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Komnenos
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<h2 id="origins">Origins</h2> <p>The 11th-century Byzantine historian <a href="/facts/Michael_Psellos/LnKszCKS">Michael Psellos</a> reported that the Komnenos family originated from the village of Komne in <a href="/facts/Thrace/26TVWCL0">Thrace</a>—usually identified with the "Fields of Komnene" (Κομνηνῆς λειμῶνας) mentioned in the 14th century by <a href="/facts/John_Kantakouzenos/8uFJNxwa">John Kantakouzenos</a>—a view commonly accepted by modern scholarship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The first known member of the family, <a href="/facts/Manuel_Erotikos_Komnenos/DHYGsodc">Manuel Erotikos Komnenos</a>, acquired extensive estates at <a href="/facts/Kastamon/H7UtsqvI">Kastamon</a> in <a href="/facts/Paphlagonia/gPm8vIPN">Paphlagonia</a>, which became the stronghold of the family in the 11th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The family thereby quickly became associated with the powerful and prestigious military aristocracy (<i><a href="/facts/Dynatoi/9wq5NvS2">dynatoi</a></i>) of <a href="/facts/Asia_Minor/vMkrLrPr">Asia Minor</a>, so that despite coming from Thrace it came to be considered "eastern".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Aside from deriving legitimacy as rulers from familial links to the prominent <a href="/facts/Doukas/YfRtpprr">Doukai</a> (emperors <a href="/facts/Constantine_X_Doukas/u2aJlAPu">Constantine X</a> and <a href="/facts/Michael_VII_Doukas/1mSYtv33">Michael VII</a> in particular), they also had a tradition linking them to <a href="/facts/Claudius_Gothicus/JtMwjrNl">Claudius Gothicus</a>, the supposed grandfather of <a href="/facts/Constantine_the_Great/jW1q8TPp">Constantine the Great</a>. Many classical monuments dedicated to Claudius stood in the vicinity of <a href="/facts/Kastamonu/H7UtsqvI">Kastra Komnenon</a>, which according to historian Maximilian C. G. Lau may have increased his appeal in the eyes of the Komnenoi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The 17th-century French scholar <a href="/facts/Du_Cange/XUEuRB2p">du Cange</a> suggested that the family descended from a Roman noble family that followed Constantine the Great to <a href="/facts/Constantinople/fLcY371n">Constantinople</a>, from whose cousin but although such mythical genealogies were common—and are attested for the closely related Doukas clan as well—the complete absence of any such assertion in the Byzantine sources argues against Du Cange's view.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The Romanian historian <a href="/facts/George_Murnu/Bsc9K1US">George Murnu</a> suggested in 1924 that the Komnenoi were of <a href="/facts/Aromanians/CBtqI85g">Aromanian</a> descent, but this view too is now rejected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Modern scholars consider the family to have been entirely of <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Greeks/QWe9G3mS">Greek</a> origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Manuel Erotikos Komnenos was the father of <a href="/facts/Isaac_I_Komnenos/odSXpkTy">Isaac I Komnenos</a> (r. 1057–1059),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and grandfather, through Isaac's younger brother <a href="/facts/John_Komnenos_(Domestic_of_the_Schools)/8GYYapMb">John Komnenos</a>, of <a href="/facts/Alexios_I_Komnenos/bL2N7ksM">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (r. 1081–1118).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="founding-the-dynasty">Founding the dynasty</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Isaac_I_Komnenos/odSXpkTy">Isaac I Komnenos</a>, a <a href="/facts/Stratopedarch/2ggdVzDm">stratopedarch</a> of the East under <a href="/facts/Michael_VI/fXavbB81">Michael VI</a>, founded the Komnenos dynasty of <a href="/facts/Byzantine_emperor/zofQz7f7">Byzantine emperors</a>. In 1057 Isaac led a coup against Michael and was proclaimed emperor. Although his reign lasted only until 1059, when his courtiers pressured him to abdicate and become a monk, Isaac initiated many useful reforms. The dynasty returned to the throne with the accession of <a href="/facts/Alexios_I_Komnenos/bL2N7ksM">Alexios I Komnenos</a>, Isaac I's nephew, in 1081. By this time, descendants of all the previous dynasties of Byzantium seem to have disappeared from the realm, such as the important <a href="/facts/Skleros/R7NNxfgS">Scleros</a> and <a href="/facts/Argyros_(Byzantine_family)/oIe7nxxo">Argyros</a> families. Descendants of those emperors lived abroad, having married into the royal families of <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a>, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>, <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, <a href="/facts/Persia/24yukge8">Persia</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>, <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a> and <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>; this made it easier for the Komnenos family to ascend to the throne. </p><p>Upon their rise to the throne, the Komnenoi became intermarried with the previous <a href="/facts/Doukas/YfRtpprr">Doukas</a> dynasty: Alexios I married <a href="/facts/Irene_Doukaina/qC3VgUCL">Irene Doukaina</a>, the grandniece of Constantine X Doukas, who had succeeded Isaac I in 1059. Thereafter the combined clan was often referred to as <i>Komnenodoukai</i> (Κομνηνοδούκαι) and several individuals used both surnames together.