Algeria

Different forms of the name Algeria include: <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: الجزائر, <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa">romanized</a>: al-Jazāʾir, <a href="/facts/Algerian_Arabic_language/ybUFGHgr">Algerian Arabic</a>: دزاير, romanized: dzāyer, <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a>: l'Algérie. The country's full name is officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> (Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire, abbr. RADP; <a href="/facts/Berber_languages/DnLruKYa">Berber</a> <a href="/facts/Tifinagh/kGv4VKmW">Tifinagh</a>: ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> <a href="/facts/Berber_Latin_alphabet/KRvx9gcS">Berber Latin alphabet</a>: Tagduda tazzayrit tamagdayt taɣerfant<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>).

<h3>Etymology</h3>
Algeria's name derives from the city of <a href="/facts/Algiers/Cdk8BQl1">Algiers</a>, which in turn derives from the Arabic al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, 'the islands'), referring to four small islands off its coast,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> a truncated form of the older Jazāʾir Banī Mazghanna (جزائر بني مزغنة, 'islands of Bani Mazghanna').<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The name was given by <a href="/facts/Buluggin_ibn_Ziri/ECmkdIt0">Buluggin ibn Ziri</a> after he established the city on the ruins of the <a href="/facts/Phoenicia/6GXLneNU">Phoenician</a> city of <a href="/facts/Icosium/vnWqTscq">Icosium</a> in 950.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> It was employed by medieval geographers such as <a href="/facts/Muhammad_al-Idrisi/kD6FM1jb">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> and <a href="/facts/Yaqut_al-Hamawi/6C11dTDX">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>.
Algeria took its name from the Regency of Algeria<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> or Regency of Algiers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> when Ottoman rule was established in the central <a href="/facts/Maghreb/oIcU24Mz">Maghreb</a> in early 16th century. This period saw the installation of a political and administrative organisation which participated in the establishment of the Watan el djazâïr (وطن الجزائر, 'country of Algiers') and the definition of its borders with its neighboring entities on the east and west.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Turks/q4wBrzH9">Ottoman Turks</a> who settled in Algeria referred both to themselves<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> and the peoples as "<a href="/facts/Algerians/FhFItJWk">Algerians</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Acting as a central <a href="/facts/Military/kgNmLUnN">military</a> and <a href="/facts/Political_authority/crRNmDzB">political authority</a> in the regency, the Ottoman Turks shaped the modern <a href="/facts/Political_identity/VrWYN0SD">political identity</a> of Algeria as a state possessing all the attributes of <a href="/facts/Sovereign/bt1FQuQD">sovereign</a> independence, despite still being nominally subject to the <a href="/facts/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire/kEpbIIMQ">Ottoman sultan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Algerian nationalist, historian and statesman <a href="/facts/Ahmed_Tewfik_El_Madani/VEaWYurU">Ahmed Tewfik El Madani</a> regarded the regency as the "first Algerian state" and the "Algerian Ottoman republic".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_Algeria/GeEd1FdY">History of Algeria</a>
<h3>Prehistory and ancient history</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Prehistoric_North_Africa/KtYYgE6Q">Prehistoric North Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/North_Africa_during_Antiquity/3a0RH1NA">North Africa during Antiquity</a>

Around ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit are estimated to be ~1.9 million years old, and even older stone artifacts to be as old as ~2.4 million years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Hence, the Ain Boucherit evidence shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe in northern Africa much earlier than previously thought. The evidence strongly argues for early dispersal of stone tool manufacture and use from East Africa, or a possible multiple-origin scenario of stone technology in both East and North Africa.
Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the <a href="/facts/Levallois_technique/KUG20Ccw">Levalloisian</a> and <a href="/facts/Mousterian/vwWjmGas">Mousterian</a> styles (43,000 BC) similar to those in the <a href="/facts/Levant/uuJLt3Af">Levant</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of <a href="/facts/Middle_Paleolithic/NlQRStWY">Middle Paleolithic</a> <a href="/facts/Flake_tool/4RLPRpX2">Flake tool</a> techniques.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called <a href="/facts/Aterian/nyDFMhow">Aterian</a> (after the archaeological site of <a href="/facts/Bir_el_Ater/4NvDH3PT">Bir el Ater</a>, south of <a href="/facts/T%25C3%25A9bessa/rke7MPpF">Tebessa</a>).
The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called <a href="/facts/Iberomaurusian/EoBsa2Hp">Iberomaurusian</a> (located mainly in the <a href="/facts/Oran/TQaLn6EQ">Oran</a> region). This industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the <a href="/facts/Maghreb/oIcU24Mz">Maghreb</a> between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. <a href="/facts/Neolithic/wRS0Bnh4">Neolithic civilisation</a> (animal domestication and agriculture) developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC. This life, richly depicted in the <a href="/facts/Tassili_n%2527Ajjer/KRAKhphr">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The mixture of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a distinct native population that came to be called <a href="/facts/Berber_people/kuN9pFNf">Berbers</a>, who are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>

From their principal center of power at <a href="/facts/Carthage/MXGPRNFA">Carthage</a>, the <a href="/facts/Carthaginians/FLAl3pXD">Carthaginians</a> expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a <a href="/facts/Phoenicia/6GXLneNU">Phoenician</a> presence existed at <a href="/facts/Tipasa/4urnUrQb">Tipasa</a>, east of <a href="/facts/Cherchell/AkR5fgg8">Cherchell</a>, <a href="/facts/Hippo_Regius/rQNN5FDq">Hippo Regius</a> (modern <a href="/facts/Annaba/kwJaR6IQ">Annaba</a>) and <a href="/facts/Rusicade/rCtjYUpT">Rusicade</a> (modern <a href="/facts/Skikda/rCtjYUpT">Skikda</a>). These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages.
As Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilisation was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organisation supported several states. Trade links between Carthage and the Berbers in the interior grew, but territorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others.

By the early 4th century BC, The north is divided into two <a href="/facts/Masaesyli/f6744aM1">Masaesyli kingdom</a> in west led by <a href="/facts/Syphax/b3PBoYUa">Syphax</a> and <a href="/facts/Massylii/It4D6onj">Massylii kingdom</a> in east. Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the <a href="/facts/Mercenary_War/n0xVw3br">Revolt of the Mercenaries</a>, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the <a href="/facts/First_Punic_War/Vak7luSK">First Punic War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthage's North African territory, and they minted coins bearing the name Libyan, used in Greek to describe natives of North Africa. The Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the <a href="/facts/Punic_Wars/xLAP8I6u">Punic Wars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
In 146 BC, the city of <a href="/facts/Carthage/MXGPRNFA">Carthage</a> was destroyed. As Carthaginian power waned, the influence of Berber leaders in the hinterland grew. By the 2nd century BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in <a href="/facts/Numidia/ErVpEwob">Numidia</a>, behind the coastal areas controlled by Carthage. West of Numidia lay <a href="/facts/Mauretania/w0SEbp5V">Mauretania</a>, which extended across the <a href="/facts/Moulouya_River/pdnCDwYa">Moulouya River</a> in modern-day <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a> to the Atlantic Ocean. The high point of Berber civilisation, unequalled until the coming of the <a href="/facts/Almohads/L9Xkck7b">Almohads</a> and <a href="/facts/Almoravids/vkyHTAak">Almoravids</a> more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of <a href="/facts/Masinissa/tIMejbzq">Masinissa</a> in the 2nd century BC.

After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times. Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman Empire</a>.

For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Algeria is home to the second-largest number of Roman sites and remains after Italy. Rome, after getting rid of its powerful rival Carthage in the year 146 BC, decided a century later to include Numidia to become the new master of North Africa. They built more than 500 cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products. <a href="/facts/Augustine_of_Hippo/RJI1otNA">Saint Augustine</a> was the bishop of <a href="/facts/Hippo_Regius/rQNN5FDq">Hippo Regius</a> (modern-day Annaba, Algeria), located in the Roman province of <a href="/facts/Africa_(Roman_province)/MIYYrhIF">Africa</a>. The Germanic <a href="/facts/Vandals/THjfVCF7">Vandals</a> of <a href="/facts/Geiseric/zop1YCGe">Geiseric</a> moved into North Africa in 429, and by 435 controlled coastal Numidia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> They did not make any significant settlement on the land, as they were harassed by local tribes. In fact, by the time the Byzantines arrived <a href="/facts/Leptis_Magna/eoRTLNvU">Leptis Magna</a> was abandoned and the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous <a href="/facts/Amazigh/kuN9pFNf">Laguatan</a> who had been busy facilitating an <a href="/facts/Amazigh/kuN9pFNf">Amazigh</a> political, military and cultural revival.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Carthaginians, and Ottomans the Berber people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> The Berber people were so resistant that even during the Muslim conquest of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
The collapse of the <a href="/facts/Western_Roman_Empire/PkeT92o9">Western Roman Empire</a> led to the establishment of a native Kingdom based in <a href="/facts/Altava/WDo0EjrS">Altava</a> (modern-day Algeria) known as the <a href="/facts/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom/GppwGCGV">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a>. It was succeeded by another Kingdom based in Altava, the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Altava/TeIzQkdC">Kingdom of Altava</a>. During the reign of <a href="/facts/Kusaila/A3MbFhX3">Kusaila</a> its territory extended from the region of modern-day <a href="/facts/Fez%2c_Morocco/yYpQPnpN">Fez</a> in the west to the western <a href="/facts/Aur%25C3%25A8s/lT1tScgw">Aurès</a> and later <a href="/facts/Kairouan/1oAk8Q5d">Kairaouan</a> and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>

<h3>Middle Ages</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria/IgPr8XPD">Medieval Muslim Algeria</a>
After negligible resistance from the locals, <a href="/facts/Muslims/W2ukq4pg">Muslim</a> <a href="/facts/Arabs/E77duPsg">Arabs</a> of the <a href="/facts/Umayyad_Caliphate/gdW8JwoK">Umayyad Caliphate</a> conquered Algeria in the early 8th century.
Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims only became a vast majority some time in the 10th.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, numerous local dynasties emerged, including the <a href="/facts/Rustamids/WoFl4J73">Rustamids</a>, <a href="/facts/Aghlabids/hEwR767H">Aghlabids</a>, <a href="/facts/Fatimids/jgmF2I5C">Fatimids</a>, <a href="/facts/Zirids/0jTDzl9W">Zirids</a>, <a href="/facts/Hammadids/ugeMG6pQ">Hammadids</a>, <a href="/facts/Almoravids/vkyHTAak">Almoravids</a>, <a href="/facts/Almohads/L9Xkck7b">Almohads</a> and the <a href="/facts/Abdalwadid/TpkBrEqX">Zayyanids</a>. The Christians left in three waves: after the initial conquest, in the 10th century and the 11th. The last were evacuated to <a href="/facts/Sicily/E6fug03z">Sicily</a> by the <a href="/facts/Normans/nUclGJWf">Normans</a> and the few remaining died out in the 14th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>

