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EHMT2
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<h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>A cluster of genes, BAT1-BAT5, has been localized in the vicinity of the genes for TNF alpha and TNF beta. This gene is found near this cluster; it was mapped near the gene for C2 within a 120-kb region that included a HSP70 gene pair. These genes are all within the human major histocompatibility complex class III region. This gene was thought to be two different genes, NG36 and G9a, adjacent to each other but a recent publication shows that there is only a single gene. The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be involved in intracellular protein-protein interaction. There are three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene but only two are fully described.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>G9a and <a href="/facts/G9a-like_protein/jTTElxjk">G9a-like protein</a>, another histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, catalyze the synthesis of <a href="/facts/H3K9me2/dbWuYLLC">H3K9me2</a>, which is a <a href="/facts/Repressor/qGBBQwqS">repressive</a> mark.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> G9a is an important control mechanism for <a href="/facts/Epigenetic_regulation/UfAAERcn">epigenetic regulation</a> within the <a href="/facts/Nucleus_accumbens/2M43u5X4">nucleus accumbens</a> (NAcc);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> reduced G9a expression in the NAcc plays a central role in mediating the development of an <a href="/facts/Addiction/76UrWQuT">addiction</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> G9a opposes increases in <a href="/facts/%CE%94FosB/KHElvauK">ΔFosB</a> expression via <a href="/facts/H3K9me2/dbWuYLLC">H3K9me2</a> and is suppressed by ΔFosB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> G9a exerts opposite effects to that of ΔFosB on drug-related behavior (e.g., <a href="/facts/Self-administration/QpVQv4xS">self-administration</a>) and synaptic remodeling (e.g., <a href="/facts/Dendritic_arborization/bwv8MABY">dendritic arborization</a> – the development of additional tree-like <a href="/facts/Dendrite/bwv8MABY">dendritic branches</a> and <a href="/facts/Dendritic_spine/wg54o3YT">spines</a>) in the nucleus accumbens, and therefore opposes ΔFosB's function as well as increases in its expression.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> G9a and ΔFosB share many of the same gene targets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> In addition to its role in the nucleus accumbens, G9a play a critical role in the development and the maintenance of neuropathic pain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Following peripheral nerve injury, G9a regulates the expression of +600 genes in the <a href="/facts/Dorsal_root_ganglia/7BGJkVxV">dorsal root ganglia</a>. This transcriptomic change reprograms the sensory neurons to a hyperexcitable state leading to mechanical pain hypersensitivity. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="interactions">Interactions</h2> <p>EHMT2 has been shown to <a href="/facts/Protein-protein_interaction/etvm9Wmg">interact</a> with <a href="/facts/KIAA0515/UGGkhy63">KIAA0515</a> and the prostate tissue associated homeodomain protein NKX3.1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ehmt2-in-cancer">EHMT2 in cancer</h2> <p>EHMT2 is known to drive process such as self-renewal and <a href="/facts/Carcinogenesis/PC8wc1Mf">tumorigenicity</a>, and its dysregulation can be associated with cancer. Abnormal EHMT2 expression is found both in haematological malignancies, as for example <a href="/facts/Leukemia/WpEfW0Qh">leukemia</a>, and in <a href="/facts/Neoplasm/K0ytzmPz">solid tumors</a>, as <a href="/facts/Colorectal_cancer/nV592sW7">colorectal cancer</a>, <a href="/facts/Lung_cancer/LHLdR454">lung cancer</a>, head and neck tumours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Spies T, Bresnahan M, Strominger JL (November 1989). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC298409">"Human major histocompatibility complex contains a minimum of 19 genes between the complement cluster and HLA-B"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 86 (22): 8955–8. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PNAS...86.8955S">1989PNAS...86.8955S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.86.22.8955">10.1073/pnas.86.22.8955</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC298409">298409</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2813433">2813433</a>.</li> <li>Brown SE, Campbell RD, Sanderson CM (December 2001). "Novel NG36/G9a gene products encoded within the human and mouse MHC class III regions". <i>Mammalian Genome</i>. 12 (12): 916–24. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00335-001-3029-3">10.1007/s00335-001-3029-3</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11707778">11707778</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9510386">9510386</a>.</li> <li>Ogawa H, Ishiguro K, Gaubatz S, Livingston DM, Nakatani Y (May 2002). "A complex with chromatin modifiers that occupies E2F- and Myc-responsive genes in G0 cells". <i>Science</i>. 296 (5570): 1132–6. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...296.1132O">2002Sci...296.1132O</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1069861">10.1126/science.1069861</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12004135">12004135</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34863978">34863978</a>.</li> <li>Tachibana M, Sugimoto K, Nozaki M, Ueda J, Ohta T, Ohki M, Fukuda M, Takeda N, Niida H, Kato H, Shinkai Y (July 2002). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC186403">"G9a histone methyltransferase plays a dominant role in euchromatic histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and is essential for early embryogenesis"</a>. <i>Genes & Development</i>. 16 (14): 1779–91. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.989402">10.1101/gad.989402</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC186403">186403</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12130538">12130538</a>.</li> <li>Shi Y, Sawada J, Sui G, el Affar B, Whetstine JR, Lan F, Ogawa H, Luke MP, Nakatani Y, Shi Y (April 2003). "Coordinated histone modifications mediated by a CtBP co-repressor complex". <i>Nature</i>. 422 (6933): 735–8. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.422..735S">2003Natur.422..735S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01550">10.1038/nature01550</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12700765">12700765</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2670859">2670859</a>.</li> <li>Xie T, Rowen L, Aguado B, Ahearn ME, Madan A, Qin S, Campbell RD, Hood L (December 2003). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC403804">"Analysis of the gene-dense major histocompatibility complex class III region and its comparison to mouse"</a>. <i>Genome Research</i>. 13 (12): 2621–36. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.1736803">10.1101/gr.1736803</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC403804">403804</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14656967">14656967</a>.</li> <li>Roopra A, Qazi R, Schoenike B, Daley TJ, Morrison JF (June 2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2004.05.026">"Localized domains of G9a-mediated histone methylation are required for silencing of neuronal genes"</a>. <i>Molecular Cell</i>. 