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Ferritic nitrocarburizing
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The first ferritic nitrocarburizing methods were done at low temperatures, around 550 °C (1,022 °F), in a liquid salt bath. The first company to successfully commercialize the process was the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Chemical_Industries/XECoopCt">Imperial Chemical Industries</a> in <a href="/facts/Great_Britain/TNgGQRPj">Great Britain</a>. ICI called their process "the cassel" due to the plant where it was developed<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> or "Sulfinuz" treatment because it had sulfur in the salt bath. While the process was very successful with high-speed spindles and <a href="/facts/Cutting_tool/By7NvLuM">cutting tools</a>, there were issues with cleaning the solution off because it was not very water-<a href="/facts/Soluble/kLE9h3Jb">soluble</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Because of the cleaning issues, <a href="/facts/Lucas_Industries/fQSqqYs7">Lucas Industries</a> began experimenting with gaseous forms of ferritic nitrocarburizing in the late 1950s. The company applied for a patent in 1961. It produced a similar surface finish as the Sulfinuz process, except for the formation of sulfides. The atmosphere consists of <a href="/facts/Ammonia/MtLtJFtz">ammonia</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydrocarbon/Dcg95Ju5">hydrocarbon</a> gases, and a small amount of other carbon-containing gases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>This innovation spurred the development of a more environmentally friendly salt bath process by the German company <a href="/facts/Degussa/P2LDQ8I7">Degussa</a> after acquiring ICI patents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Their process is widely known as the Tufftride or Tenifer process. Following this, the ion nitriding process was invented in the early 1980s. This process had faster cycle times, required less cleaning and preparation, formed deeper cases, and allowed for better control of the process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="processes">Processes</h2> <p>Despite the naming, the process is a modified form of <a href="/facts/Nitriding/rmavYICC">nitriding</a> and not <a href="/facts/Carburizing/5WlJEbzj">carburizing</a>. The shared attribute of this class of this process is the introduction of nitrogen and carbon in the ferritic state of the material. The processes are divided into four main classes: <i>gaseous</i>, <i>salt bath</i>, <i>ion</i> or <i>plasma</i>, or <i>fluidized-bed</i>. The trade name and patented processes may vary slightly from the general description, but they are all a form of ferritic nitrocarburizing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>Salt bath ferritic nitrocarburizing</h3> <p>Salt bath ferritic nitrocarburizing is also known as liquid ferritic nitrocarburizing or liquid nitrocarburizing<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and is also known by the trademarked names "Tufftride"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and "Tenifer".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>The simplest form of this process is encompassed by the trademarked "Melonite" process, also known as "Meli 1". It is most commonly used on steels, <a href="/facts/Sintering/Y4eGLzFf">sintered</a> irons, and <a href="/facts/Cast_iron/lASt55k2">cast irons</a> to lower <a href="/facts/Friction/d0108Rpu">friction</a> and improve <a href="/facts/Wear_resistance/2PxRQ1Ke">wear</a> and corrosion resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>The process uses a salt bath of <a href="/facts/Alkali/s6NqPGSP">alkali</a> <a href="/facts/Cyanate/EcDWGQQh">cyanate</a>. This is contained in a steel pot that has an <a href="/facts/Aeration/9j3lAVpe">aeration</a> system. The cyanate thermally reacts with the surface of the workpiece to form an alkali <a href="/facts/Carbonate/FES1QHkN">carbonate</a>. The bath is then treated to convert the carbonate back to a cyanate. The surface formed from the reaction has a compound layer and a diffusion layer. The compound layer consists of iron, nitrogen, and oxygen is abrasion resistant and is stable at elevated temperatures. The diffusion layer contains <a href="/facts/Nitride/9vkrCbJ4">nitrides</a> and <a href="/facts/Carbide/xfCMTjYJ">carbides</a>. The <a href="/facts/Vickers_hardness/xz7kYRsS">surface hardness</a> ranges from 800 to 1500 HV depending on the <a href="/facts/Steel_grades/PL1o7qv2">steel grade</a>. This also inversely affects the depth of the case; i.e., a high carbon steel will form a hard, but shallow case.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>A similar process is the trademarked "Nu-Tride" process, also known incorrectly as the "Kolene" process (which is the company's name), includes a preheat and an intermediate quench cycle. The intermediate quench is an <a href="/facts/Oxidizing_agent/1FQzB8pQ">oxidizing</a> salt bath at 400 °C (752 °F). This quench is held for 5 to 20 minutes before the final quenching to room temperature. This is done to minimize distortion and to destroy any lingering cyanates or cyanides left on the workpiece.