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Isotopes of lead
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<h2 id="list-of-isotopes">List of isotopes</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Nuclide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2">Historicname</th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S"><i>Z</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Neutron_number/eNtwGnVL"><i>N</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_mass/J1FJY9MV">Isotopic mass</a> (<a href="/facts/Dalton_(unit)/IMATU3vf">Da</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Half-life/kGVH8BAB">Half-life</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_mode/Ya6FVjt4">Decaymode</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_product/hT0obfLv">Daughterisotope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spin_(particle_physics)/4Jvp7e8P">Spin</a> and<a href="/facts/Parity_(physics)/emSbJ4hD">parity</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Natural_abundance/dGjaAwc9">Natural abundance</a> (mole fraction)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Excitation energy<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></th><th>Normal proportion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></th><th>Range of variation</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">178Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">96</td><td rowspan="2">178.003836(25)</td><td rowspan="2">250(80) μs</td><td><a href="/facts/Alpha_decay/rCsHNIUE">α</a></td><td>174Hg</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Beta_decay/vxTBlckp">β+</a>?</td><td>178Tl</td></tr><tr><td>179Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>97</td><td>179.002(87)</td><td>2.7(2) ms</td><td>α</td><td>175Hg</td><td>(9/2−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>180Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>98</td><td>179.997916(13)</td><td>4.1(3) ms</td><td>α</td><td>176Hg</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">181Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">99</td><td rowspan="2">180.996661(91)</td><td rowspan="2">39.0(8) ms</td><td>α</td><td>177Hg</td><td rowspan="2">(9/2−)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+?</td><td>181Tl</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">182Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">100</td><td rowspan="2">181.992674(13)</td><td rowspan="2">55(5) ms</td><td>α</td><td>178Hg</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+?</td><td>182Tl</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">183Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">101</td><td rowspan="2">182.991863(31)</td><td rowspan="2">535(30) ms</td><td>α</td><td>179Hg</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+?</td><td>183Tl</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">183mPb</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3" colspan="3">94(8) keV</td><td rowspan="3">415(20) ms</td><td>α</td><td>179Hg</td><td rowspan="3">13/2+</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β+?</td><td>183Tl</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Isomeric_transition/L8DHcqnk">IT</a>?</td><td>183Pb</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">184Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">102</td><td rowspan="2">183.988136(14)</td><td rowspan="2">490(25) ms</td><td>α (80%)</td><td>180Hg</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+? (20%)</td><td>184Tl</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">185Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">103</td><td rowspan="2">184.987610(17)</td><td rowspan="2">6.3(4) s</td><td>β+ (66%)</td><td>185Tl</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (34%)</td><td>181Hg</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">185mPb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">70(50) keV</td><td rowspan="2">4.07(15) s</td><td>α (50%)</td><td>181Hg</td><td rowspan="2">13/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+? (50%)</td><td>185Tl</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">186Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">104</td><td rowspan="2">185.984239(12)</td><td rowspan="2">4.82(3) s</td><td>β+? (60%)</td><td>186Tl</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (40%)</td><td>182Hg</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">187Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">105</td><td rowspan="2">186.9839108(55)</td><td rowspan="2">15.2(3) s</td><td>β+ (90.5%)</td><td>187Tl</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (9.5%)</td><td>183Hg</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">187mPb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">19(10) keV</td><td rowspan="2">18.3(3) s</td><td>β+ (88%)</td><td>187Tl</td><td rowspan="2">13/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (12%)</td><td>183Hg</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">188Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">106</td><td rowspan="2">187.980879(11)</td><td rowspan="2">25.1(1) s</td><td>β+ (91.5%)</td><td>188Tl</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (8.5%)</td><td>184Hg</td></tr><tr><td>188m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2577.2(4) keV</td><td>800(20) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>188Pb</td><td>8−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>188m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2709.8(5) keV</td><td>94(12) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>188Pb</td><td>12+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>188m3Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">4783.4(7) keV</td><td>440(60) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>188Pb</td><td>(19−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">189Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">107</td><td rowspan="2">188.980844(15)</td><td rowspan="2">39(8) s</td><td>β+ (99.58%)</td><td>189Tl</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (0.42%)</td><td>185Hg</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">189m1Pb</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3" colspan="3">40(4) keV</td><td rowspan="3">50.5(21) s</td><td>β+ (99.6%)</td><td>189Tl</td><td rowspan="3">13/2+</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>α (0.4%)</td><td>185Hg</td></tr><tr><td>IT?