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Several families descended from this wider clan, such as <a href="/facts/Palaiologos/9VY0Ekqs">Palaiologos</a>, <a href="/facts/Angelos/1hPYaU6k">Angelos</a>, Vatatzes and <a href="/facts/Laskaris/UggDgHTX">Laskaris</a>. Alexios and Irene's youngest daughter Theodora ensured the future success of the Angelos family by marrying into it: Theodora's grandsons became the emperors <a href="/facts/Isaac_II_Angelos/WXhxDELc">Isaac II Angelos</a> (reigned 1185–1195 and 1203–1204) and <a href="/facts/Alexios_III_Angelos/vBwEoD6t">Alexios III Angelos</a> (reigned 1195–1203). </p> <h2 id="komnenoi-as-emperors">Komnenoi as emperors</h2> <p>Under Alexios I and his successors the Empire was fairly prosperous and stable. Alexios moved the imperial palace to the <a href="/facts/Blachernae/8fbq7rBI">Blachernae</a> section of <a href="/facts/Constantinople/fLcY371n">Constantinople</a>. Much of <a href="/facts/Anatolia/vMkrLrPr">Anatolia</a> was recovered from the <a href="/facts/Seljuk_Turks/68M4ryan">Seljuk Turks</a>, who had captured it just prior to Alexios' reign. Alexios also saw the <a href="/facts/First_Crusade/aaQJ761j">First Crusade</a> pass through Byzantine territory, leading to the establishment of the <a href="/facts/Crusader_states/xCooE9pA">Crusader states</a> in the east. The Komnenos dynasty was very much involved in <a href="/facts/Crusade/mblv9nwI">crusader</a> affairs, and also intermarried with the reigning families of the <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Antioch/yFGWStrG">Principality of Antioch</a> and the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem/xaUe9BQr">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>; <a href="/facts/Theodora_Komnene,_Queen_of_Jerusalem/wtMFFTBf">Theodora Komnene</a>, niece of <a href="/facts/Manuel_I_Komnenos/60PKKtE0">Manuel I Komnenos</a>, married <a href="/facts/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem/KHYpoTfA">Baldwin III of Jerusalem</a>, and <a href="/facts/Maria_Komnene,_Queen_of_Jerusalem/Y1hEC6zn">Maria</a>, grandniece of Manuel, married <a href="/facts/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem/Vbra0uLn">Amalric I of Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>Remarkably, Alexios ruled for 37 years, and his son <a href="/facts/John_II_Komnenos/LXn3nXcI">John II</a> ruled for 25, after uncovering a conspiracy against him by his sister, the chronicler <a href="/facts/Anna_Komnene/Rgu2n3AA">Anna Komnene</a>. John's son Manuel ruled for another 37 years. </p><p>The Komnenos dynasty produced a number of branches. As imperial succession was not in a determined order but rather depended on personal power and the wishes of one's predecessor, within a few generations several relatives were able to present themselves as claimants. After Manuel I's reign the Komnenos dynasty fell into conspiracies and plots like many of its predecessors (and the various contenders within the family sought power and often succeeded in overthrowing the preceding kinsman); <a href="/facts/Alexios_II_Komnenos/7oWbxhLC">Alexios II</a>, the first Komnenos to ascend as a minor, ruled for three years and his conqueror and successor <a href="/facts/Andronikos_I_Komnenos/yr93yxlo">Andronikos I</a> ruled for two, overthrown by the Angelos family under Isaac II who was dethroned and blinded by his own brother Alexios III. The Angeloi were overthrown during the <a href="/facts/Fourth_Crusade/XRUWt3xn">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, by <a href="/facts/Alexios_V_Doukas/WgRPs4cS">Alexios V Doukas</a>, a relative from the Doukas family. </p> <h2 id="later-family">Later family</h2> <p>The widespread branches of the Komnenoi were severely culled in the turmoils of the late 12th century: first Andronikos I executed many of his own relatives because they opposed his own policies, while the opposition by the Komnenian-led aristocracy to <a href="/facts/Isaac_II_Angelos/WXhxDELc">Isaac II Angelos</a> also resulted in the death of many family members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Coupled with the chaos after the <a href="/facts/Sack_of_Constantinople/cyVa6P5v">Sack of Constantinople</a> and the destruction of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade, the exact genealogical connections of the various Komnenoi mentioned in later sources are difficult to determine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Several weeks before the occupation of Constantinople by crusaders in 1204, one branch of the Komnenoi fled back to their homelands in Paphlagonia, along the eastern <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a> and its hinterland in the <a href="/facts/Pontic_Alps/zeNBez4V">Pontic Alps</a>, where they established the <a href="/facts/Empire_of_Trebizond/QvbzwfVQ">Empire of Trebizond</a>. Their first 'emperor', named <a href="/facts/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond/nVsuPLHR">Alexios I</a>, was the grandson of Emperor Andronikos I.