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Neo4j
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Neo4j is developed by Neo4j, Inc., based in <a href="/facts/San_Mateo,_California/JpnCprVs">San Mateo, California</a>, United States and <a href="/facts/Malm%C3%B6/Ax5CCPu0">Malmö</a>, Sweden. </p><p>Version 1.0 was released in February 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Neo4j version 2.0 was released in December 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Neo4j version 3.0 was released in April 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>In November 2016, Neo4j successfully secured $36M in Series D Funding led by Greenbridge Partners Ltd.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>In November 2018, Neo4j successfully secured $80M in Series E Funding led by One Peak Partners and <a href="/facts/Morgan_Stanley/7obWgtJF">Morgan Stanley</a> Expansion Capital, with participation from other investors including Creandum, Eight Roads and Greenbridge Partners.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>In June 2021, Neo4j announced another round of funding, $325M in Series F.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="release-history">Release history</h2> Release history<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Release</th><th scope="col">First release<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></th><th scope="col">Latest minor version<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></th><th scope="col">Latest release<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></th><th scope="col">End ofSupport Date<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.0</th><td>2010-02-23</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.0</td><td>—</td><td>2011-08-23</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.1</th><td>2010-07-30</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.1</td><td>—</td><td>2012-01-30</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.2</th><td>2010-12-29</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.2</td><td>—</td><td>2012-06-29</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.3</th><td>2011-04-12</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.3</td><td>—</td><td>2012-09-12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.4</th><td>2011-07-08</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.4</td><td>—</td><td>2013-01-08</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.5</th><td>2011-11-09</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.5</td><td>—</td><td>2013-03-09</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.6</th><td>2012-01-22</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.6</td><td>—</td><td>2013-07-22</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.7</th><td>2012-04-18</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.7</td><td>—</td><td>2013-10-18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.8</th><td>2012-09-28</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.8</td><td>—</td><td>2014-03-28</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">1.9</th><td>2013-05-21</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 1.9.9</td><td>2014-10-13</td><td>2014-11-21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2.0</th><td>2013-12-11</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 2.0.4</td><td>2014-07-08</td><td>2015-06-11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2.1</th><td>2014-05-29</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 2.1.8</td><td>2015-04-01</td><td>2015-11-29</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2.2</th><td>2015-03-25</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 2.2.10</td><td>2016-06-16</td><td>2016-09-25</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2.3</th><td>2015-10-21</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 2.3.12</td><td>2017-12-12</td><td>2017-04-21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">3.0</th><td>2016-04-16</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 3.0.12</td><td>2017-10-03</td><td>2017-10-31</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">3.1</th><td>2016-12-13</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 3.1.9</td><td>2018-06-05</td><td>2018-06-13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">3.2</th><td>2017-05-11</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 3.2.14</td><td>2019-02-26</td><td>2018-11-31</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">3.3</th><td>2017-10-24</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 3.3.9</td><td>2018-11-02</td><td>2019-04-28</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">3.4</th><td>2018-05-17</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 3.4.17</td><td>2019-11-19</td><td>2020-03-31</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">3.5</th><td>2018-11-29</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 3.5.35</td><td>2022-08-11</td><td>2022-05-27</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">4.0</th><td>2020-01-15</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 4.0.12</td><td>2021-07-06</td><td>2021-07-14</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">4.1</th><td>2020-06-23</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 4.1.12</td><td>2022-08-11</td><td>2021-12-22</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">4.2</th><td>2020-11-17</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 4.2.19</td><td>2022-08-11</td><td>2022-05-16</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">4.3</th><td>2021-06-17</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 4.3.23</td><td>2022-12-21</td><td>2022-12-16</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">4.4</th><td>2021-12-02</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 4.4.42</td><td>2025-03-20</td><td>2025-11-30</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.0</th><td>2022-10-06</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.0</td><td>—</td><td>2022-10-24</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.1</th><td>2022-10-24</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.1</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.2</th><td>2022-11-21</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.2</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.3</th><td>2022-12-15</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.3</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.4</th><td>2023-01-26</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.4</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.5</th><td>2023-02-16</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.5</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.6</th><td>2023-03-24</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.6</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.7</th><td>2023-04-20</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.7</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.8</th><td>2023-05