</td><td>189Pb</td></tr><tr><td>189m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2475(4) keV</td><td>26(5) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>189Pb</td><td>31/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">190Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">108</td><td rowspan="2">189.978082(13)</td><td rowspan="2">71(1) s</td><td>β+ (99.60%)</td><td>190Tl</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (0.40%)</td><td>186Hg</td></tr><tr><td>190m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2614.8(8) keV</td><td>150(14) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>190Pb</td><td>10+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>190m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2665(50)# keV</td><td>24.3(21) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>190Pb</td><td>(12+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>190m3Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2658.2(8) keV</td><td>7.7(3) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>190Pb</td><td>11−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">191Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">109</td><td rowspan="2">190.9782165(71)</td><td rowspan="2">1.33(8) min</td><td>β+ (99.49%)</td><td>191Tl</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (0.51%)</td><td>187Hg</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">191m1Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">58(10) keV</td><td rowspan="2">2.18(8) min</td><td>β+ (99.98%)</td><td>191Tl</td><td rowspan="2">13/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (0.02%)</td><td>187Hg</td></tr><tr><td>191m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2659(10) keV</td><td>180(80) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>191Pb</td><td>33/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">192Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">110</td><td rowspan="2">191.9757896(61)</td><td rowspan="2">3.5(1) min</td><td>β+ (99.99%)</td><td>192Tl</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (0.0059%)</td><td>188Hg</td></tr><tr><td>192m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2581.1(1) keV</td><td>166(6) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>192Pb</td><td>10+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>192m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2625.1(11) keV</td><td>1.09(4) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>192Pb</td><td>12+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>192m3Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2743.5(4) keV</td><td>756(14) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>192Pb</td><td>11−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>193Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>111</td><td>192.976136(11)</td><td>4# min</td><td>β+?</td><td>193Tl</td><td>3/2−#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>193m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">93(12) keV</td><td>5.8(2) min</td><td>β+</td><td>193Tl</td><td>13/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>193m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2707(13) keV</td><td>180(15) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>193Pb</td><td>33/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">194Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">112</td><td rowspan="2">193.974012(19)</td><td rowspan="2">10.7(6) min</td><td>β+</td><td>194Tl</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (7.3×10−6%)</td><td>190Hg</td></tr><tr><td>194m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2628.1(4) keV</td><td>370(13) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>194Pb</td><td>12+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>194m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2933.0(4) keV</td><td>133(7) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>194Pb</td><td>11−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>195Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>113</td><td>194.9745162(55)</td><td>15.0(14) min</td><td>β+</td><td>195Tl</td><td>3/2-</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">195m1Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">202.9(7) keV</td><td rowspan="2">15.0(12) min</td><td>β+</td><td>195Tl</td><td rowspan="2">13/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT?</td><td>195Pb</td></tr><tr><td>195m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1759.0(7) keV</td><td>10.0(7) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>195Pb</td><td>21/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>195m3Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2901.7(8) keV</td><td>95(20) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>195Pb</td><td>33/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">196Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">114</td><td rowspan="2">195.9727876(83)</td><td rowspan="2">37(3) min</td><td>β+</td><td>196Tl</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (<3×10−5%)</td><td>192Hg</td></tr><tr><td>196m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1797.51(14) keV</td><td>140(14) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>196Pb</td><td>5−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>196m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2694.6(3) keV</td><td>270(4) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>196Pb</td><td>12+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>197Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>115</td><td>196.9734347(52)</td><td>8.1(17) min</td><td>β+</td><td>197Tl</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">197m1Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">319.31(11) keV</td><td