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> These emperors—the Grand Komnenoi (<i>Megaloi Komnenoi</i> or <i>Megalokomnenoi</i> in Greek) as they were known<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a>—ruled in <a href="/facts/Trabzon/HPXD6dnm">Trebizond</a> until 1461, when the empire <a href="/facts/Fall_of_Trebizond/BEPbdxqz">fell</a> to the Ottomans. The last emperor, <a href="/facts/David_of_Trebizond/eUMeWex9">David Komnenos</a> was, and his family were executed two years later by the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_sultan/kEpbIIMQ">Ottoman sultan</a> <a href="/facts/Mehmed_II/gdtDX2nE">Mehmed II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Mehmed himself claimed descent from the Komnenos family via <a href="/facts/John_Tzelepes_Komnenos/tVcrAyse">John Tzelepes Komnenos</a>. The Trapezutine branch of the Komnenos dynasty also held the name of Axouchos as descendants of <a href="/facts/John_Axouch/DMCWInw9">John Axouch</a>, a Byzantine nobleman and minister to the Byzantine Komnenian Dynasty. A princess of the Trebizond branch is said to have been the mother of prince <a href="/facts/Sultan_Yahya/lJ2stmEc">Yahya</a> (born 1585), who reportedly became a Christian yet spent much of his life attempting to gain the Ottoman throne. </p><p>Another branch of the family, descendants of <a href="/facts/Constantine_Angelos/FI0rfjuN">Constantine Angelos</a>, founded the <a href="/facts/Despotate_of_Epirus/ML4wUY6v">Despotate of Epirus</a> in 1204, under <a href="/facts/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas/Ga2Em27h">Michael I Komnenos Doukas</a>, great-grandson of Emperor Alexios I. This branch adopted the surnames Komnenos Doukas and are known as such in modern scholarship. Helena Doukaina Komnene, a child of that branch of the family, married <a href="/facts/Guy_I_de_la_Roche/SlWRMPfR">Guy I de la Roche</a> thereby uniting the Komnenos and the <a href="/facts/De_la_Roche/Qb7uTz5Q">de la Roche</a> houses, with Komnenos family members eventually becoming <a href="/facts/Dukes_of_Athens/3sA3BgK9">Dukes of Athens</a>. </p><p>One renegade member of the family, also named <a href="/facts/Isaac_Komnenos_of_Cyprus/NmU7Kshs">Isaac Komnenos</a>, established a separate "empire" on <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a> in 1184, which lasted until 1191, when the island was taken from him by <a href="/facts/Richard_I_of_England/WaqLy3aQ">Richard I of England</a> during the <a href="/facts/Third_Crusade/jUy9BYpC">Third Crusade</a>. His daughter, called the <a href="/facts/Damsel_of_Cyprus/l3qWtFsP">Damsel of Cyprus</a>, married <a href="/facts/Thierry_of_Flanders_(flourished_1197%E2%80%931207)/DpF6Fu6b">Thierry of Flanders</a> during the <a href="/facts/Fourth_Crusade/XRUWt3xn">Fourth Crusade</a> and tried to claim the island. </p><p>When the Byzantine Empire was <a href="/facts/Reconquest_of_Constantinople/DE1a6ESC">restored</a> in 1261 at Constantinople, it was ruled by a family closely related to the Komnenoi, the <a href="/facts/Palaiologoi/9VY0Ekqs">Palaiologoi</a>. The Palaiologoi ruled until the <a href="/facts/Fall_of_Constantinople/JwpayQqv">fall of Constantinople</a> to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. </p><p>The last descendant of the dynasty is often considered to have been <a href="/facts/John_Komnenos_Molyvdos/r4J1gKqv">John Komnenos Molyvdos</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> a distinguished <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Greeks/sShaR3mf">Ottoman Greek</a> scholar and physician, who became <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_bishop/p0M89wH9">metropolitan bishop</a> of <a href="/facts/Side,_Turkey/T96Y05Vs">Side</a> and <a href="/facts/Dristra/KMGJ5kST">Dristra</a>, and died in 1719. During the Ottoman period, the name "Komnenos", like that of the Byzantine imperial dynasties of Laskaris and Palaiologos, began to be given as a first name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> These names often were turned into surnames, whence many modern-day bearers of the name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Many later Greeks claimed Komnenian descent, but this is almost certainly