14 (6): 727–38. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2004.05.026">10.1016/j.molcel.2004.05.026</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15200951">15200951</a>.</li> <li>Nishio H, Walsh MJ (August 2004). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC509191">"CCAAT displacement protein/cut homolog recruits G9a histone lysine methyltransferase to repress transcription"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 101 (31): 11257–62. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10111257N">2004PNAS..10111257N</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401343101">10.1073/pnas.0401343101</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC509191">509191</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15269344">15269344</a>.</li> <li>Collins RE, Tachibana M, Tamaru H, Smith KM, Jia D, Zhang X, Selker EU, Shinkai Y, Cheng X (February 2005). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696276">"In vitro and in vivo analyses of a Phe/Tyr switch controlling product specificity of histone lysine methyltransferases"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 280 (7): 5563–70. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M410483200">10.1074/jbc.M410483200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696276">2696276</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15590646">15590646</a>.</li> <li>Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". <i>Nature</i>. 437 (7062): 1173–8. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437.1173R">2005Natur.437.1173R</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04209">10.1038/nature04209</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189514">16189514</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427026">4427026</a>.</li> <li>Duan Z, Zarebski A, Montoya-Durango D, Grimes HL, Horwitz M (December 2005). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1291230">"Gfi1 coordinates epigenetic repression of p21Cip/WAF1 by recruitment of histone lysine methyltransferase G9a and histone deacetylase 1"</a>. <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. 25 (23): 10338–51. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.25.23.10338-10351.2005">10.1128/MCB.25.23.10338-10351.2005</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1291230">1291230</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16287849">16287849</a>.</li> <li>Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Yamashita R, Yamamoto J, Sekine M, Tsuritani K, Wakaguri H, Ishii S, Sugiyama T, Saito K, Isono Y, Irie R, Kushida N, Yoneyama T, Otsuka R, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Kondo H, Wagatsuma M, Murakawa K, Ishida S, Ishibashi T, Takahashi-Fujii A, Tanase T, Nagai K, Kikuchi H, Nakai K, Isogai T, Sugano S (January 2006). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129">"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes"</a>. <i>Genome Research</i>. 16 (1): 55–65. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.4039406">10.1101/gr.4039406</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356129">1356129</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344560">16344560</a>.</li> <li>Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). "A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization". <i>Nature Biotechnology</i>. 24 (10): 1285–92. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1240">10.1038/nbt1240</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16964243">16964243</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14294292">14294292</a>.</li> <li>Reeves M, Murphy J, Greaves R, Fairley J, Brehm A, Sinclair J (October 2006). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1617317">"Autorepression of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter/enhancer at late times of infection is mediated by the recruitment of chromatin remodeling enzymes by IE86"</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i>. 80 (20): 9998–10009. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.01297-06">10.1128/JVI.01297-06</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1617317">1617317</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17005678">17005678</a>.</li> <li>Estève PO, Chin HG, Smallwood A, Feehery GR, Gangisetty O, Karpf AR, Carey MF, Pradhan S (November 2006). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1635145">"Direct interaction between DNMT1 and G9a coordinates DNA and histone methylation during replication"</a>. <i>Genes & Development</i>. 20 (22): 3089–103. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.1463706">10.1101/gad.1463706</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1635145">1635145</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17085482">17085482</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Milner CM, Campbell RD (March 1993). "The G9a gene in the human major histocompatibility complex encodes a novel protein containing ankyrin-like repeats". The Biochemical Journal. 290 (Pt 3): 811–8. doi:10.1042/bj2900811. PMC 1132354. PMID 8457211. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1132354" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1132354</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Tachibana M, Sugimoto K, Fukushima T, Shinkai Y (July 2001). "Set domain-containing protein, G9a, is a novel lysine-preferring mammalian histone methyltransferase with hyperactivity and specific selectivity to lysines 9 and 27 of histone H3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (27): 25309–17. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101914200. PMID 11316813. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M101914200" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M101914200</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Entrez Gene: EHMT2 euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10919" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10919</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Nestler EJ (August 2015). Role of the Brain's Reward Circuitry in Depression: Transcriptional Mechanisms. Vol. 124. pp. 151–70. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.003. ISBN 9780128015834. PMC 4690450. PMID 26472529. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780128015834" target="_blank">9780128015834</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-9 specific 3". HIstome: The Histone Infobase. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135816/http://www.actrec.gov.in/histome/enzyme_sp.php?enzyme_sp=Histone-lysine_N-methyltransferase,_H3_lysine-9_specific_3" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135816/http://www.actrec.gov.in/histome/enzyme_sp.php?enzyme_sp=Histone-lysine_N-methyltransferase,_H3_lysine-9_specific_3</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Entrez Gene: EHMT2 euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10919" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10919</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Nestler EJ (August 2015). Role of the Brain's Reward Circuitry in Depression: Transcriptional Mechanisms. Vol. 124. pp. 151–70. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.003. ISBN 9780128015834. PMC 4690450. 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