rowspan="2">42.9(9) min</td><td>β+ (81%)</td><td>197Tl</td><td rowspan="2">13/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (19%)</td><td>197Pb</td></tr><tr><td>197m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1914.10(25) keV</td><td>1.15(20) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>197Pb</td><td>21/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>198Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>116</td><td>197.9720155(94)</td><td>2.4(1) h</td><td>β+</td><td>198Tl</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>198m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2141.4(4) keV</td><td>4.12(7) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>198Pb</td><td>7−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>198m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2231.4(5) keV</td><td>137(10) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>198Pb</td><td>9−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>198m3Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2821.7(6) keV</td><td>212(4) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>198Pb</td><td>12+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>199Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>117</td><td>198.9729126(73)</td><td>90(10) min</td><td>β+</td><td>199Tl</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">199m1Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">429.5(27) keV</td><td rowspan="2">12.2(3) min</td><td>IT</td><td>199Pb</td><td rowspan="2">(13/2+)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+?</td><td>199Tl</td></tr><tr><td>199m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2563.8(27) keV</td><td>10.1(2) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>199Pb</td><td>(29/2−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>118</td><td>199.971819(11)</td><td>21.5(4) h</td><td><a href="/facts/Electron_capture/EIccoV1u">EC</a></td><td>200Tl</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2183.3(11) keV</td><td>456(6) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>200Pb</td><td>(9−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">3005.8(12) keV</td><td>198(3) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>200Pb</td><td>12+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>201Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>119</td><td>200.972870(15)</td><td>9.33(3) h</td><td>β+</td><td>201Tl</td><td>5/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">201m1Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">629.1(3) keV</td><td rowspan="2">60.8(18) s</td><td>IT</td><td>201Pb</td><td rowspan="2">13/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+?</td><td>201Tl</td></tr><tr><td>201m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2953(20) keV</td><td>508(3) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>201Pb</td><td>(29/2−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>202Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>120</td><td>201.9721516(41)</td><td>5.25(28)×104 y</td><td>EC</td><td>202Tl</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">202m1Pb</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">2169.85(8) keV</td><td rowspan="2">3.54(2) h</td><td>IT (90.5%)</td><td>202Pb</td><td rowspan="2">9−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (9.5%)</td><td>202Tl</td></tr><tr><td>202m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">4140(50)# keV</td><td>100(3) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>202Pb</td><td>16+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>202m3Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">5300(50)# keV</td><td>108(3) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>202Pb</td><td>19−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>203Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>121</td><td>202.9733906(70)</td><td>51.924(15) h</td><td>EC</td><td>203Tl</td><td>5/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>203m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">825.2(3) keV</td><td>6.21(8) s</td><td>IT</td><td>203Pb</td><td>13/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>203m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2949.2(4) keV</td><td>480(7) ms</td><td>IT</td><td>203Pb</td><td>29/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>203m3Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2970(50)# keV</td><td>122(4) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>203Pb</td><td>25/2−#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>204Pb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td></td><td>82</td><td>122</td><td>203.9730435(12)</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Observationally_stable/vC0VVvqN">Observationally stable</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>0+</td><td>0.014(6)</td><td>0.0000–0.0158<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>204m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1274.13(5) keV</td><td>265(6) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>204Pb</td><td>4+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>204m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2185.88(8) keV</td><td>66.93(10) min</td><td>IT</td><td>204Pb</td><td>9−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>204m3Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2264.42(6) keV</td><td>490(70) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>204Pb</td><td>7−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>205Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>123</td><td>204.9744817(12)</td><td>1.70(9)×107 