería</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Hacienda/XlnvyQDW">Hacienda</a></i></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Media related to Cortijos at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="http://www.iaph.es/cortijos-haciendas-lagares-andalucia/frmSimple.do">Cortijos, haciendas y lagares de Andalucía. Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Clark, Walter Aaron (13 June 2018). Los Romeros: Royal Family of the Spanish Guitar. University of Illinois Press. p. 353. ISBN 9780252050596. cortijo, or farmhouse (cortijo is a word common to Andalusia and Extremadura and means the same thing as finca in Castilian) <a href="9780252050596" target="_blank">9780252050596</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Alcalá Venceslada, Antonio (1999). Vocabulario Andaluz, El Mundo-Unidad Editorial, Barcelona, p. 173. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Marcus Terentius Varro, Manuel-Antonio Marcos Casquero (1990). De lingua Latina: edición bilingüe. Anthropos Editorial, ISBN 8476582382, p. 69. Google Books. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" target="_blank">/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>López Ontiveros, Antonio et al. (2003). Geografía de Andalucía, Ed. Ariel, Barcelona. ISBN 84-344-3476-8 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>López Ontiveros, Antonio et al. (2003). Geografía de Andalucía, Ed. Ariel, Barcelona. ISBN 84-344-3476-8 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>López Ontiveros, Antonio et al. (2003). Geografía de Andalucía, Ed. Ariel, Barcelona. ISBN 84-344-3476-8 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Alcalá Venceslada, Antonio (1999). Vocabulario Andaluz, El Mundo-Unidad Editorial, Barcelona, p. 173. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Florido Trujillo, Gemma. Poblamiento y hábitat rural: Caracterización, evolución y situación actual, p. 337. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>López Ontiveros, Antonio et al. (2003). Geografía de Andalucía, Ed. Ariel, Barcelona. ISBN 84-344-3476-8 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Tafunell, Xavier (2004). Historia económica de la España contemporánea. Crítica. ISBN 8484325024 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>del Arco, Carmen (4 February 2001). "Visitas a un trozo de historia". El País (in Spanish). Jaén: Prisa. Retrieved 14 September 2019. <a href="http://elpais.com/diario/2001/02/04/andalucia/981242535_850215.html" target="_blank">http://elpais.com/diario/2001/02/04/andalucia/981242535_850215.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Blanco Almenta, Rafael (1998). Jardines históricos y parques actuales de Andalucía. Editorial Arguval. pp. 243–244. ISBN 9788489672307. <a href="9788489672307" target="_blank">9788489672307</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Requena, Ester (7 March 2015). "La verdadera historia del Cortijo Jurado". Diario Sur (in Spanish). Vocento. Retrieved 26 November 2017. <a href="http://www.diariosur.es/malaga-capital/201503/07/verdadera-histora-cortijo-jurado-20150306222014.html" target="_blank">http://www.diariosur.es/malaga-capital/201503/07/verdadera-histora-cortijo-jurado-20150306222014.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Decreto 535/2008, de 22 de diciembre, por el que se inscribe en el Catálogo General del Patrimonio Histórico Andaluz como Bien de Interés Cultural, con la tipología de Monumento, el Cortijo de las Mezquitas, en los términos municipales de Antequera, Campillos y Sierra de Yeguas (Málaga)". Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Andalucía (in Spanish) (258): 47–50. 30 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2019. <a href="https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/boja/2008/258/13" target="_blank">https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/boja/2008/258/13</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Cortijos, haciendas y lagares. Arquitectura de las grandes explotaciones agrarias en Andalucía. Provincia de Cádiz", Consejería de Fomento y Vivienda (in Spanish), Junta de Andalucía, p. 282, 2002 <a href="https://ws147.juntadeandalucia.es/obraspublicasyvivienda/publicaciones/01%20ARQUITECTURA%20Y%20VIVIENDA/cortijos_haciendas_y_lagares_en_andalucia/cortijos_haciendas_cadiz/libro_electronico/files/assets/basic-html/index.html#282" target="_blank">https://ws147.juntadeandalucia.es/obraspublicasyvivienda/publicaciones/01%20ARQUITECTURA%20Y%20VIVIENDA/cortijos_haciendas_y_lagares_en_andalucia/cortijos_haciendas_cadiz/libro_electronico/files/assets/basic-html/index.html#282</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Catálogo de edificios protegidos - Campanillas-Guadalhorce" (PDF). Ayuntamiento de Málaga (in Spanish): 201. Retrieved 27 December 2019. <a href="http://plangeneral.malaga.eu/pgouap/recursos/pdfs/DOCUMENTO%20D.%20CATALOGOS/ZONA%20H.pdf" target="_blank">http://plangeneral.malaga.eu/pgouap/recursos/pdfs/DOCUMENTO%20D.%20CATALOGOS/ZONA%20H.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Rodríguez Linares, Emilio (5 March 2015). Campos de Níjar. Cincuenta años después (1959-2009). Ruiz de Aloza. p. 23. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EyEzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EyEzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Provansal, Danielle; Molina, Pedro (1991). Etnología de Andalucía oriental: Parentesco, agricultura y pesca. Vol. 1. Anthropos Editorial. p. 166. ISBN 9788476582817. <a href="9788476582817" target="_blank">9788476582817</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Barrero Arzac, Fernando (27 December 2013), Campo de Concentración de Casa Zaldívar: fusilamientos del 15 de mayo de 1939 (PDF) <a href="https://kittenproperties.com/blog/history/campo_concentracion_zaldivar_fusilamientos_15_mayo_1939.pdf" target="_blank">https://kittenproperties.com/blog/history/campo_concentracion_zaldivar_fusilamientos_15_mayo_1939.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Barrero Arzac, Fernando (21 February 2015). "Historia y tragedia de la 109ª BM en el campo de Zaldívar (Badajoz)". WordPress. Retrieved 14 September 2019. <a href="https://fbarreroarzac.wordpress.com/2015/02/21/historia-y-tragedia-de-la-109a-bm-en-el-campo-de-zaldivar-badajoz-2/" target="_blank">https://fbarreroarzac.wordpress.com/2015/02/21/historia-y-tragedia-de-la-109a-bm-en-el-campo-de-zaldivar-badajoz-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Serrano Fernández, Secundino (2011). Maquis. Historia de la guerrilla antifranquista. Madrid: Temas de hoy. p. 242. ISBN 978-84-8460-103-6. <a href="978-84-8460-103-6" target="_blank">978-84-8460-103-6</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Vila Izquierdo, Justo; Álvarez, Santiago; Hinojosa, José; Sandoval, José (1 January 2003). La guerrilla antifranquista en Extremadura. El movimiento guerrillero de los años 40. Barcelona: Universitas. p. 105. ISBN 84-87098-39-8. <a href="84-87098-39-8" target="_blank">84-87098-39-8</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Pino, Eduardo (8 October 2018). "El 'tonto' del crimen de Gádor". La Voz de Almería (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 September 2019. <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Pino" target="_blank">/wiki/Eduardo_Pino</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Domínguez, Mari Pau (19 November 2017). "El crimen de Gádor o la inconcebible crueldad humana". ABC (in Spanish). Vocento. Retrieved 14 September 2019. <a href="https://www.abc.es/espana/crimenes-extraordinarios/abci-crimen-gador-o-inconcebible-crueldad-humana-201711190124_noticia.html" target="_blank">https://www.abc.es/espana/crimenes-extraordinarios/abci-crimen-gador-o-inconcebible-crueldad-humana-201711190124_noticia.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>