During the <a href="/facts/Middle_Ages/RqzEKB9v">Middle Ages</a>, North Africa was home to many great scholars, saints and sovereigns including <a href="/facts/Judah_ibn_Kuraish/fbpzkaw7">Judah Ibn Quraysh</a>, the first grammarian to mention Semitic and Berber languages, the great <a href="/facts/Sufism/NFcCu5gP">Sufi</a> masters <a href="/facts/Abu_Madyan/CHEMITcG">Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan)</a> and <a href="/facts/Sidi_El_Houari/Bz7D3emb">Sidi El Houari</a>, and the Emirs <a href="/facts/Abd_al-Mu%2527min/H3tc23fs">Abd Al Mu'min</a> and <a href="/facts/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan/jDHEJJdY">Yāghmūrasen</a>. It was during this time that the <a href="/facts/Fatimids/jgmF2I5C">Fatimids</a> or children of <a href="/facts/Fatima/q0kvV4wU">Fatima</a>, daughter of <a href="/facts/Muhammad/5VcA7XrT">Muhammad</a>, came to the <a href="/facts/Maghreb/oIcU24Mz">Maghreb</a>. These "Fatimids" went on to found a long lasting dynasty stretching across the Maghreb, <a href="/facts/Hejaz/elkPdQyh">Hejaz</a> and the <a href="/facts/Levant/uuJLt3Af">Levant</a>, boasting a secular inner government, as well as a powerful army and navy, made up primarily of <a href="/facts/Arabs/E77duPsg">Arabs</a> and <a href="/facts/Levant/uuJLt3Af">Levantines</a> extending from Algeria to their capital state of <a href="/facts/Cairo/dXjj60ar">Cairo</a>. The <a href="/facts/Fatimid_caliphate/jgmF2I5C">Fatimid caliphate</a> began to collapse when its governors the <a href="/facts/Zirids/0jTDzl9W">Zirids</a> seceded. To punish them the Fatimids sent the Arab <a href="/facts/Banu_Hilal/ukX6R6QW">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/facts/Banu_Sulaym/hy6dak9j">Banu Sulaym</a> against them. The resultant war is recounted in the epic <a href="/facts/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal/gvYr4lDn">Tāghribāt</a>. In Al-Tāghrībāt the Amazigh Zirid Hero <a href="/facts/Khalifa_al-Zanati/aeKKKXqo">Khālīfā Al-Zānatī</a> asks daily, for duels, to defeat the Hilalan hero <a href="/facts/Abu_Zayd_al-Hilali/0RsGwFvq">Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī</a> and many other Arab knights in a string of victories. The <a href="/facts/Zirid/0jTDzl9W">Zirids</a>, however, were ultimately defeated ushering in an adoption of Arab customs and culture. The indigenous <a href="/facts/Berber_people/kuN9pFNf">Amazigh</a> tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as <a href="/facts/Fatimid_Caliphate/jgmF2I5C">Fatimid Caliphate</a> made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily, <a href="/facts/Palestine_(region)/HxMSPazK">Palestine</a>, <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a>, <a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a>, <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea/0dKWSgEe">Red Sea</a> coast of Africa, Tihamah, <a href="/facts/Hejaz/elkPdQyh">Hejaz</a> and <a href="/facts/Yemen/eDyoh4qV">Yemen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> Caliphates from Northern Africa traded with the other empires of their time, as well as forming part of a confederated support and trade network with other Islamic states during the Islamic Era.
The <a href="/facts/Berber_people/kuN9pFNf">Berber people</a> historically consisted of several tribes. The two main branches were the Botr and Barnès tribes, who were divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (for example, <a href="/facts/Sanhadja/V3k2kCbU">Sanhadja</a>, <a href="/facts/Houara/Nzq3pHJP">Houara</a>, <a href="/facts/Zenata/HqGuGjQy">Zenata</a>, <a href="/facts/Masmuda/LdTa6jtl">Masmouda</a>, <a href="/facts/Kutama/XxYUmIm4">Kutama</a>, Awarba, and <a href="/facts/Berghwata/WHrbxtRR">Berghwata</a>). All these tribes made independent territorial decisions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a>
Several <a href="/facts/Berber_people/kuN9pFNf">Amazigh</a> dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and other nearby lands. <a href="/facts/Ibn_Khaldun/dVYtJdU9">Ibn Khaldun</a> provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties of the Maghreb region, the <a href="/facts/Zirid_dynasty/0jTDzl9W">Zirid</a>, <a href="/facts/Emirate_of_Tlemcen/ImbuK6BH">Ifranid</a>, <a href="/facts/Maghrawid_Dynasty/4YPRTlc3">Maghrawa</a>, <a href="/facts/Almoravid/vkyHTAak">Almoravid</a>, <a href="/facts/Hammadid/ugeMG6pQ">Hammadid</a>, <a href="/facts/Almohad/L9Xkck7b">Almohad</a>, <a href="/facts/Merinid/gUzBNVwh">Merinid</a>, <a href="/facts/Zayyanid_dynasty/TpkBrEqX">Abdalwadid</a>, <a href="/facts/Wattasid/YqJUjAMC">Wattasid</a>, <a href="/facts/Meknassa/soHLjUkP">Meknassa</a> and <a href="/facts/Hafsid/5sqnwFPU">Hafsid</a> dynasties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> Both of the <a href="/facts/Hammadid/ugeMG6pQ">Hammadid</a> and <a href="/facts/Zirid/0jTDzl9W">Zirid</a> empires as well as the <a href="/facts/Fatimid/jgmF2I5C">Fatimids</a> established their rule in all of the Maghreb countries. The <a href="/facts/Zirid_dynasty/0jTDzl9W">Zirids</a> ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The <a href="/facts/Hammadid_dynasty/ugeMG6pQ">Hammadids</a> captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in the Maghreb region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> The <a href="/facts/Fatimid_Caliphate/jgmF2I5C">Fatimids</a> which was created and established by the Kutama Berbers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East.

Following the Berber revolt numerous independent states emerged across the Maghreb. In Algeria the <a href="/facts/Rustamid_dynasty/WoFl4J73">Rustamid Kingdom</a> was established. The Rustamid realm stretched from Tafilalt in Morocco to the Nafusa mountains in Libya including south, central and western Tunisia therefore including territory in all of the modern day Maghreb countries, in the south the Rustamid realm expanded to the modern borders of <a href="/facts/Mali/sAaVqV1e">Mali</a> and included territory in <a href="/facts/Mauritania/JcP8EJku">Mauritania</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>
Once extending their control over all of the Maghreb, part of Spain<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> and briefly over Sicily,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> originating from modern Algeria, the <a href="/facts/Zirids/0jTDzl9W">Zirids</a> only controlled modern <a href="/facts/Ifriqiya/BVCb9fTR">Ifriqiya</a> by the 11th century. The Zirids recognised nominal suzerainty of the Fatimid caliphs of Cairo. <a href="/facts/Al-Mu%2527izz_ibn_Badis/EsfWGuAK">El Mu'izz</a> the Zirid ruler decided to end this recognition and declared his independence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> The Zirids also fought against other Zenata Kingdoms, for example the <a href="/facts/Maghrawa/RATkCxUA">Maghrawa</a>, a Berber dynasty originating from Algeria and which at one point was a dominant power in the Maghreb ruling over much of Morocco and western Algeria including Fez, <a href="/facts/Sijilmasa/mS0uYvC8">Sijilmasa</a>, <a href="/facts/Aghmat/2LPgTH5J">Aghmat</a>, <a href="/facts/Oujda/Rh3CWHe5">Oujda</a>, most of the Sous and Draa and reaching as far as M'sila and the Zab in Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>
As the Fatimid state was at the time too weak to attempt a direct invasion, they found another means of revenge. Between the <a href="/facts/Nile/vGoXVUFH">Nile</a> and the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea/0dKWSgEe">Red Sea</a> were living <a href="/facts/Bedouin/gIASwABv">Bedouin</a> nomad tribes expelled from <a href="/facts/Arabia/x1fDka2b">Arabia</a> for their disruption and turbulency. The <a href="/facts/Banu_Hilal/ukX6R6QW">Banu Hilal</a> and the <a href="/facts/Banu_Sulaym/hy6dak9j">Banu Sulaym</a> for example, who regularly disrupted farmers in the <a href="/facts/Nile_Valley/vGoXVUFH">Nile Valley</a> since the nomads would often loot their farms. The then <a href="/facts/Fatimid_Caliphate/jgmF2I5C">Fatimid</a> vizier decided to destroy what he could not control, and broke a deal with the chiefs of these Bedouin tribes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> The Fatimids even gave them money to leave.
Whole tribes set off with women, children, elders, animals and camping equipment. Some stopped on the way, especially in <a href="/facts/Cyrenaica/w624AyBA">Cyrenaica</a>, where they are still one of the essential elements of the settlement but most arrived in <a href="/facts/Ifriqiya/BVCb9fTR">Ifriqiya</a> by the <a href="/facts/Gab%25C3%25A8s_Governorate/UdVqUYXU">Gabes</a> region, arriving 1051.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> The <a href="/facts/Zirid/0jTDzl9W">Zirid</a> ruler tried to stop this rising tide, but with each encounter, the last under the walls of <a href="/facts/Kairouan/1oAk8Q5d">Kairouan</a>, his troops were defeated and the Arabs remained masters of the battlefield. The Arabs usually did not take control over the cities, instead looting them and destroying them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>

The invasion kept going, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of <a href="/facts/Constantine%2c_Algeria/PIPcdFcq">Constantine</a> where they encircled the <a href="/facts/Beni_Hammad_Fort/tKL5Q7VR">Qalaa of Banu Hammad</a> (capital of the <a href="/facts/Hammadid_dynasty/ugeMG6pQ">Hammadid Emirate</a>), as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper <a href="/facts/Algiers/Cdk8BQl1">Algiers</a> and <a href="/facts/Oran/TQaLn6EQ">Oran</a> plains. Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by the <a href="/facts/Almohads/L9Xkck7b">Almohads</a> in the second half of the 12th century. The influx of <a href="/facts/Bedouin/gIASwABv">Bedouin</a> tribes was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural <a href="/facts/Arabization/buoJF4m2">Arabisation</a> of the Maghreb and in the spread of <a href="/facts/Nomad/R9KGKP72">nomadism</a> in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> <a href="/facts/Ibn_Khaldun/dVYtJdU9">Ibn Khaldun</a> noted that the lands ravaged by the <a href="/facts/Banu_Hilal/ukX6R6QW">Banu Hilal</a> tribes had become completely arid desert.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>
The <a href="/facts/Almohad_Caliphate/L9Xkck7b">Almohads</a> originating from modern day Morocco, although founded by a man originating from modern day Algeria<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> known as <a href="/facts/Abd_al-Mu%2527min/H3tc23fs">Abd al-Mu'min</a> would soon take control over the Maghreb. During the time of the Almohad Dynasty <a href="/facts/Abd_al-Mu%2527min/H3tc23fs">Abd al-Mu'min</a>'s tribe, the Koumïa, were the main supporters of the throne and the most important body of the empire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> Defeating the weakening <a href="/facts/Almoravid_dynasty/vkyHTAak">Almoravid Empire</a> and taking control over Morocco in 1147,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> they pushed into Algeria in 1152, taking control over Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> wrestling control from the Hilian Arabs, and by the same year they defeated Hammadids who controlled Eastern Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>
Following their decisive defeat at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa/KcdcnRqo">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> in 1212, the Almohads began to collapse. In 1235, the governor of modern-day western Algeria, <a href="/facts/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan/jDHEJJdY">Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan</a>, declared independence and established the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen/sDX1GSQG">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> under the <a href="/facts/Zayyanid_dynasty/TpkBrEqX">Zayyanid dynasty</a>. After warring with the Almohads for 13 years, the Zayyanids decisively defeated them in 1248 by ambushing and killing the Almohad caliph near Oujda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a>

The Zayyanids retained control over much of Algeria for the next three centuries. While eastern Algeria largely fell under the <a href="/facts/Hafsid_dynasty/5sqnwFPU">Hafsid dynasty</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> the <a href="/facts/Hafsids_of_Beja%25C3%25AFa/Supw0IFy">Emirate of Bejaia</a>, which encompassed the Hafsid territories in Algeria, was at times independent from central Tunisian authority. At their peak, the Zayyanids held Morocco as a western vassal expanded eastward as far as <a href="/facts/Tunis/nmKNnW85">Tunis</a>, which was captured during the reign of Abu Tashfin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a>
Following several conflicts with local <a href="/facts/Barbary_pirates/YkIf2tlH">Barbary pirates</a> sponsored by the Zayyanid sultans,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> Spain launched a campaign to invade Algeria and defeat the Kingdom of Tlemcen. In 1505, Spanish forces <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Mers-el-K%25C3%25A9bir_(1505)/UyGyrHba">invaded and captured Mers el Kébir</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> and in 1509, they <a href="/facts/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)/jEnlBfF5">conquered Oran</a> after a deadly siege.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> Following their decisive victories over the Algerians in the western-coastal areas of Algeria, the Spanish expanded their campaign across the western Algerian coast. In 1510, they captured Bejaia after <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Bejaia_(1510)/lahIN32V">a major siege</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> launched an assault on Algiers, and besieged Tlemcen. In 1511, they seized <a href="/facts/Cherchell/AkR5fgg8">Cherchell</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> and <a href="/facts/Jijel/Qg6jVoKg">Jijel</a>, and attacked <a href="/facts/Mostaganem/cXCPbY77">Mostaganem</a>, which they failed to conquer but succeeded in forcing into tribute.