fiction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> This is the case for Patriarch <a href="/facts/Dionysios_IV_of_Constantinople/HAsjU5fU">Dionysios IV of Constantinople</a> and the scholar <a href="/facts/Niccol%C3%B2_Comneno_Papadopoli/euvPgRzl">Niccolò Comneno Papadopoli</a> in the 17th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Likewise, in 1782, the <a href="/facts/Greeks_of_Corsica/UjfdkujB">Corsican Greek</a> notable <a href="/facts/Demetrio_Stefanopoli/ebIX8UCh">Demetrio Stefanopoli</a> obtained <a href="/facts/Letters_patent/yX3HHM5B">letters patent</a> from <a href="/facts/Louis_XVI/NbCK1Mk3">Louis XVI of France</a> recognizing him as the descendant and heir of the Emperors of Trebizond,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> but such a descent is a later invention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="komnenian-ancestry-in-western-europe">Komnenian ancestry in Western Europe</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Irene_Angelina/qHrKXXEh">Irene Angelina</a>, daughter of Isaac II Angelos and thus a descendant of <a href="/facts/Alexios_I_Komnenos/bL2N7ksM">Alexios I Komnenos</a>, married <a href="/facts/Philip_of_Swabia/thsyzred">Philip of Swabia</a> (1177–1208), the <a href="/facts/King_of_Germany/G6VrM4HL">King of Germany</a>. From this union many of the royal and aristocratic families of <a href="/facts/Western_Europe/YmWlV59w">Western Europe</a> can trace a line of descent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="family-tree-of-the-house-of-komnenos">Family tree of the House of Komnenos</h2> <p>Genealogy of the <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty/jkpu8BXq">Komnenos dynasty</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Family of Komnenos</th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td 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colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Isaac_I_Komnenos/odSXpkTy">Isaac I</a>(1057–1059)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/John_Komnenos_(Domestic_of_the_Schools)/8GYYapMb">John Komnenos</a><i><a href="/facts/Domestikos_ton_scholon/DNEb5Gz0">domestikos ton scholon</a></i> ∞ <i><a href="/facts/Anna_Dalassene/7WhCLokb">Anna Dalassene</a></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alexios_I_Komnenos/bL2N7ksM"> Alexios I</a> (1081–1118)∞ <a href="/facts/Irene_Doukaina/qC3VgUCL">Irene Doukaina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/John_II_Komnenos/LXn3nXcI">John II the Good, the Beautiful</a> (1118–1143)∞ <a href="/facts/Saint/lDE6So1B">Saint</a> <a href="/facts/Irene_of_Hungary/lAQ3Gw3m">Irene of Hungary</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Isaac_Komnenos_(son_of_Alexios_I)/9wtBwXAK">Isaac Komnenos</a><a href="/facts/Sebastokrator/nrAcLqKL">sebastokrator</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Theodora_Komnene_(daughter_of_Alexios_I)/9k7JYSS4">Theodora Komnene</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Constantine_Angelos/FI0rfjuN">Constantine Angelos</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)/VT3vq11y">Alexios (II) the Younger</a> (1119–1142)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Saint/lDE6So1B">Saint</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Manuel_I_Komnenos/60PKKtE0"> Manuel I</a> <a href="/facts/The_Great/NPuuuTRC">the Great</a> (1143–1180)∞ <a href="/facts/Maria_of_Antioch/kK7BlrCz">Maria of Antioch</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Andronikos_I_Komnenos/yr93yxlo">Andronikos I Misophaes</a> (1183–1185)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Angelos/1hPYaU6k">ANGELOS DYNASTY</a>, <a href="/facts/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors/W0C2bm1C">etc.</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alexios_II_Komnenos/7oWbxhLC"> Alexios II</a>(1180–1183)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Manuel_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)/kdJdIXry">Manuel Komnenos</a> <i><a href="/facts/Sebastokrator/nrAcLqKL">sebastokrator</a></i> ∞ <i><a href="/facts/Rusudan_(daughter_of_George_III_of_Georgia)/Rvq7oAKQ">Rusudan, daughter of</a> <a href="/facts/George_III_of_Georgia/fPokV33k">George III of Georgia</a></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond/nVsuPLHR">Alexios I (or VI) Megas Komnenos</a><a href="/facts/List_of_Byzantine_emperors/zofQz7f7">claimant <i>Byzantine emperor</i></a> [his <a href="/facts/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors/jgBlNRur">descendants</a> claimed this to <a href="/facts/John_II_of_Trebizond/AHonY5TG">c.1281</a>] (1204–1222)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/David_Komnenos/urzLldCe">David</a> (I, or <a href="/facts/David_(son_of_Heraclius)/35HBjmeb">II</a>) <a href="/facts/David_Komnenos/urzLldCe">Megas Komnenos</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a href="/facts/List_of_Byzantine_emperors/zofQz7f7">claimant <i>Byzantine emperor</i></a> (1204–1212)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond/nVsuPLHR">Megas Komnenoi family</a> (<a href="/facts/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors/jgBlNRur">Emperors of Trebizond</a> until <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)/BEPbdxqz">1461</a>; for the rest of the <a href="/facts/Empire_of_Trebizond/QvbzwfVQ">emperors</a>, see the <a href="/facts/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors/jgBlNRur">family tree</a>.)