y</td><td>EC</td><td>205Tl</td><td>5/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>205m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2.329(7) keV</td><td>24.2(4) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>205Pb</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>205m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1013.85(3) keV</td><td>5.55(2) ms</td><td>IT</td><td>205Pb</td><td>13/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>205m3Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">3195.8(6) keV</td><td>217(5) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>205Pb</td><td>25/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>206Pb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>Radium G<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td>82</td><td>124</td><td>205.9744652(12)</td><td colspan="3">Observationally stable<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>0+</td><td>0.241(30)</td><td>0.0190–0.8673<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>206m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">2200.16(4) keV</td><td>125(2) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>206Pb</td><td>7−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>206m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">4027.3(7) keV</td><td>202(3) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>206Pb</td><td>12+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>207Pb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td>Actinium D</td><td>82</td><td>125</td><td>206.9758968(12)</td><td colspan="3">Observationally stable<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>1/2−</td><td>0.221(50)</td><td>0.0035–0.2351<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>207mPb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1633.356(4) keV</td><td>806(5) ms</td><td>IT</td><td>207Pb</td><td>13/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>208Pb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>Thorium D</td><td>82</td><td>126</td><td>207.9766520(12)</td><td colspan="3">Observationally stable<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>0+</td><td>0.524(70)</td><td>0.0338–0.9775<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>208mPb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">4895.23(5) keV</td><td>535(35) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>208Pb</td><td>10+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>209Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>127</td><td>208.9810900(19)</td><td>3.235(5) h</td><td>β−</td><td><i>209Bi</i></td><td>9/2+</td><td>Trace<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">210Pb</td><td rowspan="2">Radium DRadioleadRadio-lead</td><td rowspan="2">82</td><td rowspan="2">128</td><td rowspan="2">209.9841884(16)</td><td rowspan="2">22.20(22) y</td><td>β− (100%)</td><td>210Bi</td><td rowspan="2">0+</td><td rowspan="2">Trace<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>α (1.9×10−6%)</td><td>206Hg</td></tr><tr><td>210m1Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1194.61(18) keV</td><td>92(10) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>210Pb</td><td>6+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>210m2Pb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1274.8(3) keV</td><td>201(17) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>210Pb</td><td>8+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>211Pb</td><td>Actinium B</td><td>82</td><td>129</td><td>210.9887353(24)</td><td>36.1628(25) min</td><td>β−</td><td>211Bi</td><td>9/2+</td><td>Trace<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>211mPb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1719(23) keV</td><td>159(28) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>211Pb</td><td>(27/2+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>212Pb</td><td>Thorium B</td><td>82</td><td>130</td><td>211.9918959(20)</td><td>10.627(6) h</td><td>β−</td><td>212Bi</td><td>0+</td><td>Trace<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>212mPb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1335(2) keV</td><td>6.0(8) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>212Pb</td><td>8+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>213Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>131</td><td>212.9965608(75)</td><td>10.2(3) min</td><td>β−</td><td>213Bi</td><td>(9/2+)</td><td>Trace<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>213mPb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1331.0(17) keV</td><td>260(20) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>213Pb</td><td>(21/2+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>214Pb</td><td>Radium B</td><td>82</td><td>132</td><td>213.9998035(21)</td><td>27.06(7) min</td><td>β−</td><td>214Bi</td><td>0+</td><td>Trace<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>214mPb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1420(20) keV</td><td>6.2(3) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>214Pb</td><td>8+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>215Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>133</td><td>215.004662(57)</td><td>142(11) s</td><td>β−</td><td>215Bi</td><td>9/2+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>216Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>134</td><td>216.00806(22)#</td><td>1.66(20) min</td><td>β−</td><td>216Bi</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>216mPb</td><td></td><td colspan="3">1514(20) keV</td><td>400(40) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>216Pb</td><td>8+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>217Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>135</td><td>217.01316(32)#</td><td>19.9(53) s</td><td>β−</td><td>217Bi</td><td>9/2+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>218Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>136</td><td>218.01678(32)#</td><td>14.8(68) s</td><td>β−</td><td>218Bi</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>219Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>137</td><td>219.02214(43)#</td><td>3# s[>300 ns]</td><td>β−?