<h3>Early modern era</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Regency_of_Algiers/7NTmU9u8">Regency of Algiers</a>

In 1516, the Turkish privateer brothers <a href="/facts/Aruj/CujFMKFv">Aruj</a> and <a href="/facts/Hayreddin_Barbarossa/bg7CagbI">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, who operated successfully under the <a href="/facts/Hafsids/5sqnwFPU">Hafsids</a>, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spaniards</a> with help from the locals who saw them as liberators from the Christians, but the brothers eventually assassinated the local noble Salim al-Tumi and took control over the city and the surrounding regions. Their state is known as the <a href="/facts/Regency_of_Algiers/7NTmU9u8">Regency of Algiers</a>. When Aruj was killed in 1518 during his <a href="/facts/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)/qDab7LhG">invasion of Tlemcen</a>, <a href="/facts/Hayreddin_Barbarossa/bg7CagbI">Hayreddin</a> succeeded him as military commander of Algiers. The <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> <a href="/facts/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire/kEpbIIMQ">sultan</a> gave him the title of <a href="/facts/Beylerbey/5a17e0UI">beylerbey</a> and a contingent of some 2,000 <a href="/facts/Janissaries/oAgdrtpw">janissaries</a>. With the aid of this force and native Algerians, Hayreddin conquered the whole area between Constantine and Oran (although the city of Oran remained in Spanish hands until 1792).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>
The next beylerbey was Hayreddin's son <a href="/facts/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)/HBHcfgBd">Hasan</a>, who assumed the position in 1544. He was a <a href="/facts/Kouloughlis/eMGNYo3G">Kouloughli</a> or of mixed origins, as his mother was an Algerian Mooresse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> Until 1587 Beylerbeylik of Algiers was governed by Beylerbeys who served terms with no fixed limits. Subsequently, with the institution of a regular administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms. The pasha was assisted by an autonomous janissary unit, known in Algeria as the <a href="/facts/Odjak_of_Algiers/xWGXL8jw">Ojaq</a> who were led by an <a href="/facts/Agha_of_the_Janissaries/eQUTh15M">agha</a>. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a>

<a href="/facts/Plague_(disease)/4r7oe5lC">Plague</a> had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21, and had high fatalities in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>
The <a href="/facts/Barbary_pirates/YkIf2tlH">Barbary pirates</a> preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> The pirates often took the passengers and crew on the ships and sold them or used them as <a href="/facts/Slavery/IXX2S92u">slaves</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> They also did a brisk business in ransoming some of the captives. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> They often made raids on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at <a href="/facts/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire/46jBMA3e">slave markets</a> in North Africa and other parts of the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> In 1544, for example, <a href="/facts/Hayreddin_Barbarossa/bg7CagbI">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> captured the island of <a href="/facts/Ischia/8Hbt8PDE">Ischia</a>, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of <a href="/facts/Lipari/LACo8494">Lipari</a>, almost the entire population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Algiers, <a href="/facts/Turgut_Reis/e7bG8us8">Turgut Reis</a>, enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of <a href="/facts/Gozo/RL3zquGK">Gozo</a>. Barbary pirates often attacked the <a href="/facts/Balearic_Islands/zsbDICWA">Balearic Islands</a>. The threat was so severe that residents abandoned the island of <a href="/facts/Formentera/5Uo79DD3">Formentera</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> The introduction of broad-sail ships from the beginning of the 17th century allowed them to branch out into the Atlantic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a>
In July 1627 two pirate ships from Algiers under the command of <a href="/facts/Dutch_people/QhHtJ2WK">Dutch</a> pirate <a href="/facts/Jan_Janszoon/8kk8seXJ">Jan Janszoon</a> sailed as far as <a href="/facts/History_of_Iceland/a1RUsk1I">Iceland</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> <a href="/facts/Turkish_Abductions/cXeq4cJE">raiding and capturing slaves</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> Two weeks earlier another pirate ship from <a href="/facts/Sale%2c_Morocco/n69TsFYK">Salé</a> in <a href="/facts/Saadi_dynasty/JLrz9b3Q">Morocco</a> had also raided in Iceland. Some of the slaves brought to Algiers were later ransomed back to Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria. In 1629, pirate ships from Algeria raided the <a href="/facts/Faroe_Islands/HMJ3bfmN">Faroe Islands</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a>

In 1659, the Janissaries stationed in Algiers, known as the <a href="/facts/Odjak_of_Algiers/xWGXL8jw">Odjak</a> of Algiers, joined a company of corsair captains called the Reis in overthrowing the Ottoman <a href="/facts/Viceroy/JrCXzvwf">viceroy</a>. A new local leader was installed known as the "Agha"; the position became the "<a href="/facts/Dey/fuPtJApX">Dey</a>" in 1671, who would be selected by the <a href="/facts/Divan/QwFLa66D">divan</a>, a council of some sixty military senior officers. Thus, Algiers became a sovereign military republic. The odjak initially dominated the system, but by the 18th century were the dey's instrument. Although Algiers remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> in reality it acted independently from the rest of the Empire,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> and often had wars with other Ottoman subjects and territories such as the <a href="/facts/Beylik_of_Tunis/xozxW7nU">Beylik of Tunis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a>
The <a href="/facts/Dey/fuPtJApX">dey</a> was in effect a constitutional autocrat. Though elected for a life term, over the next 159 years (1671–1830), fourteen of the twenty-nine deys were assassinated. Despite usurpation, military coups and occasional mob rule, the day-to-day operation of the Deylikal government was remarkably orderly. Although the regency patronised the tribal chieftains, it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the <a href="/facts/Kabylie/eKbzJVtk">Kabylia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> although in 1730 the Regency was able to take control of the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Kuku/474Pz6qF">Kingdom of Kuku</a> in western Kabylia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> Many cities in the northern Algerian desert paid taxes to Algiers or one of its Beys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a>
Barbary raids in the Mediterranean continued to attack Spanish merchant shipping, resulting in the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Empire/RaWWgnQS">Spanish Empire</a> attempting to <a href="/facts/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)/QtQaAe6F">invade Algiers in 1775</a>. The <a href="/facts/Spanish_Navy/SY6dM5rE">Spanish Navy</a> bombarded the city in <a href="/facts/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)/noB4S4CQ">1783</a> but failed to pacify it; a subsequent bombing campaign in <a href="/facts/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)/o2ytTCCu">1784</a> was joined by the naval forces of other traditional enemies of Algiers, including <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Naples/9NtrlFp7">Naples</a>, <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Portugal/KUUfjXpt">Portugal</a> and the <a href="/facts/Knights_Hospitaller/Xjkj29TT">Knights of Malta</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> Over 20,000 cannonballs were fired, but the effort ultimately failed; Spain sued for peace in 1786 and paid 1 million pesos to the Dey. In 1792, Algiers recaptured the two remaining Spanish strongholds at Oran and Mers el Kébir.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> In the same year, they conquered the Moroccan <a href="/facts/Rif/LElz1yEB">Rif</a> and <a href="/facts/Oujda/Rh3CWHe5">Oujda</a>, which they then abandoned in 1795.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> 
In the 19th century, Algerian pirates remained a formidable force in the Mediterranean, even forging affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "license tax" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> Attacks on American merchantmen resulted in the <a href="/facts/First_Barbary_War/0YhkD27c">First</a> and <a href="/facts/Second_Barbary_War/uc8oIqWF">Second Barbary Wars</a>, which ended the targeting of U.S. ships in 1815. A year later, a combined <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland/yw0GUkge">Anglo</a>-<a href="/facts/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands/JGfEtJAy">Dutch</a> fleet, under the command of <a href="/facts/Edward_Pellew%2c_1st_Viscount_Exmouth/Almp0avh">Lord Exmouth</a>, <a href="/facts/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)/8ma3hBT1">bombarded Algiers</a> to stop similar attacks on European fishermen. These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the <a href="/facts/French_conquest_of_Algeria/k1rLM9RH">French conquest</a> in 1830.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a>

<h3>French colonisation (1830–1962)</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/French_Algeria/TCd9S56V">French Algeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Pacification_of_Algeria/dCyp1AkG">Pacification of Algeria</a>, and <a href="/facts/Algerian_War/5VAQbI3y">Algerian War</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/French_North_Africa/uVQ8s7mD">French North Africa</a>

Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the <a href="/facts/July_Monarchy/BERk9abz">French</a> invaded and <a href="/facts/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830/g0x6zDRf">captured Algiers</a> in 1830.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> According to several historians, the methods used by the French to establish control over Algeria reached <a href="/facts/Algerian_genocide/dCyp1AkG">genocidal</a> proportions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> Historian <a href="/facts/Ben_Kiernan/ow9yneBu">Ben Kiernan</a> wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: "By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> French losses from 1831 to 1851 were 92,329 dead in the hospital and only 3,336 killed in action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> In 1872, The Algerian population stood at about 2.9 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a>[unreliable source?] French policy was predicated on "civilising" the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> The slave trade and piracy in Algeria ceased following the French conquest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> The <a href="/facts/French_conquest_of_Algeria/k1rLM9RH">conquest of Algeria</a> by the French took some time and resulted in considerable bloodshed. A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the <a href="/facts/Indigenous_peoples/zyzBMXBS">indigenous</a> Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>[unreliable source?] On 17 September 1860, <a href="/facts/Napoleon_III/F29546rc">Napoleon III</a> declared "Our first duty is to take care of the happiness of the three million Arabs, whom the fate of arms has brought under our domination."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> During this time, only Kabylia resisted, the Kabylians were not colonised until after the <a href="/facts/Mokrani_Revolt/X4kG0egw">Mokrani Revolt</a> in 1871.
<a href="/facts/Alexis_de_Tocqueville/RbQt7Q2v">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of "total domination and total colonisation" whereby French military would wage total war against civilian populations while a colonial administration would provide rule of law and property rights to settlers within French occupied cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a>

From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and département of the nation. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of <a href="/facts/European_ethnic_groups/VR7tb16t">European</a> immigrants, who became known as colons and later, as <a href="/facts/Pied-Noir/zRzf5LxW">Pied-Noirs</a>. Between 1825 and 1847, 50,000 French people emigrated to Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land from tribal peoples, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> Many Europeans settled in <a href="/facts/Oran/TQaLn6EQ">Oran</a> and <a href="/facts/Algiers/Cdk8BQl1">Algiers</a>, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the population in both cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a>

During the late 19th and early 20th century, the <a href="/facts/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry/VoA99xAB">European share</a> was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900. The indigenous cultural and religious resistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other colonised countries' path in central Asia and <a href="/facts/Caucasus/sE8P8Ejg">Caucasus</a>, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively human-capital intensive agriculture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a>
During the <a href="/facts/Second_World_War/2efV5L1U">Second World War</a>, Algeria came under <a href="/facts/Vichy_France/7wTyYUnW">Vichy control</a> before being liberated by the <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_II/YzCdtjDY">Allies</a> in <a href="/facts/Operation_Torch/7jNrT1Sd">Operation Torch</a>, which saw the first large-scale deployment of <a href="/facts/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II/BXusA2C4">American troops</a> in the <a href="/facts/North_African_campaign/nDYFvCVF">North African campaign</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a>
Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from <a href="/facts/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic/rfQopB3n">France</a>. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre/PC0hYh8B">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a>. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the <a href="/facts/Algerian_War/5VAQbI3y">Algerian War</a> began after the publication of the <a href="/facts/Declaration_of_1_November_1954/jmAWoYRc">Declaration of 1 November 1954</a>. Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000 <a href="/facts/Harki/a6f81Qfn">Harkis</a> and their dependents were killed by the <a href="/facts/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)/FM3FTgpd">National Liberation Front</a> (FLN) or by <a href="/facts/Lynching/e23NmEsn">lynch</a> mobs in Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> The <a href="/facts/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)/FM3FTgpd">FLN</a> used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war, and the French conducted <a href="/facts/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War_of_Independence/xM3efI3G">severe reprisals</a>. In addition, the French destroyed over 8,000 villages<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> and relocated over 2 million Algerians to <a href="/facts/Internment_camps_in_France/V4HN7yq9">concentration camps</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a>
The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hundreds of thousands of injuries. Historians, like <a href="/facts/Alistair_Horne/TbrFyqrL">Alistair Horne</a> and <a href="/facts/Raymond_Aron/gcCLb2GP">Raymond Aron</a>, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1 million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence. Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 700,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a>
The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962 <a href="/facts/Evian_agreements/7V3RrkMg">Evian agreements</a> and the July 1962 <a href="/facts/Algerian_self-determination_referendum%2c_1962/Y3sG9ATR">self-determination referendum</a>.

<h3>The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_Algeria_(1962%25E2%2580%25931999)/MGoxkWAt">History of Algeria (1962–1999)</a>
The number of European <a href="/facts/Pied-Noir/zRzf5LxW">Pied-Noirs</a> who fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the <a href="/facts/Oran_massacre_of_1962/0cFltc7r">Oran massacre of 1962</a>, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city and began attacking civilians.

