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6061 aluminium alloy
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<h2 id="chemical-composition">Chemical composition</h2> <p>6061 Aluminium alloy composition by mass:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> 6061 Aluminium alloy<table><tbody><tr><td>Constituentelement</td><td>Minimum(% by weight)</td><td>Maximum(% by weight)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Al</a></td><td>95.85%</td><td>98.56%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">Mg</a></td><td>0.80%</td><td>1.20%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">Si</a></td><td>0.40%</td><td>0.80%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Fe</a></td><td>0</td><td>0.70%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Cu</a></td><td>0.15%</td><td>0.40%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chromium/6sVk6Uu7">Cr</a></td><td>0.04%</td><td>0.35%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zn</a></td><td>0</td><td>0.25%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">Ti</a></td><td>0</td><td>0.15%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Mn</a></td><td>0</td><td>0.15%</td></tr><tr><td>(others)</td><td>0</td><td>0.15% total(0.05% each)</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="properties">Properties</h2> <p>The mechanical properties of 6061 greatly depend on the <a href="/facts/Tempering_(metallurgy)/Vn3fcFBH">temper</a>, or heat treatment, of the material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Young%2527s_Modulus/MV5JMCIM">Young's Modulus</a> is 69 GPa (10,000 ksi) regardless of temper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h3>6061-O</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Annealing_(metallurgy)/2AfoCE4X">Annealed</a> 6061 (6061-O temper) has maximum <a href="/facts/Ultimate_tensile_strength/Cv2jPplR">ultimate tensile strength</a> no more than 150 MPa (22 ksi),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> and maximum <a href="/facts/Yield_strength/mrSg02gW">yield strength</a> no more than 83 MPa (12 ksi)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> or 110 MPa (16 ksi).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The material has elongation (stretch before ultimate failure) of 10–18%. To obtain the annealed condition, the alloy is typically heat soaked at 415 °C for 2-3 hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>6061-T4</h3> <p>T4 temper 6061 has an <a href="/facts/Ultimate_tensile_strength/Cv2jPplR">ultimate tensile strength</a> of at least 180 MPa (26 ksi)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> or 210 MPa (30 ksi)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and yield strength of at least 110 MPa (16 ksi). It has elongation of 10-16%. </p> <h3>6061-T6</h3> <p>T6 temper 6061 has been treated to provide the maximum precipitation hardening (and therefore maximum yield strength) for a 6061 aluminium alloy. It has an ultimate tensile strength of at least 290 MPa (42 ksi) and yield strength of at least 240 MPa (35 ksi). More typical values are 310 MPa (45 ksi) and 270 MPa (39 ksi), respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> This can exceed the yield strength of certain types of <a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">stainless steel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In thicknesses of 6.35 mm (0.250 in) or less, it has elongation of 8% or more; in thicker sections, it has elongation of 10%. T651 temper has similar mechanical properties. The typical value for thermal conductivity for 6061-T6 at 25 °C (77 °F) is around 152 W/m K. The <a href="/facts/Fatigue_limit/vXjgmJSn">fatigue limit</a> under cyclic load is 97 MPa (14 ksi) for 500,000,000 completely reversed cycles using a standard RR Moore test machine and specimen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Note that aluminium does not exhibit a well defined "knee" on its <a href="/facts/Fatigue_(material)/zmJY8hMt">S-N curve</a>, so there is some debate as to how many cycles equates to "infinite life". Also note the actual value of fatigue limit for an application can be dramatically affected by the conventional de-rating factors of loading, gradient, and surface finish. </p> <h2 id="microstructure">Microstructure</h2> <p>Different aluminium heat treatments control the size and dispersion of Mg2Si precipitates in the material. Grain boundary sizes also change, but do not have as important of an impact on strength as the precipitates. Grain sizes can change orders of magnitude based upon stress and can have grains as small as a few hundred nanometres, but are typically a few micrometres to hundreds of micrometres in diameter. Iron, manganese, and chromium secondary phases (Fe2Si2Al9, (Fe, Mn, Cr)3SiAl12) often form as inclusions in the material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <p>Grain sizes in aluminium alloys are heavily dependent upon the processing techniques and heat treatment. Different cross-sections of material which has been stressed can cause order of magnitude differences in grain size.