</td><td>219Bi</td><td>11/2+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>220Pb</td><td></td><td>82</td><td>138</td><td>220.02591(43)#</td><td>1# s[>300 ns]</td><td>β−?</td><td>220Bi</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="20"><i>This table header & footer:</i> <ul><li>view</li></ul></th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="lead-206">Lead-206</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Decay_chain/JvTwPNBn">Decay chain</a></p> <p>206Pb is the final step in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Uranium-238/QhcHm6q8">238U</a>, the "radium series" or "uranium series". In a closed system, over time, a given mass of 238U will decay in a sequence of steps culminating in 206Pb. The production of intermediate products eventually reaches an equilibrium (though this takes a long time, as the half-life of 234U is 245,500 years). Once this stabilized system is reached, the ratio of 238U to 206Pb will steadily decrease, while the ratios of the other intermediate products to each other remain constant. </p><p>Like most radioisotopes found in the radium series, 206Pb was initially named as a variation of radium, specifically radium G. It is the decay product of both <a href="/facts/Polonium-210/8DnmI5Lg">210Po</a> (historically called radium F) by <a href="/facts/Alpha_decay/rCsHNIUE">alpha decay</a>, and the much rarer <a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_thallium/7BEwqp8j">206Tl</a> (radium EII) by <a href="/facts/Beta_decay/vxTBlckp">beta decay</a>. </p><p>Lead-206 has been proposed for use in <a href="/facts/Fast_breeder/jt0VeXUa">fast breeder</a> nuclear fission reactor coolant over the use of natural lead mixture (which also includes other stable lead isotopes) as a mechanism to improve <a href="/facts/Neutron_economy/j5J8wj5T">neutron economy</a> and greatly suppress unwanted production of highly radioactive byproducts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="lead-204--207-and--208">Lead-204, -207, and -208</h2> <p>204Pb is entirely <a href="/facts/Primordial_nuclide/lFAUqHDv">primordial</a>, and is thus useful for estimating the fraction of the other lead isotopes in a given sample that are also primordial, since the relative fractions of the various primordial lead isotopes is constant everywhere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Any excess lead-206, -207, and -208 is thus assumed to be <a href="/facts/Radiogenic/KXP6MKk6">radiogenic</a> in origin,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> allowing various uranium and thorium dating schemes to be used to estimate the age of rocks (time since their formation) based on the relative abundance of lead-204 to other isotopes. 207Pb is the end of the <a href="/facts/Actinium_series/JvTwPNBn">actinium series</a> from <a href="/facts/Uranium-235/pe0RznDM">235U</a>. </p><p>208Pb is the end of the <a href="/facts/Thorium_series/JvTwPNBn">thorium series</a> from <a href="/facts/Thorium-232/lRb3opzg">232Th</a>. While it only makes up approximately half of the composition of lead in most places on Earth, it can be found naturally enriched up to around 90% in thorium ores.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> 208Pb is the heaviest known stable nuclide and also the heaviest known <a href="/facts/Doubly_magic/v9PwXFzQ">doubly magic</a> nucleus, as <i>Z</i> = 82 and <a href="/facts/Neutron_number/eNtwGnVL"><i>N</i></a> = 126 correspond to closed <a href="/facts/Nuclear_shell_model/1Qgep495">nuclear shells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> As a consequence of this particularly stable configuration, its neutron capture <a href="/facts/Cross_section_(physics)/lo014h2D">cross section</a> is very low (even lower than that of <a href="/facts/Deuterium/Bv4wfCkw">deuterium</a> in the thermal spectrum), making it of interest for <a href="/facts/Lead-cooled_fast_reactor/wwLPggT6">lead-cooled fast reactors</a>. </p><p>In 2025 a published study suggested that the nucleus of 208Pb is not perfectly spherical as previously believed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="lead-212">Lead-212</h2> <p>Lead-212 (212Pb) is a radioactive isotope of lead that has gained significant attention in nuclear medicine, particularly in <a href="/facts/Targeted_alpha_therapy/steG07FI">targeted alpha therapy</a> (TAT).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> This isotope is part of the thorium decay series and serves as an important intermediate in various radioactive <a href="/facts/Decay_chain/JvTwPNBn">decay chains</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> 212Pb is produced through the decay of radon-220 (220Rn), an intermediate product of <a href="/facts/Thorium-228/lRb3opzg">thorium-228</a> (228Th) decay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> It undergoes radioactive decay through beta emission to form <a href="/facts/Bismuth-212/DrbTkEzW">bismuth-212</a> (212Bi), which further decays to emit alpha particles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> This decay chain is particularly important in medical applications, as it is an in-vivo generator system of alpha particles, that can be utilized for therapeutic purposes, particularly TAT, by delivering potent, localized radiation to cancer cells. </p><p>The isotope is part of the <a href="/facts/Decay_chain/JvTwPNBn">thorium decay series</a>, which begins with natural thorium-232. Its beta decay (10.627 hours) results in the formation of bismuth-212 (212Bi), which then emits alpha particles (6.1 MeV), crucial for the effectiveness of TAT in cancer treatment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p><p>While in aqueous solutions, free Pb2+ tends to hydrolyze under physiological pH conditions to form species like Pb(OH)+, which can impact its biodistribution if not properly chelated,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> chelator-modified complexes have demonstrated high stability in saline and serum environments for extended periods (e.g., 24–72 hours), which is critical for therapeutic applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li>Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305">"Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. 