Algeria's first president was the Front de Libération Nationale (<a href="/facts/FLN_(Algeria)/FM3FTgpd">FLN</a>) leader <a href="/facts/Ahmed_Ben_Bella/TQ6Bwo86">Ahmed Ben Bella</a>. Morocco's claim to <a href="/facts/Greater_Morocco/Xa8Wyu17">portions of western Algeria</a> led to the <a href="/facts/Sand_War/e4gap5Y9">Sand War</a> in 1963. Ben Bella was <a href="/facts/1965_Algerian_coup_d%2527%25C3%25A9tat/HkzAgpuG">overthrown in 1965</a> by <a href="/facts/Houari_Boum%25C3%25A9di%25C3%25A8ne/ClGoq4uD">Houari Boumédiène</a>, his former ally and defence minister. Under Ben Bella, the government had become increasingly <a href="/facts/Socialism/U2kVoPaA">socialist</a> and authoritarian; Boumédienne continued this trend. However, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role. He <a href="/facts/Collective_farming/lSyD3fCR">collectivised</a> agriculture and launched a massive industrialisation drive. <a href="/facts/Extraction_of_petroleum/GyyC7lTo">Oil extraction</a> facilities were nationalised. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the international <a href="/facts/1973_oil_crisis/fpuVQF2T">1973 oil crisis</a>.
Boumédienne's successor, <a href="/facts/Chadli_Bendjedid/3eKoTcWx">Chadli Bendjedid</a>, introduced some liberal economic reforms. He promoted a policy of <a href="/facts/Arabisation/buoJF4m2">Arabisation</a> in Algerian society and public life. Teachers of Arabic, brought in from other Muslim countries, spread conventional Islamic thought in schools and sowed the seeds of a return to Orthodox Islam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a>
The Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the <a href="/facts/1980s_oil_glut/NcgVAcuv">1980s oil glut</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system. Political parties developed, such as the <a href="/facts/Islamic_Salvation_Front/e0J6Fx9w">Islamic Salvation Front</a> (FIS), a broad coalition of Muslim groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a>

<h3>Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Algerian_Civil_War/kk6eolWu">Algerian Civil War</a>

In December 1991 the <a href="/facts/Islamic_Salvation_Front/e0J6Fx9w">Islamic Salvation Front</a> dominated the first of two rounds of <a href="/facts/Algerian_legislative_election%2c_1991/luwrDAl5">legislative elections</a>. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections. Bendjedid resigned and a <a href="/facts/High_Council_of_State_(Algeria)/CHLzxkB8">High Council of State</a> was installed to act as the Presidency. It banned the FIS, triggering a civil <a href="/facts/Insurgency/mvmqQYJt">insurgency</a> between the Front's armed wing, the <a href="/facts/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria/qYtIGRu9">Armed Islamic Group</a>, and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died. The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of <a href="/facts/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War/kTUAP12y">civilian massacres</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> At several points in the conflict, the situation in Algeria became a point of international concern, most notably during the crisis surrounding <a href="/facts/Air_France_Flight_8969/S8MdIE1T">Air France Flight 8969</a>, a hijacking perpetrated by the Armed Islamic Group. The Armed Islamic Group declared a ceasefire in October 1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a>
Algeria held <a href="/facts/Algerian_presidential_election%2c_1999/B9WT2US1">elections in 1999</a>, considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a> which were won by President <a href="/facts/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika/wBW75nll">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a "Civil Concord" initiative, approved in a <a href="/facts/Algerian_Civil_Concord_referendum%2c_1999/fy7I6sDx">referendum</a>, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000. The AIS disbanded and levels of insurgent violence fell rapidly. The <a href="/facts/Groupe_Salafiste_pour_la_Pr%25C3%25A9dication_et_le_Combat/1htf15qD">Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat</a> (GSPC), a splinter group of the Armed Islamic Group, continued a terrorist campaign against the Government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a>
Bouteflika was re-elected in the <a href="/facts/Algerian_presidential_election%2c_2004/rFLGBhxh">April 2004 presidential election</a> after campaigning on a programme of national reconciliation. The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation. It also included a second amnesty initiative, the <a href="/facts/Charter_for_Peace_and_National_Reconciliation/TQq4oYv4">Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation</a>, which was approved in a <a href="/facts/Algerian_national_reconciliation_referendum%2c_2005/mB1A2zzu">referendum in September 2005</a>. It offered amnesty to most guerrillas and Government security forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a>
In November 2008, the <a href="/facts/Algerian_Constitution/gokzpL9P">Algerian Constitution</a> was amended following a vote in Parliament, removing the two-term limit on Presidential incumbents. This change enabled Bouteflika to stand for re-election in the <a href="/facts/Algerian_presidential_election%2c_2009/Yh2qdJtI">2009 presidential elections</a>, and he was re-elected in April 2009. During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisation programmes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a>
A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar <a href="/facts/Arab_Spring/IJrjLoll">protests across the Middle East and North Africa</a>. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old <a href="/facts/State_of_emergency/YYWgKFPq">state of emergency</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a> However, elections are routinely criticised by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue.
On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from the presidency after <a href="/facts/2019%25E2%2580%25932020_Algerian_protests/qmoRYSxo">mass protests</a> against his candidacy for a fifth term in office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a>
In December 2019, <a href="/facts/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune/Hpp8EYns">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a> became Algeria's president, after winning the first round of the <a href="/facts/2019_Algerian_presidential_election/Gp4Nht9l">presidential election</a> with a record abstention rate – the highest of all presidential elections since Algeria's democracy in 1989. Tebboune is accused of being close to the military and being loyal to the deposed president. Tebboune rejects these accusations, claiming to be the victim of a witch hunt. He also reminds his detractors that he was expelled from the Government in August 2017 at the instigation of oligarchs languishing in prison.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> In September 2024, President Tebboune <a href="/facts/2024_Algerian_presidential_election/jakGwkyp">won</a> a second term with a landslide 84.3 percent of the vote, although his opponents called the results fraud.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a>

<h2 id="geography">Geography</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Geography_of_Algeria/jUbIl5IP">Geography of Algeria</a>

Since the 2011 breakup of Sudan, and the creation of South Sudan, Algeria has been the largest country in Africa. It is also the largest country of the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_basin/azjFD5mW">Mediterranean basin</a>. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the <a href="/facts/Sahara/JVlJd2VC">Sahara</a>. To the north, the <a href="/facts/Tell_Atlas/0RDsxPBh">Tell Atlas</a> forms with the <a href="/facts/Saharan_Atlas/cLteW9wQ">Saharan Atlas</a>, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands. Both Atlas tend to merge in eastern Algeria. The vast mountain ranges of <a href="/facts/Aures/lT1tScgw">Aures</a> and <a href="/facts/T%25C3%25A9bessa/rke7MPpF">Nememcha</a> occupy the entire northeastern Algeria and are delineated by the Tunisian border. The highest point is <a href="/facts/Mount_Tahat/HSRnEAD7">Mount Tahat</a> (3,003 metres or 9,852 feet).
Algeria lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/facts/19th_parallel_north/cgTCFMvz">19°</a> and <a href="/facts/37th_parallel_north/ljAWhg9l">37°N</a> (a small area is north of 37°N and south of 19°N), and longitudes <a href="/facts/9th_meridian_west/P4IeypLQ">9°W</a> and <a href="/facts/12th_meridian_east/QXGhAdHK">12°E</a>. Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural <a href="/facts/Harbour/R44M3IvB">harbours</a>. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a <a href="/facts/Steppe/IAako607">steppe</a> landscape ending with the <a href="/facts/Saharan_Atlas/cLteW9wQ">Saharan Atlas</a>; farther south, there is the Sahara desert.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>
The <a href="/facts/Hoggar_Mountains/8djqCahF">Hoggar Mountains</a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: جبال هقار), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 mi) south of the capital, Algiers, and just east of <a href="/facts/Tamanghasset/3Aw74axS">Tamanghasset</a>. Algiers, <a href="/facts/Oran/TQaLn6EQ">Oran</a>, <a href="/facts/Constantine%2c_Algeria/PIPcdFcq">Constantine</a>, and <a href="/facts/Annaba/kwJaR6IQ">Annaba</a> are Algeria's main cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a>

<h3>Climate and hydrology</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Climate_of_Algeria/jUbIl5IP">Climate of Algeria</a>

In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded.
Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm (15.7 to 26.4 in) annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. <a href="/facts/Precipitation_(meteorology)/uq3nGQc8">Precipitation</a> is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in some years.
Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has <a href="/facts/Erg_(landform)/VH36plxg">ergs</a>, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can go up to 43.3 °C (110 °F).

<a href="/facts/Climate_change_in_Algeria/6EJxFodK">Climate change in Algeria</a> has wide-reaching effects on the country. Algeria was not a significant contributor to climate change,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> but, like other countries in the <a href="/facts/Middle_East_and_North_Africa/nzoEKNlK">Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region</a>, is expected to be among the most affected by <a href="/facts/Effects_of_climate_change/M5EvHf14">climate change impacts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> Because a large part of the country is in already hot and <a href="/facts/Aridity/BHJj0qJ3">arid</a> geographies, including part of the <a href="/facts/Sahara/JVlJd2VC">Sahara</a>, already strong heat and <a href="/facts/Water_resource/2j7FJlLE">water resource</a> access challenges are expected to get worse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> As early as 2014, scientists were attributing extreme <a href="/facts/Heat_wave/33bJ5jh9">heat waves</a> to climate change in Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> Algeria was ranked 46th of countries in the 2020 <a href="/facts/Climate_Change_Performance_Index/XqgxWkow">Climate Change Performance Index</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a>
<h3>Fauna and flora</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Wildlife_of_Algeria/3dUPWWWR">Wildlife of Algeria</a>

The varied vegetation of Algeria includes <a href="/facts/Coastal/RBD0wxn3">coastal</a>, <a href="/facts/Mountainous/wboT5GJc">mountainous</a> and grassy <a href="/facts/Desert/Mknp4bXq">desert</a>-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife.
In Algeria <a href="/facts/Forest_cover/Ae0sgp0Q">forest cover</a> is around 1% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,949,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 1,667,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,439,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 510,000 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/facts/Primary_forest/kffLtWkA">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 6% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 80% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/facts/State_ownership/Jr4dPDo3">public ownership</a>, 18% <a href="/facts/Private_property/w4nypYHj">private ownership</a> and 2% with ownership listed as other or unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a>
Many of the creatures constituting the Algerian wildlife live in close proximity to civilisation. The most commonly seen animals include the wild <a href="/facts/Boar/1PFfUNC2">boars</a>, <a href="/facts/Jackal/rMuKKJWL">jackals</a>, and <a href="/facts/Gazelle/ED9FUptd">gazelles</a>, although it is not uncommon to spot <a href="/facts/Fennecs/g73awE1A">fennecs</a> (foxes), and <a href="/facts/Jerboas/XXxbnnac">jerboas</a>. Algeria also has a small <a href="/facts/African_leopard/xfnXQkmb">African leopard</a> and <a href="/facts/Saharan_cheetah/5LutlT1L">Saharan cheetah</a> population, but these are seldom seen. A species of deer, the <a href="/facts/Barbary_stag/lXCvmVxq">Barbary stag</a>, inhabits the dense humid forests in the north-eastern areas. The <a href="/facts/Fennec_fox/g73awE1A">fennec fox</a> is the <a href="/facts/National_animal/DwQ0KHV0">national animal</a> of Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>
A variety of bird species makes the country an attraction for bird watchers. The forests are inhabited by boars and jackals. <a href="/facts/Barbary_macaque/ct712gSW">Barbary macaques</a> are the sole native monkey. Snakes, <a href="/facts/Monitor_lizard/QThU3SvH">monitor lizards</a>, and numerous other reptiles can be found living among an array of <a href="/facts/Rodent/mT4m8QJq">rodents</a> throughout the <a href="/facts/Semi_arid/XnSYao1E">semi arid</a> regions of Algeria. Many animals are now extinct, including the <a href="/facts/Barbary_lion/ozxnwj87">Barbary lions</a>, <a href="/facts/Atlas_bear/5vAoTtgg">Atlas bears</a> and <a href="/facts/West_African_crocodile/vKfTeg2P">crocodiles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a>
In the north, some of the native flora includes <a href="/facts/Macchia/QbKDRnA3">Macchia</a> scrub, <a href="/facts/Olive/tWecyIbg">olive trees</a>, <a href="/facts/Oak/1NJJzkzB">oaks</a>, <a href="/facts/Cedrus/s8PJyEG2">cedars</a> and other <a href="/facts/Pinophyta/vDUgqxCx">conifers</a>. The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens (<a href="/facts/Aleppo_pine/Qf0nGuWS">Aleppo pine</a>, <a href="/facts/Juniper/0HctFTBQ">juniper</a>, and <a href="/facts/Evergreen_oak/0Nq8IImf">evergreen oak</a>) and some deciduous trees. <a href="/facts/Ficus/70M2tmEB">Fig</a>, <a href="/facts/Eucalyptus/Y0BjE3KQ">eucalyptus</a>, <a href="/facts/Agave/V1fhdKdU">agave</a>, and various <a href="/facts/Arecaceae/5bN6Wwcr">palm trees</a> grow in the warmer areas. The <a href="/facts/Grape_vine/tBYRT6ET">grape vine</a> is indigenous to the coast. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees. <a href="/facts/Acacia/Lw9T7Hy6">Acacias</a> with wild <a href="/facts/Olive/tWecyIbg">olives</a> are the predominant flora in the remainder of the <a href="/facts/Sahara/JVlJd2VC">Sahara</a>. Algeria had a 2018 <a href="/facts/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index/dkTedCSH">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.22/10, ranking it 106th globally out of 172 countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a>
Camels are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes, <a href="/facts/Scorpion/clJKHDdY">scorpions</a>, and numerous insects.