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Some specially processed aluminium alloys have grain diameters which are hundreds of nanometres,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> but most range from a few micrometres to hundreds of micrometres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>6061 is commonly used for the following: </p> <ul><li>construction of <a href="/facts/Aircraft/EhC4mBep">aircraft</a> structures, such as <a href="/facts/Wing/6v6VAUT2">wings</a> and <a href="/facts/Fuselage/vVXlHEE4">fuselages</a>, more commonly in <a href="/facts/Homebuilt_aircraft/Esjw46D4">homebuilt aircraft</a> than commercial or military aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> <a href="/facts/2024_aluminium_alloy/tAvJh0TG">2024 alloy</a> is somewhat stronger, but 6061 is more easily worked and remains resistant to corrosion even when the surface is abraded. This is not the case for 2024, which is usually used with a thin <a href="/facts/Alclad/dcrLQ8LP">Alclad</a> coating for corrosion resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yacht/1H6xRy1U">yacht</a> construction, including small utility <a href="/facts/Boat/dz9LnNN6">boats</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>automotive parts, such as the chassis of the <a href="/facts/Audi_A8/NlUoYMKo">Audi A8</a> and the <a href="/facts/Plymouth_Prowler/roy3gIdk">Plymouth Prowler</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>flashlights</li> <li><a href="/facts/Diving_cylinder/ygX0sKXM">Scuba tanks</a> and other high pressure gas storage cylinders (post 1995)</li></ul> <p>6061-T6 is used for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bicycle_frame/jnDRoA4z">bicycle frames</a> and components<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>middle to high-end <a href="/facts/Recurve_bow/Sv4FnLg1">recurve risers</a></li> <li>many <a href="/facts/Fly_fishing/dCKhBjoE">fly fishing</a> reels.</li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Pioneer_plaque/Wnkd8b7R">Pioneer plaque</a></li> <li>the secondary chambers and baffle systems in firearm sound <a href="/facts/Suppressor/ok8jwWHM">suppressors</a> (primarily pistol suppressors for reduced weight and improved mechanical functionality), while the primary expansion chambers usually require 17-4PH or 303 <a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">stainless steel</a> or <a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">titanium</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>the upper and lower receivers of many non mil-spec <a href="/facts/AR-15_rifle/KQs3XBlg">AR-15 rifle</a> variants.</li> <li>many aluminium docks and gangways, welded into place.</li> <li>material used in some <a href="/facts/Ultra-high_vacuum/K3Xu5K7I">ultra-high vacuum</a> (UHV) chambers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>many parts for remote controlled <a href="/facts/Model_aircraft/Lsnf5ABq">model aircraft</a>, notably <a href="/facts/Helicopter_rotor/J3BP6U2P">helicopter rotor</a> components.</li> <li>large <a href="/facts/Amateur_radio/cBsMyamV">amateur radio</a> antennas.</li> <li>fire department rescue ladders</li></ul> <h3>Welding</h3> <p>6061 is highly weldable, for example using <a href="/facts/Tungsten_inert_gas_welding/EY7f43rh">tungsten inert gas welding</a> (TIG) or <a href="/facts/Metal_inert_gas_welding/1dgt9j4B">metal inert gas welding</a> (MIG). Typically, after welding, the properties near the weld are those of 6061-T4, a loss of strength of around 40%. The material can be re-heat-treated to restore near -T6 temper for the whole piece. After welding, the material can naturally age and restore some of its strength as well. Most strength is recovered in the first few days to a few weeks. Nevertheless, the Aluminum Design Manual (Aluminum Association) recommends the design strength of the material adjacent to the weld to be taken as 165 MPa/24000 PSI without proper heat treatment after the welding. Typical filler material is 4043 or 5356. </p> <h3>Extrusions</h3> <p>6061 is an alloy used in the production of <a href="/facts/Extrusion/wM2kJ6wc">extrusions</a>—long constant–cross-section structural shapes produced by pushing metal through a shaped <a href="/facts/Die_(manufacturing)/pwCsrtRI">die</a>. </p><p>Cold and Hot Stamping </p><p>6061 sheet in the T4 condition can be formed with limited ductility in the cold state. For deep draw and complex shapes, and for the avoidance of spring-back, an aluminium hot stamping process (Hot Form Quench) can be used, which forms a blank at a elevated temperature (~ 550 C) in a cooled die, leaving a part in W-temper condition before artificial aging to the T6 full strength state. </p> <h3>Forgings</h3> <p>6061 is an alloy that is suitable for hot <a href="/facts/Forging/SYFomJNp">forging</a>. The billet is heated through an <a href="/facts/Induction_furnace/MI49lJYl">induction furnace</a> and forged using a closed die process. This particular alloy is suitable for open die forgings. Automotive parts, ATV parts, and industrial parts are just some of the uses as a forging. Aluminium 6061 can be forged into flat or round bars, rings, blocks, discs and blanks, hollows, and spindles. 