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DFMA
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<h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <h3>Engineering product design and manufacturing</h3> <p>DFMA is used as the basis for <a href="/facts/Concurrent_engineering/2k5rFINN">concurrent engineering</a> studies to provide guidance to the design team in simplifying the product structure, to reduce manufacturing and assembly costs, and to quantify improvements. The practice of applying DFMA is to identify, quantify and eliminate waste or inefficiency in a product design. DFMA is therefore a component of <a href="/facts/Lean_manufacturing/XgQk595B">lean manufacturing</a>. DFMA is also used as a benchmarking tool to study competitors' products, and as a 'should cost' tool to assist in supplier negotiations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h3>DfMA in construction</h3> <p>While modernist architect <a href="/facts/Le_Corbusier/uVvg2nGU">Le Corbusier</a> advocated industrialisation of construction in 1923, proposing "A house is a machine to live in", DfMA as a concept in construction began to emerge in the 1990s, as construction industry critics applied cross-sectoral learning, looking at production theory, integration of design, manufacture and assembly, and lean concepts and tools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> In the early 21st century, DfMA began to be advocated by government and industry organisations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> including, in the UK, the <a href="/facts/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects/grdupR5D">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> (2016,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> updated in 2021)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Infrastructure_and_Projects_Authority/7vcvGRTo">Infrastructure and Projects Authority</a> (IPA, 2018),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> in Singapore, the <a href="/facts/Building_and_Construction_Authority/1k5Vztsf">Building and Construction Authority</a> (2016), and, in Hong Kong, the <a href="/facts/Special_administrative_regions_of_China/PjIuCTrs">SAR</a> <a href="/facts/Development_Bureau/V8KLVgfg">Development Bureau</a> (2018).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>UK government construction industry policy continued to advocate DfMA approaches; it was included in the 2019 <i>Construction Sector Deal</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> the <i>Construction Playbook</i> (2020, 2022),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and the IPA's 2021 <i>TIP Roadmap to 2030</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and in 2018 the IPA and <a href="/facts/HM_Treasury/zdrtLRQT">HM Treasury</a> consulted about an expansion of the approach.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The 2022 <i>Playbook</i> and <i>TIP Roadmap</i> subsequently encouraged procurement of construction projects based on product 'platforms' ("Platform Design for Manufacture and Assembly, PDfMA") comprising kits of parts, production processes, knowledge, people and relationships required to deliver all or part of construction projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>The PDfMA approach has been applied to prison projects constructed by <a href="/facts/Kier_Group/UwESKneG">Kier Group</a> for the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)/o1AyLKDF">Ministry of Justice</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and to delivery of a commercial office building for <a href="/facts/Landsec/ehGjehlV">Landsec</a>, The Forge in central London,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> constructed by manufacturing and assembly managers <a href="/facts/Mace_(construction_company)/bzEgFKoy">Mace</a> and <a href="/facts/Sir_Robert_McAlpine/adwJzQrj">Sir Robert McAlpine</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> and designed by architects Bryden Wood,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> long-time proponents of DfMA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="software">Software</h2> <p>DFMA is the name of the integrated set of software products from Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc. used by companies to implement its DFMA methodology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> DFMA is a registered trademark of Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Modern_methods_of_construction/XnxEXpM4">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Modular_building/phPP0JzH">Modular building</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.designnews.com/article/510393-DFMA_Takes_a_Back_to_Basics_Product_Simplification_Strategy_to_Cut_Costs.php">“DFMA Takes a Back-to-Basics Product Simplification Strategy to Cut Costs” September 2010 article from Design News magazine</a>[<i>permanent dead link</i>]</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Boothroyd, G., Dewhurst, P. and Knight, W., “Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly, 2nd Edition”, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Lu, Weisheng & Tan, Tan & Xu, Jinying & Wang, Jing & Chen, Ke & Shang, Gao & Xue, Fan. (2020). "Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) in construction: the old and the new". Architectural Engineering and Design Management. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341148029_Design_for_Manufacture_and_Assembly_DfMA_in_construction_the_old_and_the_new/citation/download" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341148029_Design_for_Manufacture_and_Assembly_DfMA_in_construction_the_old_and_the_new/citation/download</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Lu, Weisheng & Tan, Tan & Xu, Jinying & Wang, Jing & Chen, Ke & Shang, Gao & Xue, Fan. (2020). "Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) in construction: the old and the new". Architectural Engineering and Design Management. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341148029_Design_for_Manufacture_and_Assembly_DfMA_in_construction_the_old_and_the_new/citation/download" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341148029_Design_for_Manufacture_and_Assembly_DfMA_in_construction_the_old_and_the_new/citation/download</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Royal Institute of British Architects (2016), DfMA Overlay to the Plan of Work. RIBA Publishing. <a href="https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/resources-landing-page/dfma-overlay-to-the-riba-plan-of-work" target="_blank">https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/resources-landing-page/dfma-overlay-to-the-riba-plan-of-work</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"RIBA publishes new Design for Manufacture and Assembly guidance (15 September 2021)". RIBA. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/riba-publishes-new-design-for-manufacture-and-assembly-guidance" target="_blank">https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/riba-publishes-new-design-for-manufacture-and-assembly-guidance</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>IPA (2018), Analysis of the National Infrastructure and Construction Pipeline, IPA, p.39. <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/759222/CCS207_CCS1118987248-001_National_Infrastructure_and_Construction_Pipeline_2018_Accessible.pdf" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/759222/CCS207_CCS1118987248-001_National_Infrastructure_and_Construction_Pipeline_2018_Accessible.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lu, Weisheng & Tan, Tan & Xu, Jinying & Wang, Jing & Chen, Ke & Shang, Gao & Xue, Fan. (2020). "Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) in construction: the old and the new". Architectural Engineering and Design Management. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341148029_Design_for_Manufacture_and_Assembly_DfMA_in_construction_the_old_and_the_new/citation/download" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341148029_Design_for_Manufacture_and_Assembly_DfMA_in_construction_the_old_and_the_new/citation/download</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"HM Government Industrial Strategy: Construction Sector Deal" (PDF). UK Gov. Retrieved 18 March 2024. <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5b646b40e5274a7716686009/construction-sector-deal-print-single.pdf" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5b646b40e5274a7716686009/construction-sector-deal-print-single.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"The Construction Playbook: Government Guidance on sourcing and contracting public works projects and programmes" (PDF). UK Gov. Retrieved 18 March 2024. <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6312222de90e075880923330/14.116_CO_Construction_Playbook_Web.pdf" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6312222de90e075880923330/14.116_CO_Construction_Playbook_Web.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Transforming Infrastructure Performance: Roadmap to 2030". Infrastructure and Projects Authority. Retrieved 18 March 2024. <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Proposal for a New Approach to Building: Call for Evidence". UK.Gov. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/calls-for-evidence/proposal-for-a-new-approach-to-building-call-for-evidence" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/calls-for-evidence/proposal-for-a-new-approach-to-building-call-for-evidence</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"The Construction Playbook: Government Guidance on sourcing and contracting public works projects and programmes" (PDF). UK Gov. Retrieved 18 March 2024. <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6312222de90e075880923330/14.116_CO_Construction_Playbook_Web.pdf" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6312222de90e075880923330/14.116_CO_Construction_Playbook_Web.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Transforming Infrastructure Performance: Roadmap to 2030". Infrastructure and Projects Authority. Retrieved 18 March 2024. <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"PDfMA Unlocks Continuous Improvement at HMP Millsike Project". Constructing Excellence. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://constructingexcellence.org.uk/pdfma-unlocks-continuous-improvement-at-hmp-millsike-project/" target="_blank">https://constructingexcellence.org.uk/pdfma-unlocks-continuous-improvement-at-hmp-millsike-project/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Chevin, Denise (14 June 2024). "How Bryden Wood is evolving the platform approach". BIMplus. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://www.bimplus.co.uk/how-bryden-wood-is-evolving-the-platform-approach/" target="_blank">https://www.bimplus.co.uk/how-bryden-wood-is-evolving-the-platform-approach/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Mann, Will (2 September 2022). "Landsec forges ahead with platform DfMA lessons". BIMplus. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://www.bimplus.co.uk/landsec-forges-ahead-with-platform-dfma/" target="_blank">https://www.bimplus.co.uk/landsec-forges-ahead-with-platform-dfma/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Mann, Will (2 September 2022). "Landsec forges ahead with platform DfMA lessons". BIMplus. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://www.bimplus.co.uk/landsec-forges-ahead-with-platform-dfma/" target="_blank">https://www.bimplus.co.uk/landsec-forges-ahead-with-platform-dfma/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"The Forge: The world's first P-DfMA commercial office building opens in London". Bryden Wood. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://www.brydenwood.com/pdfma-commercial-building/s190278/" target="_blank">https://www.brydenwood.com/pdfma-commercial-building/s190278/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA)". Bryden Wood. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://www.brydenwood.com/what-we-do/design-for-manufacture-and-assembly-dfma/s91293/" target="_blank">https://www.brydenwood.com/what-we-do/design-for-manufacture-and-assembly-dfma/s91293/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"DFMA Hits the Jackpot". Digital Engineering. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://www.digitalengineering247.com/article/dfma-hits-the-jackpot/fea" target="_blank">https://www.digitalengineering247.com/article/dfma-hits-the-jackpot/fea</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>DFMA. Retrieved 8 August 2024. <a href="https://www.dfma.com/" target="_blank">https://www.dfma.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>