<h2 id="government-and-politics">Government and politics</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Politics_of_Algeria/ou9JJj8B">Politics of Algeria</a>

Algeria's government has been described as authoritarian,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> and elected politicians have relatively little sway over affairs in the country. Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military "décideurs" ("deciders") known as "le pouvoir" ("the power") exercising de facto rule over the country, even deciding who should be president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> The most powerful man might have been <a href="/facts/Mohamed_Medi%25C3%25A8ne/xuNS5FVu">Mohamed Mediène</a>, the head of military intelligence, before he was brought down during the <a href="/facts/2019%25E2%2580%25932020_Algerian_protests/qmoRYSxo">2019 protests</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> In recent years, many of these generals have died, retired, or been imprisoned. After the death of General <a href="/facts/Larbi_Belkheir/vLaYRJgW">Larbi Belkheir</a>, previous president <a href="/facts/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika/wBW75nll">Bouteflika</a> put loyalists in key posts, notably at <a href="/facts/Sonatrach/t2ybXopp">Sonatrach</a>, and secured constitutional amendments that made him re-electable indefinitely, until he was brought down in 2019 during <a href="/facts/2019%25E2%2580%25932020_Algerian_protests/qmoRYSxo">protests</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a>
The head of state is the <a href="/facts/President_of_Algeria/uFDm6RBn">President of Algeria</a>, who is elected for a five-year term. The president is limited to two five-year terms. The <a href="/facts/2019_Algerian_presidential_election/Gp4Nht9l">most recent presidential election</a> was planned to be in April 2019, but <a href="/facts/2019_Algerian_protests/qmoRYSxo">widespread protests</a> erupted on 22 February against the president's decision to participate in the election, which resulted in President Bouteflika announcing his resignation on 3 April.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> <a href="/facts/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune/Hpp8EYns">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a>, an independent candidate, was elected as president after the election eventually took place on 12 December 2019. Protestors refused to recognise Tebboune as president, citing demands for comprehensive reform of the political system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> Algeria has universal <a href="/facts/Suffrage/HFFSpSCG">suffrage</a> at 18 years of age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> The President is the head of the <a href="/facts/Algerian_Army/Rl8zBY0n">army</a>, the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Ministers_of_Algeria/Hl4tNwYg">Council of Ministers</a> and the High Security Council. He appoints the <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria/7bvdIj6L">Prime Minister</a> who is also the head of government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a>

The Algerian parliament is <a href="/facts/Bicameral/qdbjFfpm">bicameral</a>; the lower house, the <a href="/facts/People%2527s_National_Assembly/AVDNfnqP">People's National Assembly</a>, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the <a href="/facts/Council_of_the_Nation/KGSxJ27H">Council of the Nation</a>, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> According to the <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Algeria/gokzpL9P">constitution</a>, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, profession, or region". In addition, political campaigns must be exempt from the aforementioned subjects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a>
Parliamentary elections were last held in <a href="/facts/2021_Algerian_parliamentary_election/kjrWT4Kl">June 2021</a>. In the elections, the <a href="/facts/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)/FM3FTgpd">FLN</a> lost 66 of its seats, but remained the largest party with 98 seats. Other parties included the <a href="/facts/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace/jXJXHd37">Movement of the Society for Peace</a> which won 65 seats, the <a href="/facts/National_Rally_for_Democracy_(Algeria)/5QXTGBAV">National Rally for Democracy</a> which won 58 seats, the <a href="/facts/Future_Front/3ISE0Q2J">Future Front</a> which won 48 seats, and the <a href="/facts/National_Construction_Movement/HvJkIk97">National Construction Movement</a> which won 39 seats.

<h3>Foreign relations</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Foreign_relations_of_Algeria/BjfJosbY">Foreign relations of Algeria</a>

Algeria is included in the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a>'s <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes.
In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in Algeria. Defence Minister Hervé Morin stated that "It's time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations", when presenting the draft law on the payouts. Algerian officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a>
<a href="/facts/Algeria%25E2%2580%2593Morocco_relations/NbhWPuEp">Tensions between Algeria and Morocco</a> in relation to the <a href="/facts/Western_Sahara/xAmSkuJl">Western Sahara</a> have been an obstacle to tightening the <a href="/facts/Arab_Maghreb_Union/2TaDakk6">Arab Maghreb Union</a>, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> On 24 August 2021, Algeria announced the break of diplomatic relations with Morocco.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a>

<h3>Military</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Military_of_Algeria/pNSfmwSA">Military of Algeria</a>

The military of Algeria consists of the <a href="/facts/People%2527s_National_Army/Rl8zBY0n">People's National Army</a> (ANP), the <a href="/facts/Algerian_National_Navy/l40hTS3K">Algerian National Navy</a> (MRA), and the <a href="/facts/Algerian_Air_Force/rn8Q9V1Y">Algerian Air Force</a> (QJJ), plus the <a href="/facts/Territorial_Air_Defence_Forces/GK6h1mAM">Territorial Air Defence Forces</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> It is the direct successor of the <a href="/facts/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)/7WVnod4a">National Liberation Army</a> (Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front which fought French colonial <a href="/facts/Military_occupation/8jE5Q5UU">occupation</a> during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62).
Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a> The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> Algeria has the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel/bTvFzuQI">second-largest military</a> in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($10 billion).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a> Most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they <a href="/facts/Algeria%25E2%2580%2593Russia_relations/u8lmDD9o">are a close ally</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a>
In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49 <a href="/facts/MiG-29/3XfCqsJU">MiG-29</a>SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated cost of $1.9 billion. Russia is also building two <a href="/facts/Kilo_class_submarine/HPwsSCbf">636-type</a> diesel <a href="/facts/Submarines/6fhcAKHV">submarines</a> for Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a>
Algeria is the 90th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/facts/Global_Peace_Index/Dvq9K3ED">Global Peace Index</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a>

<h3>Human rights</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Human_rights_in_Algeria/kdAwhVoI">Human rights in Algeria</a>
Algeria has been categorised by the US government funded <a href="/facts/Freedom_House/jV1eQeAJ">Freedom House</a> as "not free" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labelled "partly free".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a> In December 2016, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor issued a report regarding violation of <a href="/facts/Media_freedom/9RLTKfod">media freedom</a> in Algeria. It clarified that the Algerian government imposed restrictions on <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_the_press/9RLTKfod">freedom of the press</a>; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the media and websites. Due to the fact that the journalists and activists criticise the ruling government, some media organisations' licenses are cancelled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a>
Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government, with many leaders imprisoned and protests suppressed. In 2016, a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010–2012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a>
<a href="/facts/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria/fDGHgedh">Homosexuality</a> is illegal in Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a> Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years in prison.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> Despite this, about 26% of Algerians think that homosexuality should be accepted, according to the survey conducted by the <a href="/facts/BBC_Arabic/u6MzwIIN">BBC News Arabic</a>-Arab Barometer in 2019. Algeria showed the highest LGBT acceptance compared to other Arab countries where the survey was conducted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a>
<a href="/facts/Human_Rights_Watch/X265jj8r">Human Rights Watch</a> has accused the Algerian authorities of using the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a> as an excuse to prevent pro-democracy movements and protests in the country, leading to the arrest of youths as part of <a href="/facts/Social_distancing/DFFUCCaU">social distancing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a>

<h3>Administrative divisions</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Algeria/2yfhkrJm">Provinces of Algeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Districts_of_Algeria/wInytNwQ">Districts of Algeria</a>, and <a href="/facts/Municipalities_of_Algeria/R2A43VCe">Municipalities of Algeria</a>
Algeria is divided into 58 <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Algeria/2yfhkrJm">provinces</a> (<a href="/facts/Wilaya/s7uvYNGu">wilayas</a>), 553 <a href="/facts/Districts_of_Algeria/wInytNwQ">districts</a> (<a href="/facts/Da%25C3%25AFra/gblA5WQB">daïras</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a> and 1,541 <a href="/facts/Municipalities_of_Algeria/R2A43VCe">municipalities</a> (<a href="/facts/Baladiyah/06bB4vk7">baladiyahs</a>). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its <a href="/facts/Capital_city/aRTzKRH0">seat</a>, which is usually the largest city.
The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a>

The current 58 <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Algeria/2yfhkrJm">provinces</a> (<a href="/facts/Wilaya/s7uvYNGu">wilayas</a>) of Algeria<table><tbody><tr><th>#</th><th><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Algeria/2yfhkrJm">Wilaya</a></th><th>Area (km2)</th><th>Population</th><th>map</th><th>#</th><th><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Algeria/2yfhkrJm">Wilaya</a></th><th>Area (km2)</th><th>Population</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Adrar_Province/VnhAHg8v">Adrar</a></td><td>402,197</td><td>439,700</td><td rowspan="29"></td><td>30</td><td><a href="/facts/Ouargla_Province/9qTXHAaK">Ouargla</a></td><td>211,980</td><td>552,539</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Chlef_Province/vjbREl8r">Chlef</a></td><td>4,975</td><td>1,013,718</td><td>31</td><td><a href="/facts/Oran_Province/px0MSmV1">Oran</a></td><td>2,114</td><td>1,584,607</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Laghouat_Province/VE2NcAq9">Laghouat</a></td><td>25,057</td><td>477,328</td><td>32</td><td><a href="/facts/El_Bayadh_Province/Bf4vp1hS">El Bayadh</a></td><td>78,870</td><td>262,187</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Oum_El_Bouaghi_Province/1asb5o6z">Oum El Bouaghi</a></td><td>6,768</td><td>644,364</td><td>33</td><td><a href="/facts/Illizi_Province/5eTyS7ca">Illizi</a></td><td>285,000</td><td>54,490</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Batna_Province/e9twPMzG">Batna</a></td><td>12,192</td><td>1,128,030</td><td>34</td><td><a href="/facts/Bordj_Bou_Arr%25C3%25A9ridj_Province/2ojxwPlN">Bordj Bou Arréridj</a></td><td>4,115</td><td>634,396</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9ja%25C3%25AFa_Province/03BwqyjX">Béjaïa</a></td><td>3,268</td><td>915,835</td><td>35</td><td><a href="/facts/Boumerd%25C3%25A8s_Province/S9T8jHVr">Boumerdes</a></td><td>1,591</td><td>795,019</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Biskra_Province/44m6vVKs">Biskra</a></td><td>20,986</td><td>730,262</td><td>36</td><td><a href="/facts/El_Taref_Province/mahftemW">El Taref</a></td><td>3,339</td><td>411,783</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9char_Province/ut3ro29o">Béchar</a></td><td>161,400</td><td>274,866</td><td>37</td><td><a href="/facts/Tindouf_Province/57lCpPFm">Tindouf</a></td><td>58,193</td><td>159,000</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/Blida_Province/fH677gAE">Blida</a></td><td>1,696</td><td>1,009,892</td><td>38</td><td><a href="/facts/Tissemsilt_Province/InYk8WLp">Tissemsilt</a></td><td>3,152</td><td>296,366</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Bou%25C3%25AFra_Province/oLPbfxCE">Bouïra</a></td><td>4,439</td><td>694,750</td><td>39</td><td><a href="/facts/El_Oued_Province/tA3kD1pP">El Oued</a></td><td>54,573</td><td>673,934</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td><a href="/facts/Tamanrasset_Province/vb6sv90L">Tamanrasset</a></td><td>556,200</td><td>198,691</td><td>40</td><td><a href="/facts/Khenchela_Province/PkYSk77F">Khenchela</a></td><td>9,811</td><td>384,268</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td><a href="/facts/T%25C3%25A9bessa_Province/S95x1yoe">Tébessa</a></td><td>14,227</td><td>657,227</td><td>41</td><td><a href="/facts/Souk_Ahras_Province/axHqCp6g">Souk Ahras</a></td><td>4,541</td><td>440,299</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td><a href="/facts/Tlemcen_Province/HAUXRBUx">Tlemcen</a></td><td>9,061</td><td>945,525</td><td>42</td><td><a href="/facts/Tipaza_Province/AQnvhNCU">Tipaza</a></td><td>2,166</td><td>617,661</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td><a href="/facts/Tiaret_Province/hKg1swjl">Tiaret</a></td><td>20,673</td><td>842,060</td><td>43</td><td><a href="/facts/Mila_Province/D1eBbhR9">Mila</a></td><td>9,375</td><td>768,419</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td><a href="/facts/Tizi_Ouzou_Province/K7XJzz0H">Tizi Ouzou</a></td><td>3,568</td><td>1,119,646</td><td>44</td><td><a href="/facts/A%25C3%25AFn_Defla_Province/VLoH0Lt1">Ain Defla</a></td><td>4,897</td><td>771,890</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td><a href="/facts/Algiers_Province/jj3INvkP">Algiers</a></td><td>273</td><td>2,947,461</td><td>45</td><td><a href="/facts/Na%25C3%25A2ma_Province/PmN8RRDH">Naâma</a></td><td>29,950</td><td>209,470</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td><a href="/facts/Djelfa_Province/srFTS5Dd">Djelfa</a></td><td>66,415</td><td>1,223,223</td><td>46</td><td><a href="/facts/A%25C3%25AFn_T%25C3%25A9mouchent_Province/eTT3hNxT">Ain Timouchent</a></td><td>2,376</td><td>384,565</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td><a href="/facts/Jijel_Province/vJ5J6FE1">Jijel</a></td><td>2,577</td><td>634,412</td><td>47</td><td><a href="/facts/Gharda%25C3%25AFa_Province/dKTNMtY2">Ghardaia</a></td><td>86,105</td><td>375,988</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td><a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A9tif_Province/94g8CtVk">Sétif</a></td><td>6,504</td><td>1,496,150</td><td>48</td><td><a href="/facts/Relizane_Province/3joK5Abn">Relizane</a></td><td>4,870</td><td>733,060</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td><a href="/facts/Sa%25C3%25AFda_Province/9k11Y8Ve">Saïda</a></td><td>6,764</td><td>328,685</td><td>49</td><td><a href="/facts/Touggourt_Province/YTetjUGm">Touggourt</a></td><td>8,835</td><td>162,267</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td><a href="/facts/Skikda_Province/kT4SqoCj">Skikda</a></td><td>4,026</td><td>904,195</td><td>50</td><td><a href="/facts/Bordj_Baji_Mokhtar_Province/mekkSdHz">Bordj Baji Mokhtar</a></td><td>62,215</td><td>57,276</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td><a href="/facts/Sidi_Bel_Abb%25C3%25A8s_Province/L29DmyeI">Sidi Bel Abbès</a></td><td>9,150</td><td>603,369</td><td>51</td><td><a href="/facts/Ouled_Djellal_Province/lRuGXerT">Ouled Djellal</a></td><td>11,410</td><td>174,219</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td><a href="/facts/Annaba_Province/8Gz4zB2s">Annaba</a></td><td>1,439</td><td>640,050</td><td>52</td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9ni_Abb%25C3%25A8s_Province/Svm9tEvS">Béni Abbès</a></td><td>120,026</td><td>16,437</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td><a href="/facts/Guelma_Province/lxyRqrTJ">Guelma</a></td><td>4,101</td><td>482,261</td><td>53</td><td><a href="/facts/In_Salah_Province/GhtdSTgH">In Salah</a></td><td>101,350</td><td>50,163</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td><a href="/facts/Constantine_Province/S8m8NMsq">Constantine</a></td><td>2,187</td><td>943,112</td><td>54</td><td><a href="/facts/In_Guezzam_Province/VxUFMMmF">In Guezzam</a></td><td>65,203</td><td>122,019</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td><a href="/facts/M%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9a_Province/VggQujCA">Médéa</a></td><td>8,866</td><td>830,943</td><td>55</td><td><a href="/facts/Touggourt_Province/YTetjUGm">Touggourt</a></td><td>17,428</td><td>247,221</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td><a href="/facts/Mostaganem_Province/WXWlm6TC">Mostaganem</a></td><td>2,269</td><td>746,947</td><td>56</td><td><a href="/facts/Djanet_Province/rhCb43Qv">Djanet</a></td><td>86,185</td><td>17,618</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td><a href="/facts/M%2527Sila_Province/1EKVmG7f">M'Sila</a></td><td>18,718</td><td>991,846</td><td>57</td><td><a href="/facts/El_M%2527Ghair_Province/vfCTEKD7">El M'Ghair</a></td><td>131,220</td><td>50,392</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td><a href="/facts/Mascara_Province/vU0n2EVX">Mascara</a></td><td>5,941</td><td>780,959</td><td>58</td><td><a href="/facts/El_Menia_Province/e1UTR5ky">El Menia</a></td><td>88,126</td><td>11,202</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="economy">Economy</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Economy_of_Algeria/T4BGS9lV">Economy of Algeria</a>