</td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire/jDwEEt9r">History of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors/W0C2bm1C">Family tree of Byzantine emperors</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="citations">Citations</h2> <h2 id="general-references">General references</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Averil_Cameron/HmExgU9R">Cameron, Averil</a> (Ed.) (2003) <i>Fifty Years of Prosopography: The Later Roman Empire, Byzantium and Beyond</i>, Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Hemmerdinger, Bertrand (1970). "Μέγας Κομνηνός. Calque de Hohenstaufen". <i>Byzantion</i> (in French). 40: 33–35.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexander_Kazhdan/VkGPcSod">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/facts/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium/nSyEY2RN">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-504652-8.</li> <li>Koytcheva, Elena (2007). <a href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=4193">"The Komnenoi "Familia et Domus""</a>. <i>Études balkaniques</i> (4): 115–122. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0324-1645">0324-1645</a>.</li> <li>Lampsidis, Odysseas (1967). "Le titre Μέγας Κομνηνός (Grand Comnène)". <i>Byzantion</i> (in French). 37: 114–125.</li> <li>Macrides, Ruth (1979). "What's in the name 'Megas Komnenos'?". <i>Αρχείον Πόντου</i>. 35: 236–245.</li> <li>Schreiner, Peter (1971). "Zur Bezeichnung «Megas» und «Megas Basileus» in der byzantinischen Kaisertitulatur". <i>Βυζαντινά</i> (in German). 3: 173–192.</li> <li>Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf"><i>Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών</i></a> [<i>The Genealogy of the Komnenoi</i>] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: <a href="/facts/Centre_for_Byzantine_Studies,_University_of_Thessaloniki/CFxIBYbK">Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki</a>. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834784634">834784634</a>.</li> <li>Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf"><i>Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών</i></a> [<i>The Genealogy of the Komnenoi</i>] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki: <a href="/facts/Centre_for_Byzantine_Studies,_University_of_Thessaloniki/CFxIBYbK">Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki</a>. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834784665">834784665</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Comnenus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 793. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" target="_blank">/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>ODB, "Komnenos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1143–1144. - Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Varzos 1984a, p. 25. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>ODB, "Komnenos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1143–1144. - Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Varzos 1984a, pp. 25–26. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Varzos 1984a, p. 26 (note 8). - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Magdalino, Paul; Macrides, Ruth (2022). "Theodore Prodromos, Carmina historica, I". In James, Liz; Nicholson, Oliver; Scott, Roger (eds.). After the Text: Byzantine Enquiries in Honour of Margaret Mullett. London: Routledge. pp. 32–38. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Lau, Maximilian C. G. (2023). Emperor John II Komnenos: Rebuilding New Rome 1118–1143. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 65–66.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Varzos 1984a, p. 26. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Varzos 1984a, p. 26. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Varzos 1984a, p. 26. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Koytcheva 2007, p. 115–122. - Koytcheva, Elena (2007). "The Komnenoi "Familia et Domus"". Études balkaniques (4): 115–122. ISSN 0324-1645. <a href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=4193" target="_blank">https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=4193</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Varzos 1984a, pp. 39, 41. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Varzos 1984a, pp. 39, 49, 52. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Varzos 1984a, p. 27. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Varzos 1984b, p. 27. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784665. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Varzos 1984b, p. 27. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784665. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>A. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 3–37 <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846872" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846872</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>On the various theories on the origin and significance of the name, cf. indicatively Lampsidis 1967, Hemmerdinger 1970, Schreiner 1971, Macrides 1979 - Lampsidis, Odysseas (1967). "Le titre Μέγας Κομνηνός (Grand Comnène)". Byzantion (in French). 37: 114–125. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Varzos 1984b, pp. 28–29. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784665. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Varzos 1984a, p. 32. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104103/https://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Varzos 1984b, p. 29. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784665. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Varzos 1984b, p. 30. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784665. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Varzos 1984b, p. 30. - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784665. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Varzos 1984b, p. 30 (note 97). - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784665. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Rousseau, Hervé (1966). "La duchesse d'Abrantès, Napoléon et les Comnène". Revue des Deux Mondes: 44–52. JSTOR 44592112. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Varzos 1984b, p. 30 (note 97). - Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784665. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130030810/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20b.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Bruno W. Häuptli (2007). "IRENE (Angelou) von Byzanz". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 28. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 858–862. ISBN 978-3-88309-413-7. <a href="978-3-88309-413-7" target="_blank">978-3-88309-413-7</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Komnene, Anna; Frankopan, Peter (2009). The Alexiad (PDF) (2 ed.). London, England: Penguin Classics. pp. 477, 479. ISBN 978-0140455274. Retrieved 19 February 2025. <a href="978-0140455274" target="_blank">978-0140455274</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Kaldellis, Anthony (2017). Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. xxv. ISBN 9780190053208. Retrieved 19 February 2025. <a href="9780190053208" target="_blank">9780190053208</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Psellos, Michael; Sewter, E.R.A. (1979). Fourteen Byzantine Rulers (PDF) (1 ed.). London, England: Penguin Classics. pp. 383–384. ISBN 978-0140441697. Retrieved 19 February 2025. <a href="978-0140441697" target="_blank">978-0140441697</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Norwich, John Julius (1995). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall (2 ed.). NYC, New York, U.S.: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. xx–xxiii, xxvi–xxix. ISBN 978-0679416500. Retrieved 19 February 2025. <a href="978-0679416500" target="_blank">978-0679416500</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Langer, William L. (1972). Encyclopedia of World History (PDF) (5 ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. p. 270. ISBN 0395135923. Retrieved 19 February 2025. <a href="0395135923" target="_blank">0395135923</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State (2 ed.). New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.: Rutgers University Press. pp. 576–581. ISBN 978-0813511986. Retrieved 19 February 2025. <a href="978-0813511986" target="_blank">978-0813511986</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Choniates, Niketas; Magoulias, Harry J. (1984). O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates (PDF) (1 ed.). Detroit, Michigan, U.S.: Wayne State University Press. pp. 5, 22, 30, 55, 102, 127–128, 343. ISBN 9780814317648. Retrieved 19 February 2025. <a href="9780814317648" target="_blank">9780814317648</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Only a Saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, but this is disputed and/or unclear if this is so. See the citation provided for more information.[29] <a href="/wiki/Saint" target="_blank">/wiki/Saint</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>The first to use the name Megas Komnenos.[30] <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" target="_blank">/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>