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Other trademarked processes are "Sursulf" and "Tenoplus". Sursulf has a sulfur compound in the salt bath to create surface sulfides creating <a href="/facts/Porosity/UoyAJU8X">porosity</a> in the workpiece surface. This porosity is used to contain lubrication. Tenoplus is a two-stage high-temperature process. The first stage occurs at 625 °C (1,157 °F), while the second stage occurs at 580 °C (1,076 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing</h3> <p>Gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing is also known as controlled nitrocarburizing, soft nitriding, and vacuum nitrocarburizing. The process works to achieve the same result as the salt bath process, except gaseous mixtures are used to diffuse the nitrogen and carbon into the workpiece.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>The parts are first cleaned, usually with a <a href="/facts/Vapor_degreasing/8TduvaNB">vapor degreasing</a> process, and then nitrocarburized around 570 °C (1,058 °F), with a processing time that ranges from one to four hours. The actual gas mixtures are proprietary, but they usually contain ammonia and an <a href="/facts/Endothermic/06xmHw6Q">endothermic</a> gas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>In comparison to a standard nitriding process, ferritic nitrocarburizing or FNC in a vacuum furnace takes less time to achieve case depth requirements - mainly in part due to the addition of carbon to achieve faster diffusion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h3>Plasma-assisted ferritic nitrocarburizing</h3> <p>Plasma-assisted ferritic nitrocarburizing is also known as ion nitriding, plasma ion nitriding, or glow-discharge nitriding. The process works to achieve the same result as the salt bath and gaseous process, except the reactivity of the media is not due to the temperature but to the gas ionized state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In this technique intense electric fields are used to generate ionized molecules of the gas around the surface to diffuse the nitrogen and carbon into the workpiece. Such highly active gas with ionized molecules is called <a href="/facts/Plasma_(physics)/1d3btMVU">plasma</a>, naming the technique. The gas used for plasma nitriding is usually pure nitrogen since no spontaneous decomposition is needed (as is the case of gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing with ammonia). Due to the relatively low-temperature range (420 °C (788 °F) to 580 °C (1,076 °F)) generally applied during plasma-assisted ferritic nitrocarburizing and gentle cooling in the furnace, the distortion of workpieces can be minimized. Stainless steel workpieces can be processed at moderate temperatures (like 420 °C (788 °F)) without the formation of chromium nitride precipitates and hence maintaining their corrosion resistance properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>Post-oxidation black oxide</h3> <p>An additional step can be added to the nitrocarburizing process called post-oxidation. When properly performed, post-oxidation creates a layer of <a href="/facts/Black_oxide/nLx3A1Bv">black oxide</a> (Fe3O4), that greatly increases the corrosion resistance of the treated substrate while leaving an aesthetically attractive black color.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Since the introduction of the <a href="/facts/Glock/bslYcJQU">Glock</a> pistol in 1982, this type of nitrocarburizing with post-oxidation finish has become popular as a factory finish for military-style handguns. </p><p>This combination of nitrocarburizing and oxidizing is sometimes called "nitrox", but this word also has <a href="/facts/Nitrox/SvhHPlPY">another meaning</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>These processes are most commonly used on low-carbon, low-alloy steels. However, they are also used on medium and high-carbon steels. Typical applications include <a href="/facts/Spindle_(tool)/F39xyv64">spindles</a>, <a href="/facts/Cam_(mechanism)/bxISyXo2">cams</a>, <a href="/facts/Gear/9KVHRfUR">gears</a>, <a href="/facts/Die_(manufacturing)/pwCsrtRI">dies</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydraulic_cylinder/IxeMnFCy">hydraulic piston rods</a>, and <a href="/facts/Powder_metallurgy/tv9uXamF">powdered metal</a> components.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>One of the initial applications of the hardening process for mass-produced automobile engines was by <a href="/facts/Kaiser-Jeep/vrwvvbvq">Kaiser-Jeep</a> for the <a href="/facts/Crankshaft/oYCe9nB3">crankshaft</a> in the 1962 <a href="/facts/Jeep_Tornado_engine/kMqvSqJW">Jeep Tornado engine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> This was one of many innovations in the OHC six-cylinder engine. The crankshaft was strengthened by Tufftriding in a unique salt bath for two hours at 1,025 °F (552 °C) that, according to Kaiser-Jeep, increased engine life by 50% and also made the journal surfaces hard enough to be compatible with heavy-duty tri-metal engine bearings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <p><a href="/facts/Glock_Ges.m.b.H./mJ0WkBvX">Glock Ges.m.b.H.</a>, an <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austrian</a> firearms manufacturer, utilized the Tenifer process until 2010, to protect the barrels and slides of the <a href="/facts/Pistols/pQgRhGBM">pistols</a> they manufacture. The finish on a <a href="/facts/Glock_pistol/bslYcJQU">Glock pistol</a> is the third and final hardening process. It is 0.05 mm (0.0020 in) thick and produces a 64 <a href="/facts/Rockwell_scale/vU2b7TNT">Rockwell C hardness rating</a> via a 500 °C (932 °F) nitride bath.