88 (3): 265–291. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305">10.1515/pac-2015-0305</a>.</li></ul> <p>Isotope masses from: </p> <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li></ul> <p>Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. </p> <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Nuclear_Data_Center/SgVzvxLk">National Nuclear Data Center</a>. <a href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat3/">"NuDat 3.0 database"</a>. <a href="/facts/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory/L2JrG0K1">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics/qjxzC2Cu">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (85th ed.). <a href="/facts/Boca_Raton%2c_Florida/9gcNen3S">Boca Raton, Florida</a>: <a href="/facts/CRC_Press/duTuH4hz">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8493-0485-9.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jeter, Hewitt W. (March 2000). "Determining the Ages of Recent Sediments Using Measurements of Trace Radioactivity" (PDF). Terra et Aqua (78): 21–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043824/https://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/terraetaqua/document/0/9/0/90/90/1/terra-et-aqua-nr78-03.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043824/https://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/terraetaqua/document/0/9/0/90/90/1/terra-et-aqua-nr78-03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Blank, B.; Regan, P.H. (2000). "Magic and doubly-magic nuclei". Nuclear Physics News. 10 (4): 20–27. doi:10.1080/10506890109411553. S2CID 121966707. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232899048" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232899048</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Takahashi, K; Boyd, R. N.; Mathews, G. J.; Yokoi, K. (October 1987). "Bound-state beta decay of highly ionized atoms". Physical Review C. 36 (4): 1522–1528. Bibcode:1987PhRvC..36.1522T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.36.1522. ISSN 0556-2813. OCLC 1639677. PMID 9954244. Retrieved 2016-11-20. As can be seen in Table I (187Re, 210Pb, 227Ac, and 241Pu), some continuum-state decays are energetically forbidden when the atom is fully ionized. This is because the atomic binding energies liberated by ionization, i.e., the total electron binding in the neutral atom, Bn, increases with Z. If [the decay energy] Qn<Bn(Z+1)-Bn(Z), the continuum-state β decay is energetically forbidden. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13335547" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13335547</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>mPb – Excited nuclear isomer. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" target="_blank">/wiki/Nuclear_isomer</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p># – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Modes of decay: EC:Electron captureIT:Isomeric transition <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" target="_blank">/wiki/Electron_capture</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Used in lead–lead dating <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" target="_blank">/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Believed to undergo α decay to 200Hg with a half-life over 1.4×1020 years; the theoretical lifetime is around ~1035–37 years.[9] <a href="/wiki/Half-life" target="_blank">/wiki/Half-life</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Standard Atomic Weights: Lead". CIAAW. 2020. <a href="https://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm" target="_blank">https://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Used in lead–lead dating <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" target="_blank">/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Final decay product of 4n+2 decay chain (the Radium or Uranium series) <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" target="_blank">/wiki/Decay_product</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Kuhn, W. (1929). "LXVIII. Scattering of thorium C" γ-radiation by radium G and ordinary lead". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 8 (52): 628. doi:10.1080/14786441108564923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Believed to undergo α decay to 202Hg with a half-life over 2.5×1021 years; the theoretical lifetime is ~1065–68 years.[9] <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"Standard Atomic Weights: Lead". CIAAW. 2020. <a href="https://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm" target="_blank">https://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Used in lead–lead dating <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" target="_blank">/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Final decay product of 4n+3 decay chain (the Actinium series) <a href="/wiki/Actinium_series" target="_blank">/wiki/Actinium_series</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Believed to undergo α decay to 203Hg with a half-life over 1.9×1021 years; the theoretical lifetime is ~10152–189 years.[9] <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Standard Atomic Weights: Lead". CIAAW. 2020. <a href="https://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm" target="_blank">https://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Heaviest observationally stable nuclide; final decay product of 4n decay chain (the Thorium series) <a href="/wiki/Thorium_series" target="_blank">/wiki/Thorium_series</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Believed to undergo α decay to 204Hg with a half-life over 2.6×1021 years; the theoretical lifetime is ~10124–132 years.