Algeria's currency is the <a href="/facts/Algerian_dinar/skJTf4BR">dinar</a> (DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In June 2024 The World Bank's 2024 report marks a turning point for Algeria, which joins the select club of upper-middle-income countries. This economic rise, the result of an ambitious development strategy, places the country in the same category as emerging powers such as China, Brazil and Turkey<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a> In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatisation of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> These restrictions are just starting to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slowly-diversifying economy remain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a>
Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate and reduce inequalities among regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a>
A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases. Public spending has increased by 27% annually during the past five years. The 2010–14 public-investment programme will cost US$286 billion, 40% of which will go to human development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a>

Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $173 billion in <a href="/facts/Foreign_currency_reserves/6fDTWn7l">foreign currency reserves</a> and a large hydrocarbon stabilisation fund. In addition, Algeria's <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_external_debt/P1jPdGDA">external debt</a> is extremely low at about 2% of GDP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a> The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves (US$178 billion, equivalent to three years of imports), current expenditure growth makes Algeria's budget more vulnerable to the risk of prolonged lower hydrocarbon revenues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a>
Algeria has not joined the <a href="/facts/WTO/p7hgb1lP">WTO</a>, despite several years of negotiations but is a member of the <a href="/facts/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area/7reUFCLY">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a>[unreliable source] the <a href="/facts/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area/r6J2mjNB">African Continental Free Trade Area</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> and has an association agreement with the European Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a>
Turkish direct investments have accelerated in Algeria, with total value reaching $5 billion. As of 2022, the number of Turkish companies present in Algeria has reached 1,400. In 2020, despite the pandemic, more than 130 Turkish companies were created in Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a>

<h3>Oil and natural resources</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Mining_industry_of_Algeria/t3XKIkaA">Mining industry of Algeria</a>

Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an <a href="/facts/OPEC/aQ9cxyG6">OPEC</a> member since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a> Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and 87.7%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> of export earnings. Algeria has the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves/xEqpQMoE">10th-largest reserves of natural gas</a> in the world and is the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports/J8YUmoJV">sixth-largest gas exporter</a>. The U.S. <a href="/facts/Energy_Information_Administration/gzfVwVrl">Energy Information Administration</a> reported that in 2005, Algeria had 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160×10^12 cu ft) of proven <a href="/facts/Natural_gas_reserves/xEqpQMoE">natural gas reserves</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> It also ranks <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves/1TqTuhrp">16th in oil reserves</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a>
Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large international reserves position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a>
Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a> Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011. Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> and 70% of budgetary receipts, or US$71.4 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a>
The Algerian national oil company is <a href="/facts/Sonatrach/t2ybXopp">Sonatrach</a>, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria. All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a>
Access to <a href="/facts/Biocapacity/cWeMzhnY">biocapacity</a> in Algeria is lower than world average. In 2016, Algeria had 0.53 global hectares<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a> In 2016, Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their <a href="/facts/Ecological_footprint/GNWvohys">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> In April 2022, diplomats from Italy and Spain held talks after Rome's move to secure large volume of Algerian gas stoked concerns in Madrid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> Under the deal between Algeria's Sonatrach and Italy's Eni, Algeria will send an additional 9 billion cubic metres of gas to Italy by next year and in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a>

<h3>Research and alternative energy sources</h3>
Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development programme is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R'Mel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research.

<h3>Labour market</h3>
The overall rate of unemployment was 11.8% in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a> The government strengthened in 2011 the job programmes introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the programme to aid those seeking work (Dispositif d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a>
Despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and women unemployment is high.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a>

<h3>Tourism</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Tourism_in_Algeria/l2fJuWEK">Tourism in Algeria</a>

The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.
There are several <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> <a href="/facts/World_Heritage_Sites/6AbWWKV4">World Heritage Sites</a> in Algeria<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> which includes <a href="/facts/Al_Qal%2527a_of_Beni_Hammad/tKL5Q7VR">Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad</a>, the first capital of the <a href="/facts/Hammadid/ugeMG6pQ">Hammadid</a> empire; <a href="/facts/Tipasa/4urnUrQb">Tipasa</a>, a Phoenician and later Roman town; <a href="/facts/Dj%25C3%25A9mila/DcMLkvjX">Djémila</a> and <a href="/facts/Timgad/jfymkpEN">Timgad</a>, both <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Roman</a> ruins; <a href="/facts/M%2527Zab_Valley/7wzdSjsm">M'Zab Valley</a>, a limestone valley containing a large urbanised <a href="/facts/Oasis/BT9IVsR7">oasis</a>; and the <a href="/facts/Casbah/HLpuNVYl">Casbah</a> of Algiers, an important citadel. The only natural <a href="/facts/World_Heritage_Site/6AbWWKV4">World Heritage Site</a> in Algeria is the <a href="/facts/Tassili_n%2527Ajjer/KRAKhphr">Tassili n'Ajjer</a>, a mountain range.

<h3>Transport</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Algeria/SbwBnySI">Transport in Algeria</a>

Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Algeria:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Cairo-Dakar_Highway/UNyH9oK7">Cairo-Dakar Highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Algiers-Lagos_Highway/4PhQ3Vv9">Algiers-Lagos Highway</a></li></ul>
The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at 180,000 km (110,000 mi) of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85%. This network will be complemented by the <a href="/facts/Algeria_East%25E2%2580%2593West_Highway/d94p7zBu">East-West Highway</a>, a major infrastructure project currently under construction. It is a three-way, 1,216-kilometre-long (756 mi) highway, linking <a href="/facts/Annaba/kwJaR6IQ">Annaba</a> in the extreme east to the <a href="/facts/Tlemcen/rp5E6van">Tlemcen</a> in the far west. Algeria is also crossed by the <a href="/facts/Trans-Sahara_Highway/4PhQ3Vv9">Trans-Sahara Highway</a>, which is now completely paved. This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries crossed: Algeria, <a href="/facts/Mali/sAaVqV1e">Mali</a>, <a href="/facts/Niger/hRbX6MkM">Niger</a>, <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Chad/KStYoub3">Chad</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a>.

<h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_Algeria/FhFItJWk">Demographics of Algeria</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_Algeria/t2Ct79S4">List of cities in Algeria</a>
Algeria has a population of an estimated 45.6 million,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a> of which the majority, 75%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a> to 85% are ethnically <a href="/facts/Arabs/E77duPsg">Arab</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> At the outset of the 20th century, its population was approximately 4 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a> About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentrated in <a href="/facts/Oasis/BT9IVsR7">oases</a>, although some 1.5 million remain <a href="/facts/Nomad/R9KGKP72">nomadic</a> or partly nomadic. 28.1% of Algerians are under the age of 15.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a>
Between 90,000 and 165,000 <a href="/facts/Sahrawi_people/376dThRV">Sahrawis</a> from <a href="/facts/Western_Sahara/xAmSkuJl">Western Sahara</a> live in the <a href="/facts/Sahrawi_refugee_camps/7Ps1fGs3">Sahrawi refugee camps</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a> in the western Algerian Sahara desert.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a> There are also more than 4,000 <a href="/facts/Palestinian_refugee/Qb8fAsRg">Palestinian refugees</a>, who are well integrated and have not asked for assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> In 2009, 35,000 <a href="/facts/Overseas_Chinese/WIF67bsX">Chinese</a> migrant workers lived in Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a>
The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million <a href="/facts/Algerians/FhFItJWk">Algerians</a> of up to the second generation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a>
There are also many <a href="/facts/Foreign_communities_in_Algeria/TFwEsG57">foreign communities in Algeria</a>, though these do not make up a significant portion of the population.

<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="10">   Largest cities or towns in AlgeriaAccording to the 2008 Census<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a></th></tr><tr><th>Rank</th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_Algeria/t2Ct79S4">Name</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Algeria/2yfhkrJm">Province</a></th><th>Pop.</th><th>Rank</th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_Algeria/t2Ct79S4">Name</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Algeria/2yfhkrJm">Province</a></th><th>Pop.</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Algiers/Cdk8BQl1">Algiers</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Algiers_Province/jj3INvkP">Algiers Province</a></td><td>2,364,230</td><td>11</td><td><a href="/facts/T%25C3%25A9bessa/rke7MPpF">Tébessa</a></td><td><a href="/facts/T%25C3%25A9bessa_Province/S95x1yoe">Tébessa Province</a></td><td>194,461</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Oran/TQaLn6EQ">Oran</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Oran_Province/px0MSmV1">Oran Province</a></td><td>803,329</td><td>12</td><td><a href="/facts/El_Oued/0aTJotA5">El Oued</a></td><td><a href="/facts/El_Oued_Province/tA3kD1pP">El Oued Province</a></td><td>186,525</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Constantine%2c_Algeria/PIPcdFcq">Constantine</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Constantine_Province/S8m8NMsq">Constantine Province</a></td><td>448,028</td><td>13</td><td><a href="/facts/Skikda/rCtjYUpT">Skikda</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Skikda_Province/kT4SqoCj">Skikda Province</a></td><td>182,903</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Annaba/kwJaR6IQ">Annaba</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Annaba_Province/8Gz4zB2s">Annaba Province</a></td><td>342,703</td><td>14</td><td><a href="/facts/Tiaret/etUTen5a">Tiaret</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tiaret_Province/hKg1swjl">Tiaret Province</a></td><td>178,915</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Blida/yeeYAHsJ">Blida</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Blida_Province/fH677gAE">Blida Province</a></td><td>331,779</td><td>15</td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9ja%25C3%25AFa/qWBHI5tl">Béjaïa</a></td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9ja%25C3%25AFa_Province/03BwqyjX">Béjaïa Province</a></td><td>176,139</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/Batna%2c_Algeria/eLYnPMue">Batna</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Batna_Province/e9twPMzG">Batna Province</a></td><td>289,504</td><td>16</td><td><a href="/facts/Tlemcen/rp5E6van">Tlemcen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tlemcen_Province/HAUXRBUx">Tlemcen Province</a></td><td>173,531</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Djelfa/I2S0o3DT">Djelfa</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Djelfa_Province/srFTS5Dd">Djelfa Province</a></td><td>265,833</td><td>17</td><td><a href="/facts/Ouargla/20cl5pnL">Ouargla</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ouargla_Province/9qTXHAaK">Ouargla Province</a></td><td>169,928</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A9tif/1rTM40by">Sétif</a></td><td><a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A9tif_Province/94g8CtVk">Sétif Province</a></td><td>252,127</td><td>18</td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9char/DzYoP7qB">Béchar</a></td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9char_Province/ut3ro29o">Béchar Province</a></td><td>165,241</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/Sidi_Bel_Abb%25C3%25A8s/QSS0NqbV">Sidi Bel Abbès</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sidi_Bel_Abb%25C3%25A8s_Province/L29DmyeI">Sidi Bel Abbès Province</a></td><td>210,146</td><td>19</td><td><a href="/facts/Mostaganem/cXCPbY77">Mostaganem</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mostaganem_Province/WXWlm6TC">Mostaganem Province</a></td><td>162,885</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Biskra/znAM2m6u">Biskra</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Biskra_Province/44m6vVKs">Biskra Province</a></td><td>204,661</td><td>20</td><td><a href="/facts/Bordj_Bou_Arr%25C3%25A9ridj/Vy59NmVb">Bordj Bou Arréridj</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bordj_Bou_Arr%25C3%25A9ridj_Province/2ojxwPlN">Bordj Bou Arréridj Province</a></td><td>158,812</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Ethnic groups</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria/TQCUCNby">Ethnic groups in Algeria</a>