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> The final matte, non-glare finish meets or exceeds <a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">stainless steel</a> specifications, is 85% more corrosion resistant than a hard <a href="/facts/Chrome_plating/gM9SIhsr">chrome</a> finish, and is 99.9% salt-water corrosion resistant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> After the Tenifer process, a black <a href="/facts/Parkerizing/V7QWtLkR">Parkerized</a> finish is applied and the slide is protected even if the finish were to wear off. In 2010, Glock switched to a gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Besides Glock other pistol and other firearms manufacturers, including <a href="/facts/Smith_%26_Wesson/KUKnKWP9">Smith & Wesson</a> and <a href="/facts/HS_Produkt/WloXylAk">HS Produkt</a>, also use ferritic nitrocarburizing for finishing parts like barrels and slides, but they call it Melonite finish. <a href="/facts/Heckler_%26_Koch/gTJL6YQN">Heckler & Koch</a> use a nitrocarburizing process they refer to as Hostile Environment. Pistol manufacturer <a href="/facts/Caracal_International/wpwa85Av">Caracal International</a>, headquartered in the United Arab Emirates, uses ferritic nitrocarburizing for finishing parts such as barrels and slides with the plasma-based post-oxidation process (PlasOx). <a href="/facts/Grand_Power/mRJeUYJV">Grand Power</a>, a Slovakian firearms producer, also uses a <a href="/facts/Quench_polish_quench/lIa0foHS">quench polish quench</a> (QPQ) treatment to harden metal parts on its K100 pistols.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Pye, David (2003), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC"><i>Practical nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing</i></a>, ASM International, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87170-791-8</li> <li>Pye, David. <a href="http://pye-d.com/david-pye.php">"About David Pye"</a>. <i>pye-d.com</i>. Retrieved 10 January 2017.[<i>dead link</i>]</li> <li>Pye, David. <a href="http://pye-d.com/heat-treatment-books-by-david-pye.php">"Books By David Pye"</a>. <i>pye-d.com</i>. Retrieved 10 January 2017.[<i>dead link</i>]</li> <li>Davis, Joseph R. (2001), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt7WBiILHpYC&pg=PA115"><i>Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance</i></a>, ASM International, p. 115, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-87170-700-4</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.durferrit.de/media/pdf/Tenifer_QPQ_eng.pdf">Tufftride-/QPQ-process: technical information</a>[<i>dead link</i>]</li> <li><a href="http://www.keighleylabs.co.uk/heat-treatment-html/tufftride-ferritic-nitrocarburizing/">: What is Tufftride?</a>[<i>dead link</i>]</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Other trade names include Tuffride/ Tuffrider, QPQ, Sulfinuz, Sursulf, Meli 1, and Nitride, among others <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Totten, George E. (28 September 2006). Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies. CRC. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-8493-8452-3. <a href="978-0-8493-8452-3" target="_blank">978-0-8493-8452-3</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Pye 2003, p. 193. - Pye, David (2003), Practical nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing, ASM International, ISBN 978-0-87170-791-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Pye 2003, p. 202. - Pye, David (2003), Practical nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing, ASM International, ISBN 978-0-87170-791-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Pye 2003, pp. 193–194. - Pye, David (2003), Practical nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing, ASM International, ISBN 978-0-87170-791-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: ICI End of Process – Castner Process at Cassel Works. Transfilm UK – via YouTube. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/yt2DU-22qus" target="_blank">https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/yt2DU-22qus</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>The 'Cassel' 'Sulfinuz' Process. Imperial Chemical Industries. 1954. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUzmMgEACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QUzmMgEACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Pye 2003, p. 195. - Pye, David (2003), Practical nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing, ASM International, ISBN 978-0-87170-791-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Pye 2003, pp. 195–196. - Pye, David (2003), Practical nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing, ASM International, ISBN 978-0-87170-791-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Velstrop, Hans (22 February 2015). "To find the way in the nomenclature jungle of nitrogen diffusion". <a href="http://global-heat-treatment-network.com/en/hans-veltrops-page" target="_blank">http://global-heat-treatment-network.com/en/hans-veltrops-page</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Pye 2003, pp. 196–197. - Pye, David (2003), Practical nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing, ASM International, ISBN 978-0-87170-791-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Pye 2003, pp. 201–202. - Pye, David (2003), Practical nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing, ASM International, ISBN 978-0-87170-791-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJiR29ArTYC</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Easterday, James R. "Liquid Ferritic Nitrocarburizing" (PDF). domino-69.prominic.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2011. 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