6061 can be forged into special and custom shapes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>Castings</h3> <p>6061 is not an alloy that is traditionally cast due to its low silicon content affecting the fluidity in casting. It can be suitably cast using a specialized <a href="/facts/Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)/E6fGnMrD">centrifugal casting</a> method. Centrifugally cast 6061 is ideal for larger rings and sleeve applications that exceed the limitations of most wrought offerings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="equivalent-materials">Equivalent materials</h2> <p>6061 Aluminium Equivalent Table<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">US</td><td colspan="2">European Union</td><td colspan="2">ISO</td><td colspan="2">Japan</td><td colspan="2">China</td></tr><tr><td>Standard</td><td>Grade (UNS)</td><td>SAE AMS Standard</td><td>Grade</td><td>Standard</td><td>Numerical (Chemical Symbols)</td><td>Standard</td><td>Grade</td><td>Standard</td><td>Grade</td><td>Standard</td><td>Grade</td></tr><tr><td>AA;<p>ASTM B209;</p><p>ASTM B211;</p><p>ASTM B221;</p><p>ASTM B210;</p><p>ASTM B308/B308M;</p><p>ASTM B241/B241M</p></td><td>6061 (UNS A96061)</td><td>SAE AMS 4025;<p>SAE AMS 4026;</p><p>SAE AMS 4027;</p><p>SAE AMS 4117</p></td><td>6061</td><td>EN 573-3</td><td>EN AW-6061<p>(EN AW-AlMg1SiCu)</p></td><td>ISO 209</td><td>AW-6061</td><td>JIS H4000;<p>JIS H4040</p></td><td>6061</td><td>GB/T 3880.2<p>GB/T 3190</p></td><td>6061</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="standards">Standards</h2> <p>Different forms and tempers of 6061 aluminium alloy are discussed in the following standards:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>ASTM B209: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate</li> <li>ASTM B210: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes</li> <li>ASTM B211: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire</li> <li>ASTM B221: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes</li> <li>ASTM B308/308M: Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy 6061-T6 Standard Structural Profiles</li> <li>ASTM B483: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Drawn Tube and Pipe for General Purpose Applications</li> <li>ASTM B547: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Formed and Arc-Welded Round Tube</li> <li>ISO 6361: Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Sheets, Strips and Plates</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>"Properties of Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys: 6061 Alclad 6061", <i>Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials</i>, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p. 102-103.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.amesweb.info/Materials/Aluminum-6061-Properties.aspx">Aluminum 6061 Properties</a></li> <li><a href="https://metalscut4u.com/blog/post/5052-aluminum-vs-6061-aluminum.html">6061 Aluminum vs 5052 Aluminum</a></li></ul> <h2 id="aluminium-alloy-table">Aluminium alloy table</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Robert E. Sanders Jr. (2001). "Technology Innovation in Aluminum Products". JOM. 53 (2): 21–25. Bibcode:2001JOM....53b..21S. doi:10.1007/s11837-001-0115-7. S2CID 111170376. <a href="http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0102/sanders-0102.html" target="_blank">http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0102/sanders-0102.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Aluminum Alloys". Materials Management Inc. 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731232549/http://www.thealuminumsource.com/tech/alloys.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160731232549/http://www.thealuminumsource.com/tech/alloys.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate (metric) (Report). B07 Committee. doi:10.1520/b0209m-14. <a href="http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?B209M-14" target="_blank">http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?B209M-14</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Alcoa 6061 data sheet Archived 2006-10-20 at the Wayback Machine (pdf), accessed October 13, 2006 <a href="http://www.alcoa.com/adip/catalog/pdf/Extruded_Alloy_6061.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.alcoa.com/adip/catalog/pdf/Extruded_Alloy_6061.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Aluminum Standards and Data 2006 Metric SI, by the Aluminum Association Inc. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>ASTM B209 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>ASTM B221 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>ASTM B209 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>ASTM B221 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>ASM Handbook Committee (1991). "Heat Treating of Aluminum Alloys". Volume 4: Heat Treating (PDF). 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