-16</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.8</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.9</th><td>2023-06-15</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.9</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.10</th><td>2023-07-19</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.10</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.11</th><td>2023-08-15</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.11</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.12</th><td>2023-09-14</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.12</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.13</th><td>2023-10-23</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.13</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.14</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.14</th><td>2023-11-24</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.14</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.15</th><td>2023-12-15</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.15</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.16</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.16</th><td>2024-01-22</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.16</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.17</th><td>2024-02-23</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.17</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.18</th><td>2024-03-13</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.18.1</td><td>2024-03-18</td><td>Release of 5.19</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.19</th><td>2024-04-12</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.19</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.20</th><td>2024-05-23</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.20</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.21</th><td>2024-06-28</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.21.2</td><td>2024-07-09</td><td>Release of 5.22</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.22.0</th><td>2024-07-25</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.22.0</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.23</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.23</th><td>2024-08-22</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.23</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.24</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.24</th><td>2024-09-27</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.24.2</td><td>2024-10-15</td><td>Release of 5.25</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.25.1</th><td>2024-10-31</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 5.25.1</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 5.26</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">5.26 (LTS)</th><td>2024-12-09</td><td>Old version, still maintained: 5.26.4</td><td>2025-03-11</td><td>2028-06-06</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2025.01</th><td>2025-02-06</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 2025.01.0</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 2025.02</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2025.02</th><td>2025-02-27</td><td>Old version, not maintained: 2025.02.0</td><td>—</td><td>Release of 2025.03</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2025.03</th><td>2025-03-27</td><td>Latest version: 2025.03.0 </td><td>—</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Legend:Old version, not maintainedOld version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture version <h2 id="licensing-and-editions">Licensing and editions</h2> <p>Neo4j comes in five editions. Two are on-premises editions, Community (free) and Enterprise, and three are cloud-only editions: AuraDB Free, AuraDB Professional, and AuraDB Enterprise. </p><p>It is dual-licensed: <a href="/facts/GPL_v3/S75KhLSX">GPL v3</a> (with parts of the code under <a href="/facts/AGPLv3/n1h9A893">AGPLv3</a> with <a href="/facts/Commons_Clause/axtrf73j">Commons Clause</a>), and a proprietary license. The Community Edition is free but is limited to running on one node only due to the lack of clustering and is without hot backups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The Enterprise Edition unlocks these limitations, allowing for clustering, hot backups, and monitoring. The Enterprise Edition is available under a closed-source commercial license. </p><p>The licensing is controversial and has been the subject of at least one lawsuit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="data-structure">Data structure</h2> <p>The data elements are nodes, edges which connect nodes to one another, and attributes of nodes and edges. Nodes and edges can be labelled. Labels can be used to narrow searches. As of version 2.0, indexing was added to Cypher with the introduction of schemas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Previously, indexes were supported separately from Cypher.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="criticisms">Criticisms</h2> <p>Database researcher Andy Pavlo from <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a> has questioned graph databases' decision to abandon the longstanding <a href="/facts/Relational_model/VFf4dDIU">relational model</a> in favor of a custom model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Researchers from <a href="/facts/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica/GkPrQHzL">CWI</a> benchmarked a modified version of <a href="/facts/DuckDB/GkXvzpBx">DuckDB</a> against Neo4j on graph-related workloads and found that, despite being an extension of a relational database running <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>, their implementation outperforms Neo4j in a few specific tasks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>Neo4j sued PureThink, a small business that had used a power created under the terms of the GNU AGPL, to remove a restrictive <a href="/facts/Source-available_software/axtrf73j">Commons clause</a> that Neo4j had added to the AGPL license.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The United States District Court for the Northern District of California made a decision on 2024-07-22 to impose $597,000 in actual damages on PureThink, having previously decided that PureThink had violated the <a href="/facts/DMCA/rVTdnnc2">DMCA</a> by removing the Commons Clause from Neo4j's AGPL license, and that it had violated trademark law by continuing to use the name Neo4j in selling to government agencies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Free and open-source software portal</li><li>Computer programming portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Graph_Query_Language/mnNTNac7"> ISO-GQL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cypher_(query_language)/hDKkTh1n">Cypher (query language)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://neo4j.com/">Official website</a> </li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Neo Technology. "Neo4j Graph Database". Retrieved 2015-11-04. <a href="https://neo4j.com/product/" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/product/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Philip Rathle (November 15, 2018). "Simplicity Wins: We're Shifting to an Open Core Licensing Model for Neo4j Enterprise Edition". Retrieved 2019-01-16. <a href="https://neo4j.com/blog/open-core-licensing-model-neo4j-enterprise-edition/" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/blog/open-core-licensing-model-neo4j-enterprise-edition/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Emil Eifrem (April 13, 2011). "Graph Databases, Licensing and MySQL". Archived from the original on 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2011-04-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426031211/http://blogs.neotechnology.com/emil/2011/04/graph-databases-licensing-and-mysql.