<a href="/facts/Arabs/E77duPsg">Arabs</a> and indigenous <a href="/facts/Berbers/kuN9pFNf">Berbers</a> as well as <a href="/facts/Phoenicians/6GXLneNU">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Romans</a>, <a href="/facts/Vandals/THjfVCF7">Vandals</a>, <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Greeks/QWe9G3mS">Byzantine Greeks</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkish_people/3Rg0k6vU">Turks</a>, various <a href="/facts/Sub-Saharan_Africans/p4u389aa">Sub-Saharan Africans</a>, and French have contributed to the history and culture of Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a> Descendants of <a href="/facts/Al-Andalus/JTNmWTzP">Andalusi</a> refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a> Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these <a href="/facts/Aragon/IfEzbqzI">Aragonese</a> and <a href="/facts/Castilian_people/uzwsGbQa">Castillian</a> <a href="/facts/Moriscos/c22opq1u">Morisco</a> descendants deep into the 18th century, and even <a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a> was spoken at the same time by <a href="/facts/Catalonia/p2KeGXbf">Catalan</a> <a href="/facts/Moriscos/c22opq1u">Morisco</a> descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a>
Centuries of <a href="/facts/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb/FhDV0aIE">Arab migrations to the Maghreb</a> since the seventh century shifted the demographic scope in Algeria. Estimates vary based on different sources. The majority of the population of Algeria is ethnically <a href="/facts/Arabs/E77duPsg">Arab</a>, constituting between 75%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a> and 80%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> to 85%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> of the population. <a href="/facts/Berbers/kuN9pFNf">Berbers</a> who make up between 15%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a> and 20%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a> to 24%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a> of the population are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the <a href="/facts/Kabyle_people/FwXQqhBA">Kabyles</a>, who live in the <a href="/facts/Kabylie/eKbzJVtk">Kabylie</a> region east of Algiers, the <a href="/facts/Chaoui_people/FlYfUPFR">Chaoui</a> of Northeast Algeria, the <a href="/facts/Tuareg_people/A697J6Ju">Tuaregs</a> in the southern desert and the <a href="/facts/Chenouas/ME9fevrW">Shenwa people</a> of North Algeria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a>
During the colonial period, there was a large (10% in 1960)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a> <a href="/facts/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe/VR7tb16t">European</a> population who became known as <a href="/facts/Pied-Noir/zRzf5LxW">Pied-Noirs</a>. They were primarily of French, Spanish and <a href="/facts/Italian_Algerians/I1pgRN32">Italian origin</a>. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a>

<h3>Languages</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Languages_of_Algeria/v9GKHMCQ">Languages of Algeria</a><a href="/facts/Modern_Standard_Arabic/rXAjtFSs">Modern Standard Arabic</a> and <a href="/facts/Berber_language/DnLruKYa">Berber</a> are the official languages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a> <a href="/facts/Algerian_Arabic/ybUFGHgr">Algerian Arabic</a> (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a>
<a href="/facts/Berber_language/DnLruKYa">Berber</a> has been recognised as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a> <a href="/facts/Kabyle_language/0BUXhYUS">Kabyle</a>, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of <a href="/facts/Kabylie/eKbzJVtk">Kabylie</a>. Kabyle has a significant <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>, <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a>, <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>, <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a>, <a href="/facts/Phoenician_language/KFcxz467">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/facts/Punic_language/gXdkxFcd">Punic</a> substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a> In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> Colloquial <a href="/facts/Algerian_Arabic/ybUFGHgr">Algerian Arabic</a> is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a>
Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a> and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to <a href="/facts/French_rule_in_Algeria/TCd9S56V">Algeria's colonial history</a>. It can be regarded as a <a href="/facts/Lingua_franca/dlGrD7ra">lingua franca</a> of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a> In 2013, it was estimated that 60% of the population could speak or understand French.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a> In 2022, it was estimated that 33% of the population was Francophone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a>
The use of <a href="/facts/English_in_Algeria/APQKUEPX">English in Algeria</a>, though limited in comparison to the previously mentioned languages, has increased due to globalisation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a> In 2022 it was announced that English would be taught in elementary schools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a>

<h3>Religion</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Religion_in_Algeria/y2ElVzmp">Religion in Algeria</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Islam_in_Algeria/dwnY7Xh5">Islam in Algeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Early_African_Church/mgqd57tR">Early African Church</a>, and <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria/BINISFXl">History of the Jews in Algeria</a>

<a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a> is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2021 CIA <a href="/facts/World_Factbook/q4qMpEQh">World Factbook</a> estimate,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a> and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a> There are about 290,000 <a href="/facts/Ibadi/FxuE071h">Ibadis</a> in the M'zab Valley in the region of <a href="/facts/Ghardaia/sI2T8sqn">Ghardaia</a>.
Prior to independence, Algeria was home to more than 1.3 million Christians (mostly of <a href="/facts/Pied-Noir/zRzf5LxW">European ancestry</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a> Most of the Christian settlers left to France after the country's independence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a> Today, estimates of the <a href="/facts/Christianity_in_Algeria/uo1Eue57">Christian population</a> range from 100,000 to 200,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a> Algerian citizens who are Christians predominantly belong to <a href="/facts/Protestantism/NXja4K3g">Protestant</a> denominations, which have seen increased pressure from the government in recent years including many forced closures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a>
According to the <a href="/facts/Arab_Barometer/ogpVzUE2">Arab Barometer</a> in 2018–2019, the vast majority of Algerians (99.1%) continue to identify as Muslim.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a> The June 2019 <a href="/facts/Arab_Barometer/ogpVzUE2">Arab Barometer</a>-<a href="/facts/BBC_News/oGAe2H8E">BBC News</a> report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a> The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25% describing themselves as non-religious.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a> However, the 2021 Arab Barometer report found that those who said they were not religious among Algerians has decreased, with just 2.6% identifying as non-religious. In that same report, 69.5% of Algerians identified as religious and another 27.8% identifying as somewhat religious.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a>
Algeria has given the <a href="/facts/Muslim_world/n9vVGogr">Muslim world</a> a number of prominent thinkers, including <a href="/facts/Emir_Abdelkader/WkcwpH1U">Emir Abdelkader</a>, <a href="/facts/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis/9cL9avKo">Abdelhamid Ben Badis</a>, <a href="/facts/Mouloud_Kacem_Na%25C3%25AEt_Belkacem/Kn4eLKUB">Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem</a>, <a href="/facts/Malek_Bennabi/J1C9Bkao">Malek Bennabi</a> and <a href="/facts/Mohamed_Arkoun/8BffjCKT">Mohamed Arkoun</a>.

<h3>Health</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Health_in_Algeria/feBJQsVS">Health in Algeria</a>
In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress towards its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation programme. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause <a href="/facts/Tuberculosis/ggPyovAl">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/facts/Hepatitis/FIN87T5e">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/facts/Measles/tepQCUIG">measles</a>, <a href="/facts/Typhoid_fever/bKPTIYLl">typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/facts/Cholera/rk8JfWEp">cholera</a> and <a href="/facts/Dysentery/l0yfLtg3">dysentery</a>. The poor generally receive healthcare free of charge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a>
Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a>

<h3>Education</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Education_in_Algeria/gbCLnHWp">Education in Algeria</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_universities_in_Algeria/Jxtd8SKb">List of universities in Algeria</a>

Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a> Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling. From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes. The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish and German. In 2008, new programmes at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a> Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to a high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programmes: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a>

Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15. In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was <a href="/facts/Algiers_Province/jj3INvkP">Algiers Province</a> at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was <a href="/facts/Djelfa_Province/srFTS5Dd">Djelfa Province</a> at 35.5%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a>
Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008. The <a href="/facts/University_of_Algiers/qqlrRhr7">University of Algiers</a>, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters). Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country.
Even if some of them offer instruction in <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors such as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English. Among the most important universities, there are the <a href="/facts/University_of_Sciences_and_Technology_Houari_Boumediene/vKhG3arP">University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene</a>, the <a href="/facts/University_of_Mentouri/IRdBm0MH">University of Mentouri</a> Constantine, and <a href="/facts/University_of_Oran/abUaGu6l">University of Oran</a> Es-Senia. The <a href="/facts/University_of_Abou_Bekr_Belka%25C3%25AFd/XdNW3Thc">University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd</a> in Tlemcen and <a href="/facts/University_of_Batna/bX7U5Gez">University of Batna</a> Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a> Algeria was ranked 115th in the <a href="/facts/Global_Innovation_Index/mIqcsoF4">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a>

<h2 id="culture">Culture</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Culture_of_Algeria/jdl8vjMv">Culture of Algeria</a>

Modern Algerian literature, split between <a href="/facts/Classical_Arabic/TShrKBgR">Arabic</a>, <a href="/facts/Berber_languages/DnLruKYa">Tamazight</a> and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. <a href="/facts/List_of_Algerian_writers/0I0VbyWr">Famous novelists</a> of the 20th century include <a href="/facts/Mohammed_Dib/DxHatuul">Mohammed Dib</a>, <a href="/facts/Albert_Camus/BKVazSsM">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/facts/Kateb_Yacine/r7QVPmh3">Kateb Yacine</a> and <a href="/facts/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi/qyE9paDD">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a> while <a href="/facts/Assia_Djebar/xzDkPS1v">Assia Djebar</a> is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were <a href="/facts/Rachid_Mimouni/HPzhnLIP">Rachid Mimouni</a>, later vice-president of <a href="/facts/Amnesty_International/ouGBgSdS">Amnesty International</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tahar_Djaout/PMGL7Hvm">Tahar Djaout</a>, murdered by an <a href="/facts/Islamist/4u3G2nEf">Islamist</a> group in 1993 for his secularist views.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a>
<a href="/facts/Malek_Bennabi/J1C9Bkao">Malek Bennabi</a> and <a href="/facts/Frantz_Fanon/s2IxK71B">Frantz Fanon</a> are noted for their thoughts on <a href="/facts/Decolonization/EkIM0zpj">decolonisation</a>; <a href="/facts/Augustine_of_Hippo/RJI1otNA">Augustine of Hippo</a> was born in <a href="/facts/Tagaste/EzRASM3W">Tagaste</a> (modern-day <a href="/facts/Souk_Ahras/XJh72Njy">Souk Ahras</a>); and <a href="/facts/Ibn_Khaldun/dVYtJdU9">Ibn Khaldun</a>, though born in <a href="/facts/Tunis/nmKNnW85">Tunis</a>, wrote the <a href="/facts/Muqaddima/m9ec0k2W">Muqaddima</a> while staying in Algeria. The works of the <a href="/facts/Senussi/gT0XydQN">Sanusi</a> family in pre-colonial times, and of <a href="/facts/Emir_Abdelkader/WkcwpH1U">Emir Abdelkader</a> and Sheikh <a href="/facts/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis/9cL9avKo">Ben Badis</a> in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author <a href="/facts/Apuleius/uVqvP52s">Apuleius</a> was born in <a href="/facts/Madaurus/AVVoqH9x">Madaurus</a> (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria.
Contemporary <a href="/facts/Algerian_cinema/HMEJNAnh">Algerian cinema</a> is varied in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a>

<h3>Media</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Media_of_Algeria/phytazdC">Media of Algeria</a>
<h3>Art</h3>

Algerian painters, like <a href="/facts/Mohammed_Racim/JqPCEC5b">Mohammed Racim</a> and <a href="/facts/Baya_(artist)/BQeM33hX">Baya</a>, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria. In this line, <a href="/facts/Mohamed_Temam/czqsz3gV">Mohamed Temam</a>, <a href="/facts/Abdelkhader_Houamel/6D20F2HG">Abdelkhader Houamel</a> have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life. Other new artistic currents including the one of <a href="/facts/M%2527hamed_Issiakhem/cQVRsNF2">M'hamed Issiakhem</a>, <a href="/facts/Mohammed_Khadda/nFVUYe2v">Mohammed Khadda</a> and <a href="/facts/Bachir_Yelles/cg1vYjN4">Bachir Yelles</a>, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations. <a href="/facts/Mohammed_Khadda/nFVUYe2v">Mohammed Khadda</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a> and <a href="/facts/M%2527hamed_Issiakhem/cQVRsNF2">M'hamed Issiakhem</a> have been notable in recent years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a>