[9] <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"Standard Atomic Weights: Lead". CIAAW. 2020. <a href="https://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm" target="_blank">https://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Intermediate decay product of 237Np <a href="/wiki/Neptunium-237" target="_blank">/wiki/Neptunium-237</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Intermediate decay product of 238U <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" target="_blank">/wiki/Decay_product</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Intermediate decay product of 235U <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" target="_blank">/wiki/Decay_product</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Intermediate decay product of 232Th <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" target="_blank">/wiki/Decay_product</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Intermediate decay product of 237Np <a href="/wiki/Neptunium-237" target="_blank">/wiki/Neptunium-237</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Intermediate decay product of 238U <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" target="_blank">/wiki/Decay_product</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Khorasanov, G. L.; Ivanov, A. P.; Blokhin, A. I. (2002). Polonium Issue in Fast Reactor Lead Coolants and One of the Ways of Its Solution. 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. pp. 711–717. doi:10.1115/ICONE10-22330. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255203791" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255203791</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Woods, G.D. (November 2014). Lead isotope analysis: Removal of 204Hg isobaric interference from 204Pb using ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode (PDF) (Report). Stockport, UK: Agilent Technologies. <a href="https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/applications/5991-5270EN_AppNote8800_ICP-QQQ_Pb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/applications/5991-5270EN_AppNote8800_ICP-QQQ_Pb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Woods, G.D. (November 2014). Lead isotope analysis: Removal of 204Hg isobaric interference from 204Pb using ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode (PDF) (Report). Stockport, UK: Agilent Technologies. <a href="https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/applications/5991-5270EN_AppNote8800_ICP-QQQ_Pb.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/applications/5991-5270EN_AppNote8800_ICP-QQQ_Pb.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>A. Yu. Smirnov; V. D. Borisevich; A. Sulaberidze (July 2012). "Evaluation of specific cost of obtainment of lead-208 isotope by gas centrifuges using various raw materials". Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering. 46 (4): 373–378. doi:10.1134/S0040579512040161. S2CID 98821122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Blank, B.; Regan, P.H. (2000). "Magic and doubly-magic nuclei". Nuclear Physics News. 10 (4): 20–27. doi:10.1080/10506890109411553. S2CID 121966707. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232899048" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232899048</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Henderson, J.; Heery, J.; Rocchini, M.; Siciliano, M.; Sensharma, N.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Kowalewski, T. M.; Abhishek; Stevenson, P. D.; Yüksel, E.; Brown, B. A.; Rodriguez, T. R.; Robledo, L. M.; Wu, C. Y. (2025-02-14). "Deformation and Collectivity in Doubly Magic Pb208". Physical Review Letters. 134 (6): 062502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.062502. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.134.062502" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.134.062502</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Makvandi, Mehran; Dupis, Edouard; Engle, Jonathan W.; Nortier, F. Meiring; Fassbender, Michael E.; Simon, Sam; Birnbaum, Eva R.; Atcher, Robert W.; John, Kevin D.; Rixe, Olivier; Norenberg, Jeffrey P. (2018-02-08). "Alpha-Emitters and Targeted Alpha Therapy in Oncology: from Basic Science to Clinical Investigations". Targeted Oncology. 13 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1007/s11523-018-0550-9. ISSN 1776-2596. OSTI 1459839. PMID 29423595. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-018-0550-9" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-018-0550-9</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Kokov, K.V.; Egorova, B.V.; German, M.N.; Klabukov, I.D.; Krasheninnikov, M.E.; Larkin-Kondrov, A.A.; Makoveeva, K.A.; Ovchinnikov, M.V.; Sidorova, M.V.; Chuvilin, D.Y. (2022). "212Pb: Production Approaches and Targeted Therapy Applications". Pharmaceutics. 14 (1): 189. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14010189. ISSN 1999-4923. PMC 8777968. PMID 35057083. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8777968" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8777968</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Makvandi, Mehran; Dupis, Edouard; Engle, Jonathan W.; Nortier, F. Meiring; Fassbender, Michael E.; Simon, Sam; Birnbaum, Eva R.; Atcher, Robert W.; John, Kevin D.; Rixe, Olivier; Norenberg, Jeffrey P. (2018-02-08). "Alpha-Emitters and Targeted Alpha Therapy in Oncology: from Basic Science to Clinical Investigations". Targeted Oncology. 13 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1007/s11523-018-0550-9. ISSN 1776-2596. OSTI 1459839. PMID 29423595. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-018-0550-9" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-018-0550-9</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Zimmermann, Richard (February 2024). "Is 212 Pb Really Happening? The Post- 177 Lu/ 225 Ac Blockbuster?". 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