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110426031211/http://blogs.neotechnology.com/emil/2011/04/graph-databases-licensing-and-mysql.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Bolt Protocol". <a href="http://boltprotocol.org/" target="_blank">http://boltprotocol.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Todd Hoff (June 13, 2009). "Neo4j - a Graph Database that Kicks Buttox". High Scalability. Possibility Outpost. Archived from the original on 2010-03-06. Retrieved 2010-02-17. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306040823/http://highscalability.com/neo4j-graph-database-kicks-buttox" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100306040823/http://highscalability.com/neo4j-graph-database-kicks-buttox</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Gavin Terrill (June 5, 2008). "Neo4j - an Embedded, Network Database". InfoQ. C4Media Inc. Retrieved 2010-02-17. <a href="http://www.infoq.com/news/2008/06/neo4j" target="_blank">http://www.infoq.com/news/2008/06/neo4j</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"5.1. Transactional Cypher HTTP endpoint". Archived from the original on 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2015-11-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803110601/http://neo4j.com/docs/developer-manual/current/http-api/#http-api-transactional" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160803110601/http://neo4j.com/docs/developer-manual/current/http-api/#http-api-transactional</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Dr. Jim Webber (June 8, 2020). "A Personal History of Neo4j". Neo4j. YouTube. Retrieved 2022-06-09. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YB723cp9jgM" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YB723cp9jgM</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"The top 10 ways to get to know Neo4j". Neo4j Blog. February 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-17. <a href="https://neo4j.com/blog/the-top-10-ways-to-get-to-know-neo4j/" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/blog/the-top-10-ways-to-get-to-know-neo4j/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Neo4j 2.0 GA - Graphs for Everyone". Neo4j Blog. December 11, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-10. <a href="https://neo4j.com/blog/neo4j-2-0-ga-graphs-for-everyone/" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/blog/neo4j-2-0-ga-graphs-for-everyone/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Neo4j 3.0.0 - Neo4j Graph Database Platform". Release Date. April 26, 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-23. <a href="https://neo4j.com/release-notes/neo4j-3-0-0/" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/release-notes/neo4j-3-0-0/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Neo Technology closes $36 million in funding as graph database adoption soars". SiliconANGLE. Retrieved 2016-11-21. <a href="http://siliconangle.com/blog/2016/11/10/neo-technology-closes-36-million-in-funding-as-graph-database-adoption-soars/" target="_blank">http://siliconangle.com/blog/2016/11/10/neo-technology-closes-36-million-in-funding-as-graph-database-adoption-soars/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Graph database platform Neo4j locks in $80 mln Series E". PE Hub Wire. Archived from the original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2018-11-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426213454/https://www.pehub.com/2018/11/graph-database-platform-neo4j-locks-in-80-mln-series-e/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190426213454/https://www.pehub.com/2018/11/graph-database-platform-neo4j-locks-in-80-mln-series-e/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Neo4j Series F funding". <a href="https://neo4j.com/press-releases/neo4j-announces-seriesf-funding/#" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/press-releases/neo4j-announces-seriesf-funding/#</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Neo4j Supported Versions". Neo4j Graph Database Platform. Retrieved 2025-03-27. <a href="https://neo4j.com/developer/kb/neo4j-supported-versions/" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/developer/kb/neo4j-supported-versions/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Release Notes Archive". Neo4j Graph Database Platform. Retrieved 2025-03-27. <a href="https://neo4j.com/release-notes/" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/release-notes/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Release Notes Archive". Neo4j Graph Database Platform. Retrieved 2025-03-27. <a href="https://neo4j.com/release-notes/" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/release-notes/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Neo4j Supported Versions". Neo4j Graph Database Platform. Retrieved 2025-03-27. <a href="https://neo4j.com/developer/kb/neo4j-supported-versions/" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/developer/kb/neo4j-supported-versions/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"The Neo4j Editions". <a href="https://www.neo4j.com/editions" target="_blank">https://www.neo4j.com/editions</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Kuhn, Bradley M. (March 30, 2022). "An Erroneous Preliminary Injunction Granted in Neo4j v. PureThink". Retrieved 2024-09-14. <a href="https://sfconservancy.org/blog/2022/mar/30/neo4j-v-purethink-open-source-affero-gpl/" target="_blank">https://sfconservancy.org/blog/2022/mar/30/neo4j-v-purethink-open-source-affero-gpl/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"The Neo4j Manual v2.1.5". <a href="https://neo4j.com/docs/2.1.5/query-schema-index.html" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/docs/2.1.5/query-schema-index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"The Neo4j Manual v1.8.3". <a href="https://neo4j.com/docs/1.8.3/indexing.html" target="_blank">https://neo4j.com/docs/1.8.3/indexing.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Pavlo, Andy (2023-03-08). "Abandoning relational DB model like 'reinventing the wheel'". The Register. 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