<h3>Literature</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Algerian_literature/d9FJlgJ6">Algerian literature</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_Algerian_writers/0I0VbyWr">List of Algerian writers</a>

The roots of Algerian literature go back to the <a href="/facts/Numidia/ErVpEwob">Numidian</a> and <a href="/facts/Africa_(Roman_province)/MIYYrhIF">Roman African</a> era, when <a href="/facts/Apuleius/uVqvP52s">Apuleius</a> wrote <a href="/facts/The_Golden_Ass/4Iy2AnpS">The Golden Ass</a>, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> This period also saw <a href="/facts/Augustine_of_Hippo/RJI1otNA">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <a href="/facts/Nonius_Marcellus/JXDqxuLE">Nonius Marcellus</a> and <a href="/facts/Martianus_Capella/zQk4eMed">Martianus Capella</a>. The Middle Ages also saw several Arabic writers who contributed to Arab literature, with authors like <a href="/facts/Ahmad_al-Buni/BwTJT4C5">Ahmad al-Buni</a>, <a href="/facts/Ibn_Manzur/jtddtWk4">Ibn Manzur</a> and <a href="/facts/Ibn_Khaldun/dVYtJdU9">Ibn Khaldun</a>, who wrote the <a href="/facts/Muqaddimah/m9ec0k2W">Muqaddimah</a> while staying in Algeria. <a href="/facts/Albert_Camus/BKVazSsM">Albert Camus</a> was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author. In 1957, he was awarded the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature/wWVXbIbp">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.
Algerian literature contains works whose main concern is the assertion of Algerian national entity. Examples include novels such as the Algerian trilogy by <a href="/facts/Mohammed_Dib/DxHatuul">Mohammed Dib</a>, and Nedjma by <a href="/facts/Kateb_Yacine/r7QVPmh3">Kateb Yacine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> Other writers in Algerian literature include <a href="/facts/Mouloud_Feraoun/UIu9v1TE">Mouloud Feraoun</a>, <a href="/facts/Malek_Bennabi/J1C9Bkao">Malek Bennabi</a>, <a href="/facts/Malek_Haddad/DA8d4tQm">Malek Haddad</a>, <a href="/facts/Moufdi_Zakaria/zT6Ya5zM">Moufdi Zakaria</a>, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, <a href="/facts/Mouloud_Mammeri/oaWQFSar">Mouloud Mammeri</a>, <a href="/facts/Frantz_Fanon/s2IxK71B">Frantz Fanon</a>, and <a href="/facts/Assia_Djebar/xzDkPS1v">Assia Djebar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a>

In the aftermath of Independence, new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they attempted to expose social problems, among them there are <a href="/facts/Rachid_Boudjedra/y1cn8Xrn">Rachid Boudjedra</a>, <a href="/facts/Rachid_Mimouni/HPzhnLIP">Rachid Mimouni</a>, <a href="/facts/Leila_Sebbar/4AsnBNFu">Leila Sebbar</a>, <a href="/facts/Tahar_Djaout/PMGL7Hvm">Tahar Djaout</a> and <a href="/facts/Tahar_Ouettar/WCXpj7No">Tahar Ouettar</a>.
Algerian literature includes shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s. Other styles have an individualistic conception of the human condition. Among noted more recent work is The Swallows of Kabul and The Attack by <a href="/facts/Yasmina_Khadra/jb6kalQt">Yasmina Khadra</a>, The Oath of Barbarians by <a href="/facts/Boualem_Sansal/6zG8ugmp">Boualem Sansal</a>, Memory of the Flesh by <a href="/facts/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi/qyE9paDD">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a> and the last novel of Assia Djebar Nowhere in My Father's House.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a>

<h3>Cinema</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Cinema_of_Algeria/HMEJNAnh">Cinema of Algeria</a>

The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.
The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films (feature films, documentaries and short films). In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries.
According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions. <a href="/facts/Days_of_Glory_(2006_film)/jNo8bzlf">Days of Glory (2006)</a> and <a href="/facts/Outside_the_Law_(2010_film)/DL7pu6FK">Outside the Law (2010)</a> recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a>
Algeria won the <a href="/facts/Palme_d%2527Or/R57obDSr">Palme d'Or</a> for <a href="/facts/Chronicle_of_the_Years_of_Fire/scpNxfbr">Chronicle of the Years of Fire</a> (1975), two Oscars for <a href="/facts/Z_(1969_film)/9j9MDxWx">Z (1969)</a>, and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie <a href="/facts/The_Battle_of_Algiers/VWHpaNE9">The Battle of Algiers</a>.

<h3>Cuisine</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Algerian_cuisine/Av98Pa7G">Algerian cuisine</a>

Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse as a result of interactions and exchanges with other cultures and nations over the centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> It is based on both land and sea products. Conquests or demographic movement towards the Algerian territory were two of the main factors of exchanges between the different peoples and cultures. The Algerian cuisine is a mix of <a href="/facts/Arab_cuisine/sKsSAQG1">Arab</a>, <a href="/facts/Berber_cuisine/y9sHDDgv">Berber</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkish_cuisine/nMRDtnv9">Turkish</a> and <a href="/facts/French_cuisine/gHvq6Erk">French</a> roots.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a>
Algerian cuisine offers a variety of dishes depending on the region and the season, but vegetables and <a href="/facts/Cereal/ao2WcFdM">cereals</a> remain at its core. Most of the Algerian dishes are centered around bread, meats (lamb, beef or poultry), olive oil, vegetables, and fresh herbs. Vegetables are often used for salads, soups, <a href="/facts/Tajine/25aRvomF">tajines</a>, <a href="/facts/Couscous/GxU8vUWN">couscous</a>, and sauce-based dishes. Of all the Algerian traditional dishes available, the most famous one is <a href="/facts/Algerian_couscous/9P1zSRm9">couscous</a>, recognized as a national dish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a>

<h3>Sports</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Sport_in_Algeria/BfrJ9wPX">Sport in Algeria</a>

Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the <a href="/facts/Aur%25C3%25A8s_Mountains/Q7qSAtN1">Aures</a>, people played several games such as El Kherba or El khergueba (<a href="/facts/Chess/47ykvkHF">chess</a> variant). Playing cards, <a href="/facts/Checkers/zrzKMsyu">checkers</a> and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Racing (<a href="/facts/Fantasia_(culture)/AtHq5ps2">fantasia</a>) and <a href="/facts/Rifle_shooting/BjN81VcD">rifle shooting</a> are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a>
<a href="/facts/Football_in_Algeria/MzY6llvw">Football</a> is the most popular sport in the country. The <a href="/facts/Algeria_national_football_team/FeBAlHVm">Algerian national football team</a>, known as the Desert Foxes, has a strong fan base and has achieved success both domestically and internationally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a>
Algeria has a long history in other sports such as <a href="/facts/Athletics_in_Algeria/BfrJ9wPX">athletics</a>, <a href="/facts/Boxing_in_Algeria/BfrJ9wPX">boxing</a>, <a href="/facts/Volleyball_in_Algeria/BfrJ9wPX">volleyball</a>, <a href="/facts/Handball_in_Algeria/BfrJ9wPX">handball</a> and the study of <a href="/facts/Martial_arts_in_Algeria/BfrJ9wPX">martial arts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> Algerian athletes have <a href="/facts/Algeria_at_the_Olympics/c7Sn0enY">competed in the Olympic Games</a> and have won medals in various events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a> Many sports clubs and organisations exist in Algeria to promote and develop sports among young people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a> The <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sports/Wt0se7f0">Ministry of Youth and Sports</a> in Algeria manages sport-related activities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles/5DU3myzg">Index of Algeria-related articles</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_Algeria/VPycN2dX">Outline of Algeria</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="explanatory-notes">Explanatory notes</h2>

<h2 id="citations">Citations</h2>

<h2 id="general-bibliography">General bibliography</h2>

<ul><li>Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: <a href="/facts/C._Hurst_%2526_Co/j6XV24H1">Hurst</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-86543-266-6.</li>
<li>Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects. <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-34848-5.</li>
<li>Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987. Cambridge: <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-30150-3.</li>
<li>Christelow, Allan (1985) Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria. Princeton University Press.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Frantz_Fanon/s2IxK71B">Fanon, Frantz</a> (1966; 2005 paperback). The Wretched of the Earth. <a href="/facts/Grove_Press/h1nr56Ep">Grove Press</a>. ASIN B0007FW4AW, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8021-4132-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Walcot_Gibson/yjDIm0IQ">Gibson, Walcot</a>; Cana, Frank Richardson; Girault, Arthur (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Algeria">"Algeria" </a>. In <a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 642–653.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alistair_Horne/TbrFyqrL">Horne, Alistair</a> (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. <a href="/facts/Viking_Adult/DEd2dk7M">Viking Adult</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-670-61964-1, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-59017-218-6 (2006 reprint)</li>
<li>Laouisset, Djamel (2009). A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry. New York City: <a href="/facts/Nova_Publishers/xwUGA1CU">Nova Publishers</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-61761-190-2.</li>
<li>Roberts, Hugh (2003). The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity. London: <a href="/facts/Verso_Books/G3PYgypo">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85984-684-1.</li>
<li>Ruedy, John (1992). Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation. Bloomington: <a href="/facts/Indiana_University_Press/rSAxbGec">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-253-34998-9.</li>
<li>Stora, Benjamin (2001). Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/facts/Cornell_University_Press/qbwTuIJC">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8014-3715-1.</li>
<li>Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008". Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation. Farnham: <a href="/facts/Ashgate_Publishing/NmuvtuCX">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7546-7418-5.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DZ">Key Development Forecasts for Algeria</a> from <a href="/facts/International_Futures/IalAGFSV">International Futures</a></li></ul>
<h3>Government</h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://bawabatic.dz/">Public Services</a> – gateway to government sites</li>
<li><a href="https://www.el-mouradia.dz/">El Mouradia Palace</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210101750/https://www.el-mouradia.dz/">Archived</a> 10 December 2019 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> – official website of the president of Algeria</li>
<li><a href="https://www.ons.dz">Statistics</a> – official website of National Office of Statistics</li></ul>
<h3>History</h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.mfa.gov.dz/en/discover-algeria/history-of-algeria">"History"</a> – Algerian history at Ministry of Foreign Affairs</li></ul>
<h3>Tourism</h3>
<ul><li><a href="http://visitalgeria.dz/en/">Visit Algeria</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206095834/https://visitalgeria.dz/en/">Archived</a> 6 February 2023 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> – Algeria's official tourism portal</li></ul>
<h3>Maps</h3>
<ul><li> Wikimedia Atlas of Algeria</li>
<li> Geographic data related to <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192756">Algeria</a> at <a href="/facts/OpenStreetMap/Hd3yejum">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ⓘ al-JEER-ee-ə; Arabic: الجزائر, romanized: al-Jazāʾir, Arabic: [al.d͡ʒazaːʔir] ⓘ; French: Algérie [alʒeʁi] <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:IPA/English</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash‑Shaʿbiyyah; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire. Formerly also rendered as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria in English, as seen on the 1981 Algiers Accords. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Arabic_language</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Algeria – Colonial rule". Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria/Colonial-rule" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria/Colonial-rule</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Africa: largest countries by area 2020". Statista. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022. <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1207844/largest-countries-in-africa-by-area/" target="_blank">https://www.statista.com/statistics/1207844/largest-countries-in-africa-by-area/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Algeria". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 December 2013. (Archived 2013 edition.) <a href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria" target="_blank">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Defense Budget by Country (2024)". globalfirepower.com. Retrieved 2 August 2024. <a href="https://www.globalfirepower.com/defense-spending-budget.php" target="_blank">https://www.globalfirepower.com/defense-spending-budget.php</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Proclamación de la República argelina Archived 28 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Journal officiel de la republique algerienne, 1st year, 1st issue, 1962, páge 5. <a href="http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1962/901/FP5.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1962/901/FP5.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Aps-dz. "ⵜⵉⵔⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴱⴱⵓⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⴽⵓⵡⴰⵢⵜ : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵛⵔⵉⴽⵜ". Algeria Press Service. <a href="https://www.aps.dz/tamazight-tif/algerie/12079-2022-02-23-17-05-33" target="_blank">https://www.aps.dz/tamazight-tif/algerie/12079-2022-02-23-17-05-33</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Ministère de l'Énergie | Algérie". www.energy.gov.dz. Retrieved 17 August 2024. <a href="https://www.energy.gov.dz/" target="_blank">https://www.energy.gov.dz/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not codified.[19] <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" target="_blank">/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:283">Bouherar, Salim; Ghafsi, Abderrezzaq (3 January 2022). Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-89324-8. In Algeria, on the other hand, Berberists supported by France ask to expand the use of Tamazight even on Arabs who represent 80% of Algerian population. <a href="978-3-030-89324-8" target="_blank">978-3-030-89